Corruption in india

Corruption in the Indian society has prevailed from time immemorial in one form or the other. The basic inception of corruption started with our opportunistic leaders who have already done greater damage to our nation. People who work on right principles are unrecognized and considered to be foolish in the modern society. Corruption in India is a result of the connection between bureaucrats, politicians and criminals. Earlier, bribes were paid for getting wrong things done, but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. Further, corruption has become something respectable in India, because respectable people are involved in it. Social corruption like less weighing of products, adulteration in edible items, and bribery of various kind have incessantly prevailed in the society.

1. Corruption In India
All luxury corrupts either the morals or the state.
- Joubert
Corruption in the Indian society has prevailed from time immemorial in one form or the other.
The basic inception of corruption started with our opportunistic leaders who have already done
greater damage to our nation. People who work on right principles are unrecognized and
considered to be foolish in the modern society. Corruption in India is a result of the connection
between bureaucrats, politicians and criminals. Earlier, bribes were paid for getting wrong things
done, but now bribe is paid for getting right things done at right time. Further, corruption has
become something respectable in India, because respectable people are involved in it. Social
corruption like less weighing of products, adulteration in edible items, and bribery of various
kind have incessantly prevailed in the society.
In today's scenario, if a person wants a government job he has to pay lakhs of rupees to the
higher officials irrespective of satisfying all the eligibility criteria. In every office one has either
to give money to the employee concerned or arrange for some sources to get work done. There is
adulteration and duplicate weighing of products in food and civil supplies department by
unscrupulous workers who cheat the consumers by playing with the health and lives of the
people. In the assessment of property tax the officers charge money even if the house is built
properly according to the Government rules and regulations.
Political corruption is worst in India. The major cause of concern is that corruption is weakening
the political body and damaging the supreme importance of the law governing the society.
Nowadays politics is only for criminals and criminals are meant to be in politics. Elections in
many parts of the country have become associated with a host of criminal activities. Threatening
voters to vote for a particular candidate or physically prevent voters from going in to the polling
booth – especially weaker sections of the society like tribals, dalits and rural woman occurs
frequently in several parts of the country. Recently, the Government increased the salary of the
M.P.'s from Rs.16, 000 to Rs.50, 000, that is 300% increase to the existing salary. But many of
them are unhappy with rise and want the Government to increase the salary to a much more
extent. This clearly shows how the politicians are in constant thirst for monetary benefits and not
caring about the welfare of the people. Tax evasion is one of the most popular forms of
corruption. It is mostly practiced by Government officials and politicians who lead to the
accumulation of black money which in turn spoils the moral of the people.
Major Factors Responsible For Corruption:
1. The most important factor is the nature of the human being. People in general, have a
great thirst for luxuries and comforts and as a result of which they get themselves
involved in all unscrupulous activities that result in monetary or material benefits.
2. Moral and spiritual values are not given utmost importance in educational system, which
is highly responsible for the deterioration of the society.

2. 3. The salary paid to employees is very less and as a result of which they are forced to earn
money by illegal ways.
4. The punishments imposed on the criminals are inadequate.
1. The political leaders have spoiled the society completely. They lead a luxurious
life and do not even care about the society.
2. People of India are not awakened and enlightened. They fear to raise their voice
against anti-social elements prevailing in the society.
Measures To Control Corruption:
There are some specific measures to control increasing corruption.
1. The Right to Information Act (RTI) gives one all the required information about the
Government, such as what the Government is doing with our tax payments. Under this
act, one has the right to ask the Government on any problem which one faces. There is a
Public Information Officer (PIO) appointed in every Government department, who is
responsible for collecting information wanted by the citizens and providing them with the
relevant information on payment of a nominal fee to the PIO. If the PIO refuses to accept
the application or if the applicant does not receive the required information on time then
the applicant can make a complaint to the respective information commission, which has
the power to impose a penalty up to Rs.25, 000 on the errant PIO.
2. Another potent check on corruption is Central Vigilance Commission (CVC). It was
setup by the Government to advise and guide Central Government agencies in the areas
of vigilance. If there are any cases of corruption or any complaints thereof, then that can
be reported to the CVC. CVC also shoulders the responsibility of creating more
awareness among people regarding the consequences of giving and taking of bribes and
corruption.
3. Establishment of special courts for speedy justice can be a huge positive aspect. Much
time should not elapse between the registration of a case and the delivery of judgment.
4. Strong and stringent laws need to be enacted which gives no room for the guilty to
escape.
5. In many cases, the employees opt for corrupt means out of compulsion and not by choice.
Some people are of the opinion that the wages paid are insufficient to feed their families.
If they are paid better, they would not be forced to accept bribe.
The one thing that needs to be ensured is proper, impartial, and unbiased use of various anti-
social regulations to take strong, deterrent, and timely legal action against the offenders,
irrespective of their political influences or money power. Firm and strong steps are needed to
curb the menace and an atmosphere has to created where the good, patriotic, intellectuals come
forward to serve the country with pride, virtue, and honesty for the welfare of the people of India
Corruption in India

3. Corruption in India is a major issue that adversely affects its economy. A study conducted by
Transparency International in year 2005 found that more than 62% of Indians had first hand
experience of paying bribes or influence peddling to get jobs done in public offices successfully.
In its study conducted in year 2008, Transparency International reports about 40% of Indians had
firsthand experience of paying bribes or using a contact to get a job done in public office.
In 2014 India ranked 85th out of 175 countries in Transparency International's Corruption
Perceptions Index, compared to its neighbors Bhutan (30th), Bangladesh (145th), Myanmar
(156th), China (100th), Nepal (126th), Pakistan (126th) and Sri Lanka (85th). In 2013, India was
ranked 94th out of 175 countries.
Most of the largest sources of corruption in India are entitlement programmes and social
spending schemes enacted by the Indian government. Examples include Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and National Rural Health Mission. Other daily
sources of corruption include India's trucking industry which is forced to pay billions in bribes
annually to numerous regulatory and police stops on its interstate highways.
Indian media has widely published allegations of corrupt Indian citizens stashing trillions of
dollars in Swiss banks. Swiss authorities, however, deny these allegations.
The causes of corruption in India include excessive regulations, complicated taxes and licensing
systems, numerous government departments each with opaque bureaucracy and discretionary
powers, monopoly by government controlled institutions on certain goods and services delivery,
and the lack of transparent laws and processes. There are significant variations in level of
corruption as well as in state government efforts to reduce corruption across India.
Politics
As of December 2009, 120 of India's 523 parliament members were accused of crimes, under
India's First Information Report procedure wherein anyone can allege another of committing a
crime. Many of the biggest scandals since 2010 have involved very high level government
officials, including Cabinet Ministers and Chief Ministers, such as in the 2G spectrum scam (
₹1.76 lakh crore, $28bn ), the 2010 Commonwealth Games scam ( ₹70 thousand crore, $11bn ),
the Adarsh Housing Society scam, the Coal Mining Scam (₹1.86 lakh crore, $30bn ), the Mining
Scandal in Karnataka and the Cash for Vote scam.
Bureaucracy
A 2005 study done by Transparency International in India found that more than 62% of the
people had firsthand experience of paying bribe or peddling influence to get a job done in a
public office. Taxes and bribes are common between state borders; Transparency International
estimates that truckers pay annually ₹ 222 billion (US$ 4.5 billion) in bribes.
Government regulators and police share in bribe money, each to the tune of 43% and 45%
respectively. The en route stoppages including those at checkpoints and entry-points take up to

4. 11 hours in a day. About 60% of these (forced) stoppages on road by concerned authorities such
as government regulators, police, forest, sales and excise, octroi, weighing and measuring
department are for extorting money. The loss in productivity due to these stoppages is an
important national concern. The number of truck trips could increase by 40%, if forced delays
are avoided. According to a 2007 World Bank published report, the travel time for a Delhi-
Mumbai trip can be reduced by about 2 days per trip if the corruption and associated regulatory
stoppages to extract bribes was eliminated.
A 2009 survey of the leading economies of Asia, revealed Indian bureaucracy to be not only the
least efficient out of Singapore, Hong Kong, Thailand, South Korea, Japan, Malaysia, Taiwan,
Vietnam, China, Philippines and Indonesia, but also that working with India's civil servants was
a "slow and painful" process
Land and property
Officials are alleged to steal state property. In cities and villages throughout India, consisting of
municipal and other government officials, elected politicians, judicial officers, real estate
developers and law enforcement officials, acquire, develop and sell land in illegal ways.
Tendering processes and awarding contracts
A 2006 report claimed state-funded construction activities in Uttar Pradesh, such as road
building, were dominated by construction mafias, which are groupings of corrupt public works
officials, materials suppliers, politicians and construction contractors.
Corruption caused problems in government funded projects are not limited to the state of Uttar
Pradesh. According to The World Bank, aid programmes are beset by corruption, bad
administration and under-payments. As an example, the report cites only 40% of grain handed
out for the poor reaches its intended target. The World Bank study finds that the public
distribution programmes and social spending contracts have proven to be a waste due to
corruption.
As an example, the government implemented the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) on 25 August 2005. The Central government outlay for this
welfare scheme is ₹400 billion (US$6.3 billion) in FY 2010–2011. After 5 years of
implementation, in 2011, the programme was widely criticised as no more effective than other
poverty reduction programmes in India. Despite its best intentions, MGNREGA faces the
challenges of corrupt officials reportedly pocketing money on behalf of fake rural employees,
poor quality of the programme's infrastructure, and unintended destructive effect
]
on poverty.
Medicine
In Government Hospitals, corruption is associated with non-availability/duplication of
medicines, getting admission, consultations with doctors and availing diagnostic services.

5. National Rural Health Mission is another health care-related government programme that has
been subject to large scale corruption allegations. This social spending and entitlement
programme hoped to improve health care delivery across rural India. The programme has been
managed since 2005 by the Ministry of Health of the Indian government. The Indian government
mandated a spending of INR 277 billion in 2004–05, and increased it annually to be about 1% of
India's gross domestic product. The National Rural Health Mission programme has been clouded
by a large-scale corruption scandal in which top government appointed officials were arrested,
several of whom died under mysterious circumstances including one in prison. Corruption, waste
and fraud-related losses from this government programme has been alleged to be ₹ 100 billion
(US$2 billion).
Science and technology
CSIR, the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, has been flagged in ongoing efforts to
root out corruption in India. Despite being established with the directive to do translational
research and create real technologies, CSIR has been accused of transforming into a ritualistic,
overly-bureaucratic organisation that does little more than churn out papers.
There are many issues facing Indian scientists, with some - such as MIT systems scientist VA
Shiva Ayyadurai - calling for transparency, a meritocratic system, and an overhaul of the
bureaucratic agencies that oversee science and technology. Sumit Bhaduri stated, "The
challenges of turning Indian science into part of an innovation process are many. Many
competent Indian scientists aspire to be ineffectual administrators [due to administrative power
and political patronage], rather than do the kind of science that makes a difference". Prime
minister Manmohan Singh spoke at the 99th Indian Science Congress and commented on the
state of the sciences in India, after an advisory council informed him there were problems with
"the overall environment for innovation and creative work" and a 'warlike' approach was needed.
Income tax department
There have been several cases of collusion of officials of the income tax department of India for
preferential tax treatment and relaxed prosecutions in exchange for bribes.
Preferential award of mineral resources
In August 2011, an iron ore mining scandal became a media focus in India. In September 2011,
Janardhana Reddy – an elected member of Karnataka's legislative assembly – was arrested on
charges of corruption and illegal mining of iron ore in his home state of Karnataka. It was
alleged that his company received preferential allotment of resources, organised and exported
billions of dollars worth of iron ore to China in recent years, without paying any royalty to the
state government exchequer of Karnataka or the central government of India, and these Chinese
companies made payment to shell companies controlled by Reddy and registered in Caribbean
and north Atlantic tax havens.
It was also alleged that corrupt government officials cooperated with Reddy, starting from
government officials in charge of regulating mining to government officials in charge of

6. regulating port facilities and shipping. These officials received monthly bribes in exchange for
enabling the illegal export of illegally mined iron ore to China. Such scandals have led to a
demand in India for consensually driven action plan to eradicate the piracy of India's mineral
resources by an illegal-political-corrupt government officials-business nexus, removal of
incentives for illegal mining, creation of incentives for legal mining and domestic use of iron ore
and steel manufacturing.
Driver Licensing
A study conducted between 2004 and 2005 found that India's driver licensing procedure was a
hugely distorted bureaucratic process and allows drivers to be licensed despite their low driving
ability through promoting the usage of agents. Individuals with high willingness to pay make a
significant payment above the official fee and most of these extra payments are made to agents,
who act as an intermediary between bureaucrats and applicants.
[39]

The average licensee paid Rs 1080, approximately 2.5 times the official fee of Rs 450, in order to
obtain a license. On average, those who hired agents had a lower driving ability, with agents
helping unqualified drivers obtain licenses and bypass the legally required driving examination.
Among the surveyed individuals, approximately 60% of the license holders did not take the
licensing exam and 54% of those license holders failed an independent driving test.
Agents are the channels of corruption in this bureaucratic driver licensing system, facilitating
access to licenses among those who are unqualified to drive. Some of the failures of this
licensing system are caused by corrupt bureaucrats who collaborate with agents by creating
additional barriers within the system against those who did not hire agents.
Trends
Professor Bibek Debroy and Laveesh Bhandari claim in their book Corruption in India: The
DNA and RNA that the public officials in India may be cornering as much as ₹ 921 billion
($18.42 billion), or 1.26 per cent of the GDP, through corruption. The book claims most bribery
is in the transport industry, real estate and government delivered services.
Bribery and corruption are pervasive, but some sectors tend to witness a relatively higher degree
of such instances. A 2013 EY(Ernst & Young) Study reports following sectors, perceived as the
most vulnerable to corruption: Infrastructure & Real Estate, Metals & Mining, Aerospace &
Defense, Power & Utilities. There are a range of specific factors that make a sector more
susceptible to bribery and corruption risks than others. Factors like high use of middlemen, large
value contracts, liasioning activities etc. drive the depth, volume and frequency of corrupt
practices in vulnerable sectors.
A 2011 KPMG study reports India's real estate, telecommunications and government-run social
development projects as the three top most corruption plagued sectors. The study found India's
defence, information technology industry and energy sectors are the most competitive and least
corruption prone sectors.

7. CMS India claims in its 2010 India Corruption Study report that socio-economically weaker
section of the Indian society is most adversely affected by government corruption – these include
the rural and urban poor. The study additionally claims that corruption perception nationwide has
decreased between 2005 to 2010. Over the 5-year period, significantly more number of people
from the middle class as well as the poorest segments of Indian society surveyed, in all parts of
the India, claimed government corruption had dropped over time, and they had lesser direct
experiences with demands for bribes.
The table below compares the perceived anti-corruption effort across some of the major states in
India. A rising index implies higher anti-corruption effort and falling corruption. According to
this table, the states of Bihar and Gujarat have experienced significant improvements in their
anti-corruption efforts, while the conditions have worsened in the state of Assam and West
Bengal. Consistent with the results in this table, in 2012, a BBC News report claimed the state of
Bihar has transformed in recent years to become the least corrupt state in India.
Index trends in major states by respective anti-corruption effort
State 1990–95 1996-00 2001–05 2006–10
Bihar 0.41 0.30 0.43 0.88
Gujarat 0.48 0.57 0.64 0.69
Andhra Pradesh 0.53 0.73 0.55 0.61
Punjab 0.32 0.46 0.46 0.60
Jammu & Kashmir 0.13 0.32 0.17 0.40
Haryana 0.33 0.60 0.31 0.37
Himachal Pradesh 0.26 0.14 0.23 0.35
Tamil Nadu 0.19 0.20 0.24 0.29
Madhya Pradesh 0.23 0.22 0.31 0.29
Karnataka 0.24 0.19 0.20 0.29
Rajasthan 0.27 0.23 0.26 0.27
Kerala 0.16 0.20 0.22 0.27
Maharashtra 0.45 0.29 0.27 0.26
Uttar Pradesh 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.21
Orissa 0.22 0.16 0.15 0.19
Assam 0.21 0.02 0.14 0.17
West Bengal 0.11 0.08 0.03 0.01
Black money
Black money refers to money that is not fully or legitimately the property of the 'owner'. A white
paper on black money in India by the Government of India suggests two possible sources of
black money in India. The first includes activities not permitted by the law, such as crime, drug
trade, terrorism, and corruption, all of which are illegal in India. The second, more likely source
is that the wealth may have been generated through a lawful activity but accumulated by failing

8. to declare income and pay taxes. Some of this black money ends up in illicit financial flows
across international borders, such as deposits in tax haven countries.
A November 2010 report from the Washington-based Global Financial Integrity estimates that
over a 60-year period, India lost US$213 billion in illicit financial flows beginning in 1948;
adjusted for inflation, this is estimated to be 462 billion in 2010 dollars, or about $8 billion per
year ($7 per capita per year). The report also estimated the size of India's underground economy
at approximately US$640 billion at the end of 2008 or roughly 50% of the nation's GDP.
Black Money in Switzerland
According to a 2010 The Hindu article, unofficial estimates indicate that Indians had over
US$1456 billion in black money stored in Swiss banks (approximately US$1.4 trillion). While
some news reports claimed that data provided by the Swiss Banking Association Report (2006)
showed India has more black money than the rest of the world combined, a more recent report
quoted the SBA's Head of International Communications as saying that no such official Swiss
Banking Association statistics exist.
Another report said that Indian-owned Swiss bank account assets are worth 13 times the
country's national debt. These allegations have been denied by Swiss Bankers Association.
James Nason of Swiss Bankers Association in an interview about alleged black money from
India, holds that "The (black money) figures were rapidly picked up in the Indian media and in
Indian opposition circles, and circulated as gospel truth. However, this story was a complete
fabrication. The Swiss Bankers Association never published such a report. Anyone claiming to
have such figures (for India) should be forced to identify their source and explain the
methodology used to produce them."
In a separate study, Dev Kar of Global Financial Integrity concludes, "media reports circulating
in India that Indian nationals held around US$1.4 trillion in illicit external assets are widely off
the mark compared to the estimates found by his study." Kar claims the amounts are significantly
smaller, only about 1.5% of India's GDP on average per annum basis, between 1948 and 2008.
This includes corruption, bribery and kickbacks, criminal activities, trade mispricing and efforts
to shelter wealth by Indians from India's tax authorities.
According to a third report, published in May 2012, Swiss National Bank estimates that the total
amount of deposits in all Swiss banks, at the end of 2010, by citizens of India were CHF 1.95
billion (₹ 92.95 billion, US$2.1 billion). The Swiss Ministry of External Affairs has confirmed
these figures upon request for information by the Indian Ministry of External Affairs. This
amount is about 700 fold less than the alleged $1.4 trillion in some media reports. The report also
provided a comparison of the deposits held by Indians and by citizens of other nations in Swiss
banks. Total deposits held by citizens of India constitute only 0.13 per cent of the total bank
deposits of citizens of all countries. Further, the share of Indians in the total bank deposits of
citizens of all countries in Swiss banks has reduced from 0.29 per cent in 2006 to 0.13 per cent in
2010.
Business and Corruption

9. Public servants have very wide discretionary powers offering the opportunity to extort undue
payments from companies and ordinary citizens. The awarding of public contracts is notoriously
corrupt, especially at the state level. Scandals involving high-level politicians have highlighted
the payment of kickbacks in the healthcare, IT and military sectors. The deterioration of the
overall efficiency of the government, protection of property rights, ethics and corruption as well
as undue influence on government and judicial decisions has resulted in a more difficult business
environment.
Judiciary
According to Transparency International
]
, judicial corruption in India is attributable to factors
such as "delays in the disposal of cases, shortage of judges and complex procedures, all of which
are exacerbated by a preponderance of new laws". Over the year there have been numerous
judges who have faced allegations of corruption, however in 2011, Soumitra Sen, a former judge
at the Kolkata High Court became the first judge in the India to be impeached by the Rajya
Sabha, the Upper House of the Indian Parliament for misappropriation of funds.
Armed forces
The Indian Armed Forces have witnessed corruption involving senior armed forces officers from
the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. A number of scandals in the 2000–2010
period damaged the military's reputation; such scandals included skimming of armed forces
money, re-selling of government property, and faking combat missions.
Anti-corruption efforts
Right to Information Act
The 2005 Right to Information Act required government officials to provide information
requested by citizens or face punitive action, as well as the computerisation of services and the
establishment of vigilance commissions. This considerably reduced corruption and opened up
avenues to redress grievances.
Right to public services legislation
Right to Public Services legislation, which has been enacted in 19 states of India, guarantee time
bound delivery of services for various public services rendered by the Government to citizen and
provides mechanism for punishing the errant public servant who is deficient in providing the
service stipulated under the statute. Right to Service legislation are meant to reduce corruption
among the government officials and to increase transparency and public accountability.
Anti-corruption laws in India
Public servants in India can be penalised for corruption under the

10.  Indian Penal Code, 1860
 Prosecution section of Income Tax Act, 1961
 The Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
 The Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 to prohibit benami transactions.
 Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
India is also a signatory to the United Nations Convention against Corruption since 2005 (ratified
2011). The Convention covers a wide range of acts of corruption and also proposes certain
preventive policies.
The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 which came into force from 16 January 2014, seeks to
provide for the establishment of the institution of Lokpal to inquire into allegations of corruption
against certain public functionaries in India.
Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2011, which provides a mechanism to investigate alleged
corruption and misuse of power by public servants and also protect anyone who exposes alleged
wrongdoing in government bodies, projects and offices, has received the assent of the President
of India on 9 May 2014, and (as of 02 August) is pending for notification by the Central
Government.
At present there are no legal provisions to check graft in the private sector in India. Government
has proposed amendments in existing acts and certain new bills for checking corruption in
private sector. Big-ticket corruption is mainly witnessed in the operations of large commercial or
corporate entities. In order to prevent bribery on supply side, it is proposed that key managerial
personnel of companies' and also the company shall be held liable for offering bribes to gain
undue benefits.
]

The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 provides that the properties of corrupt public
servants shall be confiscated. However, the Government is considering incorporating provisions
for confiscation or forfeiture of the property of corrupt public servant in the Prevention of
Corruption Act, 1988 to make it more self-contained and comprehensive.
A committee headed by the Chairman of Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT), has been
constituted to examine ways to strengthen laws to curb generation of black money in India, its
illegal transfer abroad and its recovery. The Committee shall examine the existing legal and
administrative framework to deal with the menace of generation of black money through illegal
means including inter-alia the following: 1. Declaring wealth generated illegally as national
asset; 2. Enacting/amending laws to confiscate and recover such assets; and 3. Providing for
exemplary punishment against its perpetrators. (Source: 2013 EY report on Bribery &
Corruption)
The Companies Act, 2013, contains certain provisions to regulate frauds by corporations,
including, increased penalties for frauds, giving more powers to Serious Fraud Investigation
Office, mandatory responsibility of auditors to reveal frauds, and increased responsibilities of
independent directors. The Companies Act, 2013 also provides for mandatory vigil mechanism
which allows directors and employees to report concerns and whistleblower protection

11. mechanism for every listed company and any other companies which accepts deposits from
public or has taken loans more than 50 crore rupees from banks and financial institutions. This
intended to avoid accounting scandals such as the Satyam scandal which have plagued India. It
replaces The Companies Act, 1956 which was proven outmoded in terms of handling 21st
century problems.
In 2015, the Parliament passed the Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and
Imposition of Tax Bill, 2015 to curb and impose penalty on black money hoarded abroad. The
Act is pending for assent of the President of India.
Anti-corruption police and courts
The Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation, Central Vigilance Commission and
Central Bureau of Investigation all deal with anti-corruption initiatives. Certain states such as
Andhra Pradesh (Anti-Corruption Bureau, Andhra Pradesh) and Karnataka (Lokayukta) also
have their own anti-corruption agencies and courts.
Andhra Pradesh's Anti Corruption Bureau (ACB) has launched a large scale investigation in the
"cash-for-bail" scam. CBI court judge Talluri Pattabhirama Rao was arrested on 19 June 2012 for
taking a bribe to grant bail to former Karnataka Minister Gali Janardhan Reddy, who was
allegedly amassing assets disproportionate to his known sources of income. Investigation
revealed that India Cements – one of India's largest cement – had been investing in Reddy's
businesses in return for government contracts. A case has also been opened against seven other
individuals under the Indian Penal Code and the Prevention of Corruption Act.
Civic anti-corruption organisations
A variety of organisations have been created in India to actively fight against corrupt government
and business practices. Notable organisations include:
 Bharat Swabhiman Trust, established by Ramdev, has campaigned against black money
and corruption for a decade.
]

 5th Pillar is most known for the creation of the zero rupee note, a valueless note designed
to be given to corrupt officials when they request bribes.
]

 India Against Corruption was a popular movement active during 2011-12 that received
much media attention. Among its prominent public faces were Arvind Kejriwal, Kiran
Bedi and Anna Hazare. Kejriwal went on to form the Aam Aadmi Party and Hazare
established Jan Tantra Morcha.
 Jaago Re! One Billion Votes was an organisation originally founded by Tata Tea and
Janaagraha to increase youth voter registration. They have since expanded their work to
include other social issues, including corruption.
 Association for Social Transparency, Rights and Action (ASTRA) is an NGO focused on
grass-roots work to fight corruption in Karnataka.
 The Lok Satta Movement, has transformed itself from a civil organisation to a full-
fledged political party, the Lok Satta Party. The party has fielded candidates in Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Bangalore. In 2009, it obtained its first elected post, when

12. Jayaprakash Narayan won the election for the Kukatpally Assembly Constituency in
Andhra Pradesh.
Factors contributing to corruption in India
In a 2011 report on Corruption in India, one of the world's largest audit and compliance firms
KPMG notes several causes that encourage corruption in India. The report suggests high taxes
and excessive regulation bureaucracy as a major cause. India has high marginal tax rates and
numerous regulatory bodies with the power to stop any citizen or business from going about their
daily affairs.
This power of Indian authorities to search and question individuals creates opportunities for
corrupt public officials to extract bribes - each individual or business decides if the effort
required in due process and the cost of delay is worth not paying the bribe demanded. In cases of
high taxes, paying off the corrupt official is cheaper than the tax. This, claims the report, is one
major cause of corruption in India and 150 other countries across the world. In real estate
industry, the high capital gains tax in India encourages large-scale corruption. The correlation
between high real estate taxes and corruption, claims the KPMG report, is high in India as well
as other countries including the developed economies; this correlation has been true in modern
times as well as for centuries of human history in numerous cultures.
The desire to pay lower taxes than those demanded by the state explains the demand side of
corruption. The net result is that the corrupt officials collect bribes, the government fails to
collect taxes for its own budget, and corruption grows. The report suggests regulatory reforms,
process simplification and lower taxes as means to increase tax receipts and reduce causes of
corruption.
In addition to tax rates and regulatory burden, the KPMG report claims corruption results from
opaque process and paperwork on the part of the government. Lack of transparency allows room
for maneuver for both the demanders and suppliers of corruption. Whenever objective standards
and transparent processes are missing, and subjective opinion driven regulators and
opaque/hidden processes are present, the conditions encourage corruption.
Vito Tanzi in an International Monetary Fund study suggests that in India, like other countries in
the world, corruption is caused by excessive regulations and authorisation requirements,
complicated taxes and licensing systems, mandated spending programmes, lack of competitive
free markets, monopoly of certain goods and service providers by government controlled
institutions, bureaucracy, lack of penalties for corruption of public officials, and lack of
transparent laws and processes. A Harvard University study finds these to be some of the causes
of corruption and underground economy in India.
Impact of corruption
Loss of credibility

13. A study on Bribery and Corruption in India conducted in 2013 by one of the largest global
professional services firms Ernst & Young (EY), a majority of the survey respondents from PE
firms said that a company operating in a sector which is perceived as highly corrupt, may lose
ground when it comes to fair valuation of its business, as investors bargain hard and factor in the
cost of corruption at the time of transaction.
According to a report by KPMG, "high-level corruption and scams are now threatening to derail
the country's its credibility and [its] economic boom".
Economic loss
Corruption may lead to further bureaucratic delay and inefficiency as corrupted bureaucrats may
introduce red tape in order to extort more bribes. Such inadequacies in institutional efficiency
could affect growth indirectly by lowering the private marginal product of capital and investment
rate growth.

Lower corruption, higher growth rates
If corruption levels in India were reduced to levels in developed economies such as Singapore or
the United Kingdom, India's GDP growth rate could increase at a higher rate annually. C. K.
Prahalad estimates the lost opportunity caused by corruption, in terms of investment, growth and
jobs for India is over US$50 billion a year.