Cosmetics biological aspects

Cosmetics – Biological aspects
Structure of skin
Functions of Skin
Skin relating problem like,
Dry skin
Acne
Pigmentation
Prickly heat
Wrinkles
Body odor
Structure of hair
Hair growth cycle
Problem associated with Hair

1. Cosmetics – Biological Aspects Prepared By: Dolly Sadrani Department of Pharmaceutics II nd Sem M.Pharma 1

2. Cosmetics – Biological aspects Structure of skin Functions of Skin Skin relating problem like, Dry skin Acne Pigmentation Prickly heat Wrinkles Body odor Structure of hair Hair growth cycle Problem associated with Hair Questions 2

3. Skin: Skin is the largest organ of the body, accounting for about 15% of the total adult body weight. 3

4. Structure of Skin: 4

5. Layers of Skin: Epidermis : Outer layer that is s barrier to infection “superficial” Made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells. Dermis: Middle layer that contains nerves, Hair roots, Sweat and oil glands and blood vessels. Hypodermis: Fat, blood vessels and connective tissue that help to maintain body temperature. 5

6. Layers of Skin: 6

7. Epidermis: Epidermis divided in to different regions: 1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basal 7

8. Epidermis: 1. Stratum corneum :- consist of 25 to 30 layers of flatened dead keratinocytes . Which makes it water repellent. 2. Stratum Lucidum : Smooth, translucent layer of the epidermis. This thin layer of cell is found only in the thick skin of the palms and soles. Stratum Lucidum is responsible for the capability of the skin to stretch. It also contain protein which is responsible for degeneration of skin cells. 3. Stratum granulosum :- consist of 3 to 5 layers & under goes apoptosis. It contains granules know as keratohyalin . These granules release lipid rich secretion, which acts as the water repellent. 8

9. 4. Stratum spinosum :- contain 8 to 10 layers of cells & it is closely arranged. 5. Stratum basal:- consist of single layer of cubical or columnar keratinocytes . Dermis: Dermis lies between the epidermis and subcutaneous layer and contains many type of sensory receptor for touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature etc. The type of cells located in the dermis are: Fibroblasts, Mast cells, Histocytes . Hair follicles, nerves , lymphatic vessels and sweat glands. 9

10. Dermis: 10

11. Hypodermis: Deep to skin and also known as subcutaneous tissue. Consist of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers. Main type of cells in hypodermis are : Fibroblast, Adipose tissue, Macrophages. Functions as: Energy source and Insulation. 11

12. Hypodermis: 12

13. Functions of Skin: It performs many vital functions, including protection against external physical, chemical, as well as prevention of excess water loss from the body and a role in thermoregulation. Protection: against pathogens. Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the immune system. Storage: Stores lipid (fat) and water. Sensation: nerve ending detect temperature, pressure, vibration, touch and injury. Control water loss: the skin prevent water from escaping by evaporation. 13

14. Water resistance: it prevents nutrients from being washed from the skin. Thermoregulation: by producing sweat and dilating blood vessels, the skin helps keep the body cool. “Goosebumps” and blood vessel constriction, help us retain heat. 14

15. Skin relating Problems: 15

16. Dry Skin: Dry skin has a low level of sebum and can be prone to sensitivity. which refers to rough, flaky, or scaly skin that is less flexible than normal and dry to feel. The dry skin is the common problem in all age groups, but more in elderly individuals. The water content of the stratum corneum play important role for maintaining the normal appearance and texture of skin. 16

17. It usually feels ‘tight”. Uncomfortable after washing. Chapping and cracking are signs of dehydrated skin. It looks dull, mainly on the cheeks and around the eyes. 17

18. Causes: Poor diet, nutritional deficiencies, and especially deficiencies of vitamin A and the vitamin B can also contribute to dry skin. Dry skin is not a sign of skin diseases, but is simply caused by harsh soaps, itchy clothing, exposure to sun, cold environment, chemicals and long hot showers. The oil glands do not produce enough lubrication to the skin which leads to dry skin. Medications you take and even medical conditions such as diabetes, hypothyroidism, malnutrition can also cause severe dry skin. 18

19. How to Care for Dry Skin: Skip long hot shower. Use a gentle cleanser or shower gel with moisturizer. Go for soap free or mild soap cleansers instead of harsh cleanser. Moisturize while skin is moist, moisturizer increases the water content of the outer layers of skin and gives it a soft look. 19

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21. Diet Recommendation for Dry Skin: Fatty fish like trout contain high amount of omega-3 fatty acid which help to retain moisture and strengthen your skin. vitamin E is one of the most important anti-oxidant for skin. Water rich low sugar fruits and vegetables are great way to hydrate and protect skin from dryness. Drink plenty of water every day to keep your skin hydrated. 21

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23. Green tea loaded with skin nourishing antioxidants, it has anti- inflammatory properties that heal damaged skin. Eat items such as vegetables, Eggs, fishes, Nuts like almonds, Asparagus that are high in sulphur, which help keep your skin soft and shiny. 23

24. Acne: 24

25. Acne is an inflammatory skin condition that occurs when oil and dead skin cells blocks the pore opening which causing sebum to build up in side the pores. Acne is affected by two major factors: heredity and hormones. 25

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27. Stages of acne formation: Clogged pores: cells lining pores shed and mix with excess sebum production by sebaceous glands forming a plug which leads to clogged pores. Bacteria : accumulation sebum and dead cells attach with bacteria naturally found in skin, which feeds on oil and multiplication occur inside pore. 27

28. Causes of Acne: 28

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30. Treatment of Acne: Use cleansers for oily skin toners also help to remove excess sebum. Avoid using fatty skin care and cosmetic products; use non comedogenic products(designed and proven not to clog the follicles). Do not use harsh products or over clean acne-prone skin as this can lead to inflammation. 30

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32. Mild and moderate cases of acne can be treated by trained salon and spa etc. Use anti-androgen, anti-biotic like tetracycline, cotrimoxazole to stop growth of bacteria and reduce inflammation. 32

33. Pigmentation: 33

34. Pigmentation means colouring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the colour of skin. Skin gets its colour from pigment called melanin. It occur due to the deposition of the melanin, which is produce by specialized cells called melanocytes with in melanosomes and transferred to keratinocytes . 34

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36. Types of Pigmentation: 36

37. Melasma : tan or dark skin discoloration. Melasma is thought to be caused by sun exposure, genetic predisposition, hormone change and skin irritation. Lentigo : A condition marked by small brown patches on the skin, typically in elderly people. Latrogenic hyperpigmentation : due to excessive production of melanin. Post acneic hyperpigmentation : Inflammatory disorder of the skin. Observed in darken skin types. Vitiligo : A condition in which the pigment is lost from areas of the skin, causing whitish patches. 37

38. Treatment: Topical prescription medication such as 4% hydroquinone are often use to treat hyperpigmentation . Aloe Vera contain aloin , a natural depigmenting compound. Gentle cryotherapy use to treat variety of lesions.(in very low temp.) OTC brightening product that contain licorice root, pine tree, vitamin E, vitamin C. Drugs used to treat pigmentation : corticosteroids, azelaic acid, Trichloro acetic acid Retinoic acid, Glycolic acid. 38

39. Cryotherapy / Cold therapy: 39

40. Prickly Heat: 40

41. Heat rash is the generic group name for a number of skin problems that arise or worsen because of heat exposure. Common names for heat rash include prickly heat, sweat retention syndrome (SRS) and "sun” allergy. This disorder occurs all year round in the tropics, and elsewhere in the summer months when the weather is hot and humid. It is most commonly seen from March to September especially in visitors from cooler climates. 41

42. Causes of Prickly Heat: Heat rash is caused by a blockage of the sweat glands, especially after repeated episodes of sweating, leading to inflammation when sweat escapes into adjacent tissue. This causes the itching and prickling sensations that most people seek treatment for as well as the red rash, which may be extensive. 42

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44. Treatment Advice: Remain in a cool environment e.g. air conditioning, or close to a fan, and allow for adequate ventilation of the skin. Take cool showers or baths, several times a day, and always after exercise or heat exposure. Always dry the skin with a tissue, do not rub vigorously. Use cool packs on affected areas. 44

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46. Wrinkles: 46

47. Wrinkles are lines and furrow that form in your skin. These are especially noticeable around your mouth, neck, hands, and eyes. Causes: Smoking: Smoking can accelerate the normal aging process of your skin, contributing to wrinkles. This may be due to changes in the blood supply to your skin. 47

48. Repeated facial expressions : Facial movements and expressions, such as squinting or smiling, lead to fine lines and wrinkles. Each time you use a facial muscle, a groove forms beneath the surface of the skin. And as skin ages, it loses its flexibility and is no longer able to spring back in place. These grooves then become permanent features on your face. 48

49. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light : Ultraviolet radiation, which speeds the natural aging process, is the primary cause of early wrinkling. Exposure to UV light breaks down your skin's connective tissue; collagen and elastin fibers , which lie in the deeper layer of skin (dermis). Age: As you get older, your skin naturally becomes less elastic and more fragile. Decreased production of natural oils dries your skin and makes it appear more wrinkled. 49

50. Treatment: Topical retinoids : Derived from vitamin A, retinoids - such as tretinoin ( Renova , Retin -A) and tazarotene ( Avage , Tazorac ) that you apply to your skin may reduce fine wrinkles, splotches and skin roughness. Because retinoids can make your skin burn more easily, you'll need to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen and wear protective clothing daily. Retinoids may cause redness, dryness, itching, and a burning sensation. 50

51. Nonprescription wrinkle creams : The effectiveness of antiwrinkle creams depends in part on the active ingredients. Retinol, antioxidants and some peptides may result in slight to modest improvements in wrinkles. Rhytidectomy : is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to give a more youthful facial appearance. 51

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53. Body odor : Body odor is the unpleasant smell of our bodies can give off when bacteria that live on the skin break down sweat in to acid. Body odor caused by the combination of sweat and bacteria normally found in skin. 53

54. Causes: Emotional Factors : Anxiety, stress, embarrassment, etc Underlying Medical Conditions: A large no. of medical conditions and prescription drugs can cause excessive sweating. Hereditary Predisposition: Its very common for excessive sweating to run in the family. 54

55. Prevention: A large concentration of apocrine glands is present in the armpits, making that area susceptible to the rapid development of body odor . The following steps may help control armpit odor : - Keep the armpits clean: Wash them regularly using antibacterial soap, and the number of bacteria will be kept low, resulting in less body odor . 55

56. - Hair: When armpits have hair, it slows down the evaporation of sweat, giving the bacteria more time to break it down into smelly substances. - Deodorant or antiperspirant: Deodorants make the skin more acidic, making it more difficult for bacteria to thrive. An antiperspirant blocks the sweating action of the glands, resulting in less sweating. 56

57. Treatment: Wash daily with warm water: Have a shower or bath at least once a day. Remember that warm water helps kill off bacteria that are present on your skin. If the weather is exceptionally hot, consider bathing more often than once a day. Clothing: Natural fibers allow your skin to breathe, resulting in better evaporation of sweat. Natural-made fibers include wool, silk or cotton. 57

58. Aluminium chloride: This substance is usually the main active ingredient in antiperspirants. Avoid spicy foods: Curry, garlic, and other spicy foods have the potential to make some people's sweat more pungent. Some experts believe a diet high in red meat may also raise the risk of developing more rapid body odor . 58

59. Hair: Hair is a simple structure that is made up of strong structural protein named as Kerotin . Hair is acts as a barrier to foreign particles. It’s an important part of appearance. Hair is the only body structure that can completely renew itself without scarring. Hair is made up of two separate structures: Hair follicle : which exist below the skin Hair Shaft: which is the hair that we can see. 59

60. Before hair growth can begin, a hair follicle must be first created; The germinating layer of the epidermis starts growing down into the dermis, and forms the outside of each hair follicle. The dermis then grows upwards into the base of the follicle to form the dermal papilla. This allows blood vessels to enter the papilla and provide nutrients for the hair shaft to grow. 60

61. The bottom part of the follicle enlarges into an area of actively growing cells. This is called the hair bulb. At the base of the hair bulb, the germinating layer merges into the outer root sheath (which forms the inner wall of the follicles) The outer root sheath then forms the germinal matrix (hair root) which surrounds the dermal papilla. The germinal matrix grows the inner root sheath (this is the white bit at the end of a hair if it’s pulled out) 61

62. Hair shaft cells are similar at first. But as they move up through the follicle, they begin to change shape, and a protein called keratin develops inside the cells. Three different types of hair cell then form. By the time these cells are a third of the way up the follicle, they have dried and fully hardened ( keratinised ). A sebaceous gland lies within each follicle. This produces an oily substance called sebum from a duct that opens up into the hair follicle about halfway down from the skin surface. 62

63. The follicle also has a bulge directly below the sebaceous gland in the outer root sheath at the attachment point of the arrector pili muscle. The bulge produces stem cells that regenerate the follicle during the next hair growth cycle. When the arrector pili muscle contract, they make your hair stand on end (this is what causes goosebumps ). 63

64. Structure of Hair: 64

65. There are mainly 3 glands are involve in hair. The epidermis is known as hair shaft. The hair shaft is comprised of three layers: cuticle, cortex and medulla. • The innermost layer (known as the medulla) only present in large thick hairs • The middle layer ( known as the cortex) which gives the hair its strength, texture and colour. • The outermost layer ( known as the cuticle) a thin and colourless layer that is defensively to prevent damage to the hair’s inner structure and to control water content of hair fibre. 65

66. The dermal papilla contains the blood supply and nerves that produce nutrient for the hair. These vital nutrients are needs in order for hair to grow. The dermal papilla is shaped similar to a cone and sits inside the hair bulb. The oil glands of the skin are called sebaceous glands. These glands are connected to the hair follicle and secret sebum, an oily substance that lubricates the hair. 66

67. Hair Growth Cycle: Hair growth cycle comprises of 4 phases. 67

68. 1) Anagen phase (Growing phase): The growing phase last 2-7 years and determine the length of hair. Hair grows around half an inch a month and faster in summer than winter. The anagen phase last and average of 3-5 years, a full length hair averages 18-30 inches. The anagen phase is generally longer in Asian and last as much as 7 years with hair being able to grow to one meter. 68

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70. 2) Catagen ( Transition phase): This is the transitional phase that last about 10 days. The hair folecule shrink and detouches from the dermal capillla . 70

71. 3) Talogen phase (Resting phase): This is the resting phase which are less around 3 month. Around 10- 15 % of hair are in this phase. The old hair is resting, a new hair begins the growth phase. Lastly hair enters the alogen phase, hair is release and false out. 71

72. The follicle that remain inactive for 3 months the whole process is repeated. During the talogen phase the follicle remains dorement for 1- 4 months. Each hair follicle is independent and grows through the growth cycle at different times, otherwise all hair will fall out at once. 1-50 % of the hair are in this phase growth at any event time. 72

73. At some point the follicle begin to grow again, softening the anchor point and hair base will break free from the root and the hair will be shed. Within 2 weeks new hair shaft will begin to emerge once the talogen phase is complete. 4) Exogen phase: This is the part of resting phase where the old hair falls and new hair continuous to grow. The thickness, texture and shape of the hair is determine in this stage. 73

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75. The following factors create an interruption of the normal cycle causing excessive hair loss: - Stress - Change in diet - Drugs - Illness - Post pregnancy 75

76. Problem associated with Hair: Dandruff: Dandruff, scaly particles that cling to the root of the hair, can be caused by a poor diet, an infection, or even a sluggish metabolism. Hair loss: Although historically discussed as a problem among men, hair loss or thinning hair is also common among women. For most men, it may be male pattern balding. Female hair loss is often caused by stress, medication, changing hormone and even menopause. Additionally, many hair styling products (Chemicals / excessive heat) can contribute to hair loss. 76

77. Dry hair : Shampooing too often causes dry hair. Although squeaky - clean hair is a good thing, many overdo it by washing once, sometimes twice, per day. That will strip away all of the hair’s natural oils. Spit ends : Over- brushing hair, excessive perming , too much heat and lack of good conditioner cause split ends. Oily or greasy hair : oily hair is caused when the scalp produces too much of a natural oil called sebum. sebum is produce by sebaceous glands which can sometimes overtime, resulting in excessive amounts of oil. 77

78. Frizzy hairs : frizzy hairs occurs when the hair’s moisture level falls below normal levels and it can also be hereditary. Dull hair : There are many causes of dull-looking hair- chemical or heat-styling damage and environmental soils. Heat damaged hair : use your curling iron or flat iron too much and your hair become damaged. Colour damaged hair : when you colour your hair, chemicals are used to open your shaft, leaving your hair extremely porous and prone to brittleness and breakage . 78

79. Questions: Draw and explain labeled structure of skin. Explain structure of hair and hair growth cycle with diagram. Explain functions and disorder of skin. Discuss the problems associated with hairs. 79

80. Thank you For Your Attention! 80