Coriandrum sativum new

Coriander is a spice produced from the round, tan-colored seeds of the coriander plant (Coriandrum sativum), which is a member of the parsley family. The word coriander can be used to describe the entire plant: leaves, stems, seeds, and all.

1. PREPARED BY SHANKARAIAH PULIPAKA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR GEETHANJALI CPLLEGE OF PHARMACY, HYDERABAD, TELANGANA, INDIA PHARMACOGNOSTIC STUDIES OF CORIANDRUM SATIVUM L.

2. COR I AN D ER Synonyms Fructus coriandri, Coriander fruits, Cilantro, Chinese parsley. Biological source: Coriander consists of the dried ripe fruits of the plant known as Coriandrum sativum Family - Umbelliferae. It contains not less than 0.3% v/w of volatile oil.

3. COR I AN D ER Geographical Sources Cultivated in Central and Eastern Europe, particularly in Russia, Hungary, in Africa and India. In India it is cultivated in Maharashtra, U.P., Rajasthan, Jammu, and Kashmir. It is also found in a antiwild state in the east of England.

4. COR I AN D ER Cultivation and Collection The coriander seeds are sown in dry weather either in March or in early autumn. Shallow drills, about 1/2 inch deep and 8 inches apart are made and the seeds are sown in it, the rate of germination is slow. The plants are annual herb, which grow to a height of 1 to 3 feet high, slender, and branched.

5. COR I AN D ER Cultivation and Collection The flowers are in shortly stalked umbels with five to ten rays. The seeds fall as soon as ripe and when the seeds are ripe (about August), the disagreeable odour is produced. Plant is then cut down with sickles; the fruits are collected and dried. During drying fruits develop aromatic smell and the unpleasant odour disappears.

6. MORPHOLOGY

7. COR I AN D ER Characteristics The fruit is a cremocarp , subspherical in shape Yellowish-brown in colour . The size of the fruit is 3 to 4 mm in diameter with aromatic odour and spicy, aromatic taste.

8. Type of fruit - Cremocarp Condition Dried fruits Colour Straw yellow or brownish yellow Odour Aromatic Taste Spicy, aromatic and agreeable Shape Globular or subspherical Size 2.3 to 4.3 mm diameter Extra features These fruits usually occur as entire cremocarps. A short stylopod with 5 small calyx teeth present at the apex. 10 wavy inconspicuous primary ridges alternating with 8 prominent straight secondary ridges

9. Coriandrum sativum

10. COR I AN D ER Microscopy The transverse section of coriander shows the presence of a dorsal surface and a commissural surface. The dorsal surface consists of two vittae and a carpophore. The dorsal surface has five primary ridges and four secondary ridges. The epicarp consists of a single row of small thick-walled cells with calcium oxalate crystals. The mesocarp has an outer loosely arranged tangentially elongated parenchyma cells and the middle layer consisting of sclerenchyma.

11. COR I AN D ER Microscopy The middle layer is again divided into; the outer region of sclerenchyma is represented by longitudinally running fibres , whereas the inner region has tangentionally running fibres . The vascular bundles are present below the primary ridges. The inner layer has polygonal, irregularly arranged parenchyma cells. The endocarp has the parquetry arrangement. In the testa it has single-layered, yellowish cells, and the endosperm is thick, polygonal, colourless parenchyma with fixed oil and aleurone grains

12. MIC R OS C O P Y

13. Epicarp: Single layer, thickened, polygonal cells, few cells contain calcium oxalate covered with smooth cuticle. Mesocarp: Divided into three layers. Outer layer: Outer loosely arranged tangentially elongated parenchyma. Middle layer : (Middle compact sclerenchyma) Outer region of this sclerenchmatous band is represented by longitudinally running fibres below the primary ridges where as the inner region is made of tangentially running fibres corresponding to secondary ridges.

14. Five vascular bundles at dorsal side present above longitudinally elongated sclerenchyma. Two vittae at ventral side. Inner layer: large irregular, polygonal and lignified parenchyma. Endocarp: It shows parquetry arrangement of cells. Testa: Single layered and yellowish in colour. Endosperm: It consists of polygonal, thick walled colourless parenchyma containing fixed oil and aleurone grains.

15. Powder analysis of coriander fruits: Sclerenchymatous layer: Groups of fusiform fibres of sclerenchyma running way and at times crossing with each other or with thin walled lignified cells of the mesocarp. 2. Endocarp: Fragments of parquetry arrangement of thin walled lignified cells with the polygonal cells of mesocarp. 3. Vittae : Few brown fragments of vittae . 4. Endosperm: Fragments of endosperm with aleurone grains and oil globules. 5. Organoleptic characters: a. Colour : Brown powder b. Odour : Characteristic, aromatic c. Taste: Spicy

16. Standardization of crude drug

17. Chemical constituents Essential oils(1-2%) Linalool (major constituent) Geraniol α- pinenes α- cymene Camphor Ɣ-terpene o Fatty oils(in fruit) Oleic acid Linoleic acid Palmitic acid Petrocelic acid Ascorbic acid Umbelliferone Vitamin A

18. USES : Carminative Stomachic Expectorant Flavouring agent Aromatic Stimulant Diuretic Anthelmintic Aphrodisiac

19. PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION : Test for carbohydrates and glycosides Small quantity of extracts were dissolved separately in 5 mL of distilled water and filtered. The filtrate was subjected to Molisch’s test to detect the carbohydrates. Another small portion of extract was hydrolyzed with dilute hydrochloric acid for few hours in a water bath and was subjected to Liebermann-Burchard’s, legal and Borntrager’s test to detect different glycosides. (Pink to red color indicates presence of glycosides).

20. PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION : Test for terpenoids (Salkowski test) Five mL of extracts were mixed in 2 mL of chloroform, and then concentrated H2SO4 (3 mL), was carefully added to form a layer. A reddish brown coloration formed at the interface indicated presence of terpenoids Test for protein Mellon’s reaction: Million’s reagent (mercuric nitrate in nitric acid containing a trace of nitrous acid) usually yields a white precipitate on addition to a protein solution, which turns red on heating. Test for volatile oil or essential oil A thick section of extract was placed on a glass slide. A drop of Sudan red reagent was added and after two minutes, it was washed with 50% alcohol mount in glycerin.

21. PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION : Test for volatile oil or essential oil A thick section of extract was placed on a glass slide. A drop of Sudan red reagent was added and after two Minutes. I t was washed with 50% alcohol mount in glycerin. Here red colour produced.

22. Special chemical lists : Powder Coriander fruit + Test for volatile oil or essential oil A thick section of fruit was Sudan Red III, Examined under microscope. It gives orange red coloured oil globules are produced which are evaporated when slide is warmed.

23. PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION :

24. T hin L ayer C hromatography of Methanolic extract of coriander Sativum : Ordinarily, microgram quantities of mixture of organic compounds are separated by analytical TLC. It is possible to scale up the quantities to milligram amount (10-50 mg) by using thicker layer (0.5-2.0 mm thickness) of the support material and by the use of larger plates (20 x 20 cm or 20 x 40 cm). Multiple developments also bring about better resolution. Preparative TLC for the isolation of marker compound from the Methanolic extract of Coriander Sativum fruits was performed by using solvent system toluene: ethyl acetate (93: 7).

25. T hin L ayer C hromatography of Methanolic extract of coriander Sativum : Detection Detection of active constituent by spraying of Vanillinsulphuric acid reagent. It is composition of solution 1 (1% Ethanolic vanillin), and solution 2 (10% Ethanolic sulphuric acid). The plate is sprayed with 10 ml (solution 1), followed immediately by (solution 2). After heating at 110 Centigrade for 5- 10 min under observation, the plate is evaluated in visual light.

26. GC-MS Study Methanolic extract of coriander Sativum : The GCMS analysis was performed in Agilent 6890 series equipped with MSD 19091S-433 system. It is known that there is a selective loss of low boiling terpenoids by conventional hydro-distillation technique. Head space- gc is therefore more suitable for quantification of highly volatile compounds than conventional hydro distillation technique. For the Dynamic Headspace, 1.0 gm of sample was taken in 20 ml headspace vial. Headspace is created and these vapours are injected in GC equipped with MSD. Headspace components were identified by matching their mass spectra with those in NIST 05 MS library search and by comparing with literature reports and GC retention indices (RI)

27. TLC Profiles of Coriander Sativum :

28. Pharmacological Actions Aromacit y o Due to strong smell of aldehydes gives a great taste and fresh aroma to the food . Anti-Arthritis o Due to precense of large amount of Ca and P, it prevents osteoporosis and bone damage. Stimulant for digestive secretions o It is anti-oxidant and activates liver activity and enhance the efficiency of GTI for food digesion. Anti-ulcer o It is effective in treating mouth ulcers due to its soothing and refreshing effect. It also prevents colon ulcer by increasing liver activity for better digestion.

29. Anti-lipidemic action o Best cholesterol controlling drug by lowering the bad cholesterol and incresing the good cholesterol & prevents its accumulation in arteries. Anti-spasmodic: It relieve spasms of GIT. Excellent expectorant o It cause clearance of mucous from airways & relieves chest congestion. Anti-bacterial and anti-septic o Due to presence of certain acids, it is effective against bacteria and helps wound heal soon. Anti-diabetic o Its powder is effective in reducing sugar level by increasing insulin level and glucose uptake.

30. Diuretic o It is a diuretic and help to excrete toxins and extra water from cells, thus helps kidneys to pass out more urine and purifies the system and also helps in weight loss. Daily Dose Powdered seeds: 1-3grams As infusion: A freshly prepared cup between meals As a fluid extract: 5-30 drops

31. Side Effects Effect on liver functioning o Overdose may cause damage to liver by extra ordinary essential oil components & may emphasize excessive bile secretion. Skin sensitivity problem o Acids present in it cause irritation and itching of skin and make it sensitive to sunlight. Breathing problems and chest pain o Prolonged use cause tightness of throat and dry throat & also cause chest pain. Harmful in pregnancy and lactation o It may affect the gland secretion leading to abnormal activity of reproductive glands causing damage to mother or the developing fetus.

32. Side Effects Harmful in pregnancy and lactation o It may affect the gland secretion leading to abnormal activity of reproductive glands causing damage to mother or the developing fetus.

33. Contraindications The pure essential oil is irritating . Orally in doses higher than those specified may cause convulsion. It should not be used during pregnancy and lactation. It has a weak potential for sensitization , although its known cases of contact dermatitis. Toxicity Linalool and umbelliferone may be toxic if taken in higher concentrations & may cause contact dermatitis.

34. Marketed Products It is one of the ingredients of the preparations known as Cystone (Himalaya Drug Company) Bilwadi churna ( Baidyanath ) Sage massage oil (Sage Herbals).

35. Adulterants: Inferior varieties of Coriander F enugreek seeds C ereal fruits and similar small fruits and seeds are often admixed with commercial Coriander.

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