Cosmology in the Light of Holy Quran .PPT
SyedNasrullah7
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Jul 23, 2024
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About This Presentation
Islamic astronomy refers to the astronomical developments made in the Islamic world, particularly during the Islamic Golden Age (8th-16th centuries), and mostly written in the Arabic language. These developments mostly took place in the Middle East, Central Asia, Islamic Spain, North Africa, and lat...
Slide Content
Cosmology in the
Light of Qur’an
Light of Qur’an
Islamic Astronomy
Islamicastronomyreferstotheastronomical
developmentsmadeintheIslamicworld,
particularlyduringtheIslamicGoldenAge(8th-
16thcenturies),andmostlywrittenintheArabic
language.Thesedevelopmentsmostlytook
placeintheMiddleEast,CentralAsia,Islamic
Spain,NorthAfrica,andlaterinChinaand
India.Islamicastronomylaterhadasignificant
influenceonIndianandEuropeanastronomyas
wellasChineseastronomy.
Islamicastronomyreferstotheastronomical
developmentsmadeintheIslamicworld,
particularlyduringtheIslamicGoldenAge(8th-
16thcenturies),andmostlywrittenintheArabic
language.Thesedevelopmentsmostlytook
placeintheMiddleEast,CentralAsia,Islamic
Spain,NorthAfrica,andlaterinChinaand
India.Islamicastronomylaterhadasignificant
influenceonIndianandEuropeanastronomyas
wellasChineseastronomy.
Islam and Cosmology
There are several cosmological verses in the
Qur'an(610-632)which some modern writers have
interpreted as foreshadowing the expansion of the
universe and possibly even the Big Bang theory:
Don't those who reject faith see that the heavens and the
earth were a single entity then We ripped them apart?
And the heavens We did create with Our Hands, and We
do cause it to expand. Qur'an51:47
There are several cosmological verses in the
Qur'an(610-632)which some modern writers have
interpreted as foreshadowing the expansion of the
universe and possibly even the Big Bang theory:
Don't those who reject faith see that the heavens and the
earth were a single entity then We ripped them apart?
And the heavens We did create with Our Hands, and We
do cause it to expand. Qur'an51:47
Islam and Cosmology
Several hadiths attributed to Muhammad also show that he
was generally opposed to astrology as well as superstition
in general.
An example of this is when an eclipse occurred during his
son Ibrahim ibn Muhammad's death, and rumours began
spreading about this being God's personal condolence.
Muhammad is said to have replied:
"An eclipse is a phenomenon of nature. It is foolish to
attribute such things to the death or birth of a human
being."
Several hadiths attributed to Muhammad also show that he
was generally opposed to astrology as well as superstition
in general.
An example of this is when an eclipse occurred during his
son Ibrahim ibn Muhammad's death, and rumours began
spreading about this being God's personal condolence.
Muhammad is said to have replied:
"An eclipse is a phenomenon of nature. It is foolish to
attribute such things to the death or birth of a human
being."
Islam and Cosmology
There are several rules in Islam which lead Muslims to use better
astronomical calculations and observations.
The first issue is the Islamic calendar. The Qur'an says:
"The number of months in the sight of Allah is twelve (in a year)
so ordained by Him the day He created the heavens and the earth;
of them four are sacred; that is the straight usage.”
Islamic months do not begin at the astronomical new moon; they
begin when the thin crescent moon is first sighted in the western
evening sky. The Qur'an says:
"They ask you about the waxing and waning phases of the
crescent moons, say they are to mark fixed times for mankind and
Hajj.”
There are several rules in Islam which lead Muslims to use better
astronomical calculations and observations.
The first issue is the Islamic calendar. The Qur'an says:
"The number of months in the sight of Allah is twelve (in a year)
so ordained by Him the day He created the heavens and the earth;
of them four are sacred; that is the straight usage.”
Islamic months do not begin at the astronomical new moon; they
begin when the thin crescent moon is first sighted in the western
evening sky. The Qur'an says:
"They ask you about the waxing and waning phases of the
crescent moons, say they are to mark fixed times for mankind and
Hajj.”
Islam and Cosmology
MuslimsarealsoexpectedtopraytowardstheKaabain
Meccaandorienttheirmosquesinthatdirection.Thus
theyneedtodeterminethedirectionofMeccafroma
givenlocation.AnotherproblemisthetimeofSalah.
Muslimsneedtodeterminefromcelestialbodiesthe
propertimesfortheprayersatsunrise,atmidday,inthe
afternoon,atsunset,andintheevening.
Finding the direction of Meccaand the time of Salahare the
reasons which led to Muslims developing spherical
geometry.
MuslimsarealsoexpectedtopraytowardstheKaabain
Meccaandorienttheirmosquesinthatdirection.Thus
theyneedtodeterminethedirectionofMeccafroma
givenlocation.AnotherproblemisthetimeofSalah.
Muslimsneedtodeterminefromcelestialbodiesthe
propertimesfortheprayersatsunrise,atmidday,inthe
afternoon,atsunset,andintheevening.
Finding the direction of Meccaand the time of Salahare the
reasons which led to Muslims developing spherical
geometry.
Early Islamic Cosmology
The history of Islamic astronomy is divided into the four
following distinct time periods in its history:
Assimilation and syncretization of earlier Hellenistic, Indian
and Sassanid astronomy (700—825AD)
Vigorous investigation, and acceptance and modification to the
Ptolemaic system(825—1025AD)
Flourishing of a distinctive Islamic system of astronomy (1025—
1450AD)
Stagnation, where few significant contributions were made
(1450—1900AD)
In approximately 638 A.D, CaliphUmarintroduced a new lunar
calendar which is known as lunar calendarwas made on the
basis of Islamic view point.
The history of Islamic astronomy is divided into the four
following distinct time periods in its history:
Assimilation and syncretization of earlier Hellenistic, Indian
and Sassanid astronomy (700—825AD)
Vigorous investigation, and acceptance and modification to the
Ptolemaic system(825—1025AD)
Flourishing of a distinctive Islamic system of astronomy (1025—
1450AD)
Stagnation, where few significant contributions were made
(1450—1900AD)
In approximately 638 A.D, CaliphUmarintroduced a new lunar
calendar which is known as lunar calendarwas made on the
basis of Islamic view point.
In the early eighth century, Ja'far al-Sadiqrefuted the geocentric model
of the universecommon at the time, in which the Earthis stationary,
and the Sun, Moonand the planetsare orbiting around it. Al-Sadiq also
wrote a theory on how the universeis expandingand contracting. He
also stated that every objectin the universe is always in motion,
including objects which appear to be inanimate.
Ancient influences and translation movement
During this period, a number of Sanskritand Middle Persiantexts were
first translated into Arabic. The most notable of the texts was Zij al-
Sindhind,[23]based on the Surya Siddhantaand the works of
Brahmagupta, and translated by Muhammad al-Fazariand Yaqūb ibn
Tāriqin 777.
Early Islamic Cosmology
of the universecommon at the time, in which the Earthis stationary,
and the Sun, Moonand the planetsare orbiting around it. Al-Sadiq also
wrote a theory on how the universeis expandingand contracting. He
also stated that every objectin the universe is always in motion,
including objects which appear to be inanimate.
Ancient influences and translation movement
During this period, a number of Sanskritand Middle Persiantexts were
first translated into Arabic. The most notable of the texts was Zij al-
Sindhind,[23]based on the Surya Siddhantaand the works of
Brahmagupta, and translated by Muhammad al-Fazariand Yaqūb ibn
Tāriqin 777.
Early Islamic Cosmology
Observational Astronomy
byal-Khwarizimiin830.Theworkcontainstablesforthe
movementsofthesun,themoonandthefiveplanetsknownat
thetime.
Al-Farghanigaverevisedvaluesfortheobliquityoftheecliptic,the
precessionalmovementoftheapogeesofthesunandthemoon,
andthecircumferenceoftheearth.
MuhammadibnJābiral-Harrānīal-Battānī(Albatenius)(853-929)
discoveredthatthedirectionoftheSun'seccentricwaschanging,
whichinmodernastronomyisequivalenttotheEarthmovinginan
ellipticalorbitaroundtheSun.Histimesforthenewmoon,lengths
forthesolaryearandsiderealyear,predictionofeclipses,andworkon
thephenomenonofparallax,carriedastronomers"tothevergeof
relativityandthespaceage."
byal-Khwarizimiin830.Theworkcontainstablesforthe
movementsofthesun,themoonandthefiveplanetsknownat
thetime.
Al-Farghanigaverevisedvaluesfortheobliquityoftheecliptic,the
precessionalmovementoftheapogeesofthesunandthemoon,
andthecircumferenceoftheearth.
MuhammadibnJābiral-Harrānīal-Battānī(Albatenius)(853-929)
discoveredthatthedirectionoftheSun'seccentricwaschanging,
whichinmodernastronomyisequivalenttotheEarthmovinginan
ellipticalorbitaroundtheSun.Histimesforthenewmoon,lengths
forthesolaryearandsiderealyear,predictionofeclipses,andworkon
thephenomenonofparallax,carriedastronomers"tothevergeof
relativityandthespaceage."
Observational Astronomy
Yahya Ibn Abi Mansour carried out extensive observations and tests,
and wrote the Al-Zijal-Mumtahan, in which he completely revised
the Almagestvalues.
In the 10th century, al-Sufi(Azophi) carried out observations on the
starsand described their positions, magnitudes, brightness, and
colour, and drawings for each constellation in his Book of Fixed
Stars. Ibn Yunusobserved more than 10,000 entries for the sun's
position for many years using a large astrolabewith a diameter of
nearly 1.4 metres.
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandirelatively accurately computed the axial
tiltto be 23°32'19" (23.53°),which was a significant improvement over
the Greek and Indian estimates of 23°51'20" (23.86°) and 24°, and
still very close to the modern measurement of 23°26' (23.44°).
Yahya Ibn Abi Mansour carried out extensive observations and tests,
and wrote the Al-Zijal-Mumtahan, in which he completely revised
the Almagestvalues.
In the 10th century, al-Sufi(Azophi) carried out observations on the
starsand described their positions, magnitudes, brightness, and
colour, and drawings for each constellation in his Book of Fixed
Stars. Ibn Yunusobserved more than 10,000 entries for the sun's
position for many years using a large astrolabewith a diameter of
nearly 1.4 metres.
Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandirelatively accurately computed the axial
tiltto be 23°32'19" (23.53°),which was a significant improvement over
the Greek and Indian estimates of 23°51'20" (23.86°) and 24°, and
still very close to the modern measurement of 23°26' (23.44°).
Observational Astronomy
Observational Astronomy
In1006,theEgyptianastronomerAliibnRidwanobserved
SN1006,thebrightestsupernovainrecordedhistory,and
leftadetaileddescriptionofthetemporarystar.Hesays
thattheobjectwastwotothreetimesaslargeasthediscof
Venusandaboutone-quarterthebrightnessoftheMoon,
andthatthestarwaslowonthesouthernhorizon.
In1006,theEgyptianastronomerAliibnRidwanobserved
SN1006,thebrightestsupernovainrecordedhistory,and
leftadetaileddescriptionofthetemporarystar.Hesays
thattheobjectwastwotothreetimesaslargeasthediscof
Venusandaboutone-quarterthebrightnessoftheMoon,
andthatthestarwaslowonthesouthernhorizon.
•TheUniverse
•Galaxies
•OurGalaxy
•Stars
•Oursolarsystem
•Spaceexploration
Introduction
•Galaxies
•OurGalaxy
•Stars
•Oursolarsystem
•Spaceexploration
Introduction
•TheUniverse
•Galaxies
•OurGalaxy
•Stars
•Oursolarsystem
•Spaceexploration
Introduction
•Galaxies
•OurGalaxy
•Stars
•Oursolarsystem
•Spaceexploration
Introduction
The Universe
The set of all matter and energy
The universe is infinite in space
About 14 billion years ago the
universe began as an explosive
event resulting in a hot, dense,
expanding sea of matter and
energy (big bang)
Within the first fraction of a second after the big bang,
the universe went through a tremendous inflation,
expanding many times in size, before it resumed a
slower expansion
The set of all matter and energy
The universe is infinite in space
About 14 billion years ago the
universe began as an explosive
event resulting in a hot, dense,
expanding sea of matter and
energy (big bang)
Within the first fraction of a second after the big bang,
the universe went through a tremendous inflation,
expanding many times in size, before it resumed a
slower expansion
An international researchers
has found evidence that a
universal constant in nature
which governs the strength of
the molecular bonds between
atoms -called "alpha" -
might have changed over
time.
The strength of alpha is very
important, and life couldn't
exist if it was much different
from its current value.
The Universe is expanding
has found evidence that a
universal constant in nature
which governs the strength of
the molecular bonds between
atoms -called "alpha" -
might have changed over
time.
The strength of alpha is very
important, and life couldn't
exist if it was much different
from its current value.
The Universe is expanding
Galaxies
Galaxy, a massive ensemble of
hundreds of millions of stars, all
gravitationally interacting, and
orbiting about a common center
About 125 billion galaxies in the
universe
Besides stars and planets, galaxies contain clusters of
stars; complex molecules composed of hydrogen,
nitrogen, carbon, and silicon, among others; and cosmic
rays
Galaxy, a massive ensemble of
hundreds of millions of stars, all
gravitationally interacting, and
orbiting about a common center
About 125 billion galaxies in the
universe
Besides stars and planets, galaxies contain clusters of
stars; complex molecules composed of hydrogen,
nitrogen, carbon, and silicon, among others; and cosmic
rays
Galaxies
A Muslim astronomer, al-Sufi, is credited with first
describing the spiral galaxy seen in the constellation
Andromeda
By the middle of the 18th century, only three galaxies had
been identified
When viewed or photographed with
a large telescope, only the nearest
galaxies exhibit individual stars
For most galaxies, only the
combined light of all the stars is
detected
A Muslim astronomer, al-Sufi, is credited with first
describing the spiral galaxy seen in the constellation
Andromeda
By the middle of the 18th century, only three galaxies had
been identified
When viewed or photographed with
a large telescope, only the nearest
galaxies exhibit individual stars
For most galaxies, only the
combined light of all the stars is
detected
Galaxies
Great Andromeda Spiral
Galaxy, also known as M 31,
large spiral galaxy
About 2.2 million light-years
from Earth
The Great Andromeda Spiral
Galaxy is the largest nearby
galactic neighbor to the
Milky Way Galaxy, Earth’s
home galaxy
The mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is believed to be
equivalent to between 300 billion and 400 billion Suns
Great Andromeda Spiral
Galaxy, also known as M 31,
large spiral galaxy
About 2.2 million light-years
from Earth
The Great Andromeda Spiral
Galaxy is the largest nearby
galactic neighbor to the
Milky Way Galaxy, Earth’s
home galaxy
The mass of the Andromeda Galaxy is believed to be
equivalent to between 300 billion and 400 billion Suns
Galaxy NGC 1232,
about 100 million light-
years away, has older
stars seen in reddish
near the center
The spiral arms are
populated by young,
blue stars
The distorted
companion galaxy on
the left side
Galaxies
about 100 million light-
years away, has older
stars seen in reddish
near the center
The spiral arms are
populated by young,
blue stars
The distorted
companion galaxy on
the left side
Galaxies
Galaxies
The spiral galaxy
M100 is located
between 35 million
and 80 million
light-years from
earth
The Hubble Space
Telescope captured
this image of the
core of M100
The spiral galaxy
M100 is located
between 35 million
and 80 million
light-years from
earth
The Hubble Space
Telescope captured
this image of the
core of M100
Our Galaxy
All the stars visible to the
unaided eye from Earth
belong to Earth’s galaxy, the
Milky Way
The Sun, with its associated
planets, is just one star in this
galaxy
The Milky Way is visible at
night, appearing as a faintly
luminous band that stretches
across the sky
All the stars visible to the
unaided eye from Earth
belong to Earth’s galaxy, the
Milky Way
The Sun, with its associated
planets, is just one star in this
galaxy
The Milky Way is visible at
night, appearing as a faintly
luminous band that stretches
across the sky
Our Galaxy
Milky Way, the large, disk-shaped
The galaxy that includes the Sun
and its solar system
In addition to the Sun, the Milky
Way contains about 400 billion
other stars
Our own solar system exists within
one of the spiral arms
Center of the Milky Way located
30,000 light-years away
Bright star clusters are visible along
with darker areas of dust and gas
Milky Way, the large, disk-shaped
The galaxy that includes the Sun
and its solar system
In addition to the Sun, the Milky
Way contains about 400 billion
other stars
Our own solar system exists within
one of the spiral arms
Center of the Milky Way located
30,000 light-years away
Bright star clusters are visible along
with darker areas of dust and gas
Celestial Sphere
The celestial sphere is
an imaginary globe
surrounding Earth
Astronomers give stars
coordinates from the
globe to locate them just
as geographers give
latitude and longitude
coordinates to places on
Earth
The celestial sphere is
an imaginary globe
surrounding Earth
Astronomers give stars
coordinates from the
globe to locate them just
as geographers give
latitude and longitude
coordinates to places on
Earth
Constellation
Constellation, in astronomy, any of 88 imagined groupings
of bright stars that appear on the celestial sphere
Constellation, in astronomy, any of 88 imagined groupings
of bright stars that appear on the celestial sphere
Constellation
The Big Dipper
is a constellation
of seven stars in
the northern
celestial
hemisphere
It is also known
by the names
Ursa Major (the
Great Bear)
The Big Dipper
is a constellation
of seven stars in
the northern
celestial
hemisphere
It is also known
by the names
Ursa Major (the
Great Bear)
The Taurus Constellation
The bull-shaped Taurus
constellation contains
Aldebaran, one of the brightest
stars in the night sky
Taurus also contains the star
cluster called the Pleiades,
which appears as a tight group
of six individual stars
Constellation
Each starlet in the Pleiades actually comprises several hundred
stars located very close to one another but hundreds of light-
years from Earth.
The bull-shaped Taurus
constellation contains
Aldebaran, one of the brightest
stars in the night sky
Taurus also contains the star
cluster called the Pleiades,
which appears as a tight group
of six individual stars
Constellation
Each starlet in the Pleiades actually comprises several hundred
stars located very close to one another but hundreds of light-
years from Earth.
Zodiac, imaginary
belt in the celestial
sphere, extending
about 8°on either
side of the
ecliptic, the
apparent path of
the Sun among the
stars.
The zodiac is divided into 12 sections of 30°each, which are
called the signs of the zodiac.
Zodiac Constellation
belt in the celestial
sphere, extending
about 8°on either
side of the
ecliptic, the
apparent path of
the Sun among the
stars.
The zodiac is divided into 12 sections of 30°each, which are
called the signs of the zodiac.
Zodiac Constellation
Ancient astronomers noted that the sun makes a yearly journey across
the celestial sphere
The ancient astronomers associated dates with the constellations in
this narrow belt (which is known as the zodiac), assigning to each
constellation of stars the dates when the sun was in the same region
of the celestial sphere as the constellation
The twelve zodiacal signs for these constellations were named by the
2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy
Aries (ram), Taurus (bull), Gemini (twins), Cancer (crab), Leo (lion),
Virgo (virgin), Libra (balance), Scorpio (scorpion), Sagittarius
(archer), Capricorn (goat), Aquarius (water-bearer), and Pisces
(fishes)
Zodiac Constellation
the celestial sphere
The ancient astronomers associated dates with the constellations in
this narrow belt (which is known as the zodiac), assigning to each
constellation of stars the dates when the sun was in the same region
of the celestial sphere as the constellation
The twelve zodiacal signs for these constellations were named by the
2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy
Aries (ram), Taurus (bull), Gemini (twins), Cancer (crab), Leo (lion),
Virgo (virgin), Libra (balance), Scorpio (scorpion), Sagittarius
(archer), Capricorn (goat), Aquarius (water-bearer), and Pisces
(fishes)
Zodiac Constellation
The sky is strange near
the Chamaeleon I
complex of bright
nebulas and hot stars
in the constellation of
the same name, close
to the southern
celestial pole.
Nebula
the Chamaeleon I
complex of bright
nebulas and hot stars
in the constellation of
the same name, close
to the southern
celestial pole.
Nebula
•TheSun
•Planets
•Comets
•Asteroids
•Meteoroids
Our Solar System
•Planets
•Comets
•Asteroids
•Meteoroids
Our Solar System
Our Solar System
Our Solar System
The Sun and Planets
Planets of the solar system
Planets of the solar system
The planet Uranus has rings and moons. The contrast between the icy
rings and the gaseous planet is strongly enhanced in this view
The planet with rings
rings and the gaseous planet is strongly enhanced in this view
The planet with rings
Small, fragile, irregularly shaped
bodies composed of a mixture
of non-volatile grains and frozen
gases.
Theyhavehighlyellipticalorbits
thatbringthemveryclosetothe
Sunandswingthemdeeplyinto
space,oftenbeyondtheorbitof
Pluto.
Comets
bodies composed of a mixture
of non-volatile grains and frozen
gases.
Theyhavehighlyellipticalorbits
thatbringthemveryclosetothe
Sunandswingthemdeeplyinto
space,oftenbeyondtheorbitof
Pluto.
Comets
Ascometsapproachthe
Suntheydevelop
enormoustailsof
luminousmaterialthat
extendformillionsof
kilometers,theheads
beingawayfromthe
Sun.
Comets
Suntheydevelop
enormoustailsof
luminousmaterialthat
extendformillionsof
kilometers,theheads
beingawayfromthe
Sun.
Comets
Streak of light produced as matter in
the solar system falls into Earth's
atmosphere creating temporary
incandescence resulting from
atmospheric friction.
This typically occurs at heights of 80
to 110 kilometers (50 to 68 miles)
above Earth's surface.
A meteoroid is matter revolving
around the sun or any object in
interplanetary space that is too small
to be called an asteroid or a comet.
Meteorites
the solar system falls into Earth's
atmosphere creating temporary
incandescence resulting from
atmospheric friction.
This typically occurs at heights of 80
to 110 kilometers (50 to 68 miles)
above Earth's surface.
A meteoroid is matter revolving
around the sun or any object in
interplanetary space that is too small
to be called an asteroid or a comet.
Meteorites
Even smaller particles
are called
micrometeoroids or
cosmic dust grains.
A meteorite is a
meteoroid that reaches
the surface of the Earth
without being
completely vaporized.
Meteorites
are called
micrometeoroids or
cosmic dust grains.
A meteorite is a
meteoroid that reaches
the surface of the Earth
without being
completely vaporized.
Meteorites
Asteroids
rocky and metallic objects that
orbit the Sun.
They are known as minor
planets.
Asteroids range in size from
Ceres, which has a diameter of
about 1000 km, down to the size
of pebbles.
Most of them are contained
within a main belt that exists
between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter.
rocky and metallic objects that
orbit the Sun.
They are known as minor
planets.
Asteroids range in size from
Ceres, which has a diameter of
about 1000 km, down to the size
of pebbles.
Most of them are contained
within a main belt that exists
between the orbits of Mars and
Jupiter.
Asteroids
Some have orbits that cross Earth's
path and some have even hit the
Earth in times past.
Asteroids are material left over from
the formation of the solar system.
If the estimated total mass of all
asteroids is gathered into a single
object, the object would be less than
1,500 kilometers across, less than
half the diameter of our Moon.
Some have orbits that cross Earth's
path and some have even hit the
Earth in times past.
Asteroids are material left over from
the formation of the solar system.
If the estimated total mass of all
asteroids is gathered into a single
object, the object would be less than
1,500 kilometers across, less than
half the diameter of our Moon.
Diameter : 13,00,000 Km (109 times of Earth)
Volume : 1300000 times of Earth
Surface Gravity: 28 times Earth
Distance : 150 million Km
Period of Rotation: 27 days (Average)
Surface Temp : 6000
o
K
Mass :333000 times of Earth
Introduction to the Sun
Volume : 1300000 times of Earth
Surface Gravity: 28 times Earth
Distance : 150 million Km
Period of Rotation: 27 days (Average)
Surface Temp : 6000
o
K
Mass :333000 times of Earth
Introduction to the Sun
TheSunisoverwhelmingly
importanttolifeonEarth
TheSunisanaveragestar
TheSunproduces 4.0E023
kilowattsofenergy/sec.
Thebasicenergysourcefor
theSunisnuclearfusion.
Thecoreisdense
The Sun
importanttolifeonEarth
TheSunisanaveragestar
TheSunproduces 4.0E023
kilowattsofenergy/sec.
Thebasicenergysourcefor
theSunisnuclearfusion.
Thecoreisdense
The Sun
THE SUN
Energy released at the center of the
Sun takes about 50 m years.
The Sun has been producing its
energies more than 4 b years.
Energy released at the center of the
Sun takes about 50 m years.
The Sun has been producing its
energies more than 4 b years.
The Sun
Due to its average size, however, the Sun is
expected to merely contract into a relatively
small, cool star known as a white dwarf.
Due to its average size, however, the Sun is
expected to merely contract into a relatively
small, cool star known as a white dwarf.
The strong gravitational pull of the
Sun holds Earth and the other
planets.
Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and
will keep shining for about another 7
b years.
At present :
Hydrogen 71%
Helium 27%
Other Elements 2%
The Sun
Sun holds Earth and the other
planets.
Sun is about 4.6 billion years old and
will keep shining for about another 7
b years.
At present :
Hydrogen 71%
Helium 27%
Other Elements 2%
The Sun
EarthVarying
• Radiation
• Solar Wind
• Energetic Particles
Interacting
• Solar Wind
• Energetic Particles
Sun
The active Sun
• Radiation
• Solar Wind
• Energetic Particles
Interacting
• Solar Wind
• Energetic Particles
Sun
The active Sun
Sunspots are dark areas on the
solar surface
They have concentrated
magneticfields
Amoderated-sizedsunspotis
aboutaslargeasEarth.
Sunspots formanddissipate
overperiodsofdaysorweeks.
Sunspots
solar surface
They have concentrated
magneticfields
Amoderated-sizedsunspotis
aboutaslargeasEarth.
Sunspots formanddissipate
overperiodsofdaysorweeks.
Sunspots
Solar Flares
Temporary release of eruptive energy
Bright areas on the Sun
Seen at ground based observatories
Last from minutes to hours
Largest explosive event
Primary source of energy appears to
be tearing and reconnection of strong
magnetic fields
Radiate gamma –x-rays
Temporary release of eruptive energy
Bright areas on the Sun
Seen at ground based observatories
Last from minutes to hours
Largest explosive event
Primary source of energy appears to
be tearing and reconnection of strong
magnetic fields
Radiate gamma –x-rays
The solar wind (stream of ionized gases) blows
outward from the Sun at about 400 Km/s.
Solar wind varies in intensity with the amount of
surface activity on the sun.
Solar Wind
outward from the Sun at about 400 Km/s.
Solar wind varies in intensity with the amount of
surface activity on the sun.
Solar Wind
Our Earth
The Earth
Mass : 6x10E24 Kg
Rotation period: 23.93 hours
Revolution : 365.26 days
Temp (mean) : 281 K
Diameter : 7920 miles
Distance : 93 m.miles
Escape Velocity: 11.2 km/sec
Obliquity : 23.4
Orbit eccentricity: 0.017
Reflectivity : 0.39
Highest point : Mt.Everest(8km)
The Sun
Solar Radiation
Our Earth
Rotation period: 23.93 hours
Revolution : 365.26 days
Temp (mean) : 281 K
Diameter : 7920 miles
Distance : 93 m.miles
Escape Velocity: 11.2 km/sec
Obliquity : 23.4
Orbit eccentricity: 0.017
Reflectivity : 0.39
Highest point : Mt.Everest(8km)
The Sun
Solar Radiation
Our Earth
Scientists now believe that the crater was created approximately 50,000
years ago.
The meteorite, which made it, was composed almost entirely of nickel-
iron, suggesting that it may have originated in the interior of a small
planet.
It was 50 m across, weighed roughly 300,000 tons, and was traveling at a
speed of 65,000 km per hour.
On the Earth
Meteor Crater is a gigantic
hole in the middle of the arid
sandstone of the Arizona
desert.
The crater itself is nearly a
1500 m wide, and 180 m deep.
years ago.
The meteorite, which made it, was composed almost entirely of nickel-
iron, suggesting that it may have originated in the interior of a small
planet.
It was 50 m across, weighed roughly 300,000 tons, and was traveling at a
speed of 65,000 km per hour.
On the Earth
Meteor Crater is a gigantic
hole in the middle of the arid
sandstone of the Arizona
desert.
The crater itself is nearly a
1500 m wide, and 180 m deep.
The Earth
The Earth
Earthwasformedfivebillionyearsago.
Theearth-4mainlayers:
Theinnercoreissolid.
Theoutercore-mostlyofmolteniron.
Earth'smassmantle-composedofFe,Mg,Al.
Thecrustismuchthinnerthananyoftheotherlayers-
composedoftheCa,Na,Al-silicateminerals-Relatively
cold,thecrustisrockyandbrittle,soitcanfracturein
earthquakes.
Structure of Earth
Theearth-4mainlayers:
Theinnercoreissolid.
Theoutercore-mostlyofmolteniron.
Earth'smassmantle-composedofFe,Mg,Al.
Thecrustismuchthinnerthananyoftheotherlayers-
composedoftheCa,Na,Al-silicateminerals-Relatively
cold,thecrustisrockyandbrittle,soitcanfracturein
earthquakes.
Structure of Earth
Origin of The Magnetic Field
Magnetic fields
areproduced by
themotion of
electrical
charges.
Itisthoughttobeassociatedwiththeelectrical
currentsproducedbythecouplingofconvective
effectsandrotationinthespinningliquidmetallic
outercoreofironandnickel.
Rocksthatareformedfromthemoltenstate
containsindicatorsofthemagneticfield.
Magnetic fields
areproduced by
themotion of
electrical
charges.
Itisthoughttobeassociatedwiththeelectrical
currentsproducedbythecouplingofconvective
effectsandrotationinthespinningliquidmetallic
outercoreofironandnickel.
Rocksthatareformedfromthemoltenstate
containsindicatorsofthemagneticfield.
Geomagnetic Field
The structure of the magnetic field
(field lines) is similar to a simple bar
magnet.
Axis of the magnetic field is tilted w.r.t.
the rotation axis of the earth
Geomagnetic pole is at 78.3
o
N, 69
o
W
and 78.3
o
S, 111
o
E
Geographic north does not coincide
with magnetic north.
B (magnetic intensity) is inversely
proportional to R
3
The structure of the magnetic field
(field lines) is similar to a simple bar
magnet.
Axis of the magnetic field is tilted w.r.t.
the rotation axis of the earth
Geomagnetic pole is at 78.3
o
N, 69
o
W
and 78.3
o
S, 111
o
E
Geographic north does not coincide
with magnetic north.
B (magnetic intensity) is inversely
proportional to R
3
Van Allen Radiation Belts
Earthissurroundedbytworegionsofhighconcentrationsof
chargedparticlescalledVanAllenRadiationBelts.
Theprimarysourceofchargedparticlesisthesolarwind,fromthe
sun.
Earthissurroundedbytworegionsofhighconcentrationsof
chargedparticlescalledVanAllenRadiationBelts.
Theprimarysourceofchargedparticlesisthesolarwind,fromthe
sun.
New Zealand (latitude -46)
at 17.30UT 7 September 2002
AURORA AT HIGH LATITUDE
at 17.30UT 7 September 2002
AURORA AT HIGH LATITUDE
Eclipses
Eclipses occurwhenthe
lightfromoneastronomical
bodyispartiallyorfullycut
offbyanother.
Inoursolarsystem,two
eclipsesareoftheinterest
forgeneralmasses.
Theseeclipsesareknown
assolareclipseandlunar
eclipse.
Partialandtotaleclipsesareeasytoobserve,even
withthenakedeye.
Eclipses occurwhenthe
lightfromoneastronomical
bodyispartiallyorfullycut
offbyanother.
Inoursolarsystem,two
eclipsesareoftheinterest
forgeneralmasses.
Theseeclipsesareknown
assolareclipseandlunar
eclipse.
Partialandtotaleclipsesareeasytoobserve,even
withthenakedeye.
Solar Eclipse
Asolareclipseoccurswhen theMoon passes
betweentheEarthandtheSun,castingashadowon
theEarth.However,thetypeofeclipsedependson
whether theMoon passesdirectly,onlypartly,
betweentheEarthandSun;butalsoonwhereon
Earthwestandtoobserveit,andonanumberof
otherfactors.
Asolareclipseoccurswhen theMoon passes
betweentheEarthandtheSun,castingashadowon
theEarth.However,thetypeofeclipsedependson
whether theMoon passesdirectly,onlypartly,
betweentheEarthandSun;butalsoonwhereon
Earthwestandtoobserveit,andonanumberof
otherfactors.
Solar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
Solar Eclipse
Atotalsolareclipseiswhenthe
Suniscompletelycoveredby
theMoon.Everytotaleclipseis
accompanied by apartial
eclipse.Anannular eclipse
occurswhentheMooncovers
thecentreoftheSun,butnot
itsedges, leaving aring
(annulus)oftheSunvisible
arounditsedges.TheMoonin
itsellipticalorbitisfartherfrom
theEarth,andtheumbraistoo
shorttoreachtheEarth.
Atotalsolareclipseiswhenthe
Suniscompletelycoveredby
theMoon.Everytotaleclipseis
accompanied by apartial
eclipse.Anannular eclipse
occurswhentheMooncovers
thecentreoftheSun,butnot
itsedges, leaving aring
(annulus)oftheSunvisible
arounditsedges.TheMoonin
itsellipticalorbitisfartherfrom
theEarth,andtheumbraistoo
shorttoreachtheEarth.
Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
AneclipseoftheMoon(lunareclipse)canonly
occursatfullMoon,iftheMoonpassesthrough
someportionoftheEarth'sshadow.Incontrast,
theinner(umbral)shadowisaregionwherethe
Earthblocksalldirectsunlightfromreachingthe
Moon.
AneclipseoftheMoon(lunareclipse)canonly
occursatfullMoon,iftheMoonpassesthrough
someportionoftheEarth'sshadow.Incontrast,
theinner(umbral)shadowisaregionwherethe
Earthblocksalldirectsunlightfromreachingthe
Moon.
Lunar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
Therearethreetypesoflunar
eclipses(penumbral,partial
andtotal). Atotallunar
eclipseoccurswhentheMoon
iscompletelyshadowed bythe
Earth.The Moon passes
through theEarth'sumbra,
andnodirectlightcanreachit
fromtheSun.However, the
Earth'satmosphere refractsor
bendslight,atthesametime
filteringit,so that it
illuminatestheMoonwitha
darkredcolor.
Therearethreetypesoflunar
eclipses(penumbral,partial
andtotal). Atotallunar
eclipseoccurswhentheMoon
iscompletelyshadowed bythe
Earth.The Moon passes
through theEarth'sumbra,
andnodirectlightcanreachit
fromtheSun.However, the
Earth'satmosphere refractsor
bendslight,atthesametime
filteringit,so that it
illuminatestheMoonwitha
darkredcolor.
Observational Astronomy
•Lunar
• 9 Feb 2009 (Penumbral)
• 7 Jul 2009 (Penumbral)
• 6 Aug 2009 (Penumbral)
• 31 Dec 2009 (Partial)
•Eclipses (upcoming)
•Solar
• 26 Jan 2009 (annular)
• 22 July 2009 (total)
•Lunar
• 9 Feb 2009 (Penumbral)
• 7 Jul 2009 (Penumbral)
• 6 Aug 2009 (Penumbral)
• 31 Dec 2009 (Partial)
•Eclipses (upcoming)
•Solar
• 26 Jan 2009 (annular)
• 22 July 2009 (total)
Lunar Eclipse (upcoming)
Partial Lunar Eclipse:
August 16, 2008
Geographic Region:
S. America, Europe, Africa,
Asia, Australia
Partial Eclipse Begins: 19:36:07 UT
Greatest Eclipse: 21:10:09 UT
Partial Eclipse Ends: 22:44:16 UT
Penumbral Eclipse Ends: 23:55:25 UT
Partial Lunar Eclipse:
August 16, 2008
Geographic Region:
S. America, Europe, Africa,
Asia, Australia
Partial Eclipse Begins: 19:36:07 UT
Greatest Eclipse: 21:10:09 UT
Partial Eclipse Ends: 22:44:16 UT
Penumbral Eclipse Ends: 23:55:25 UT
•3
rd
Planet,150Mkm
•Diameter=12756Km
•Moon,thebrightestobject
•g=1/6,m=1/80(Earth)
•Diameter:3476Km
•Ave.distance:384401Km
•Sidperiod:27.321661days
The Earth -Moon system
rd
Planet,150Mkm
•Diameter=12756Km
•Moon,thebrightestobject
•g=1/6,m=1/80(Earth)
•Diameter:3476Km
•Ave.distance:384401Km
•Sidperiod:27.321661days
The Earth -Moon system
The Earth -Moon system
The Moon
Phases of the Moon
•TheMoonappears
to go through
phases
•Prediction of
visibilityofnew
Moon
•TheMoonappears
to go through
phases
•Prediction of
visibilityofnew
Moon
New Moon Visibility
173
153
20
0
50
100
150
200
Total Agreed Differ
1993 - to date Prediction Accuracy
Months
Accuracy: 88.4%
Zilhij (30-4-95) & Moharram (18-5-96)
Moon was sighted against Predictions
153
20
0
50
100
150
200
Total Agreed Differ
1993 - to date Prediction Accuracy
Months
Accuracy: 88.4%
Zilhij (30-4-95) & Moharram (18-5-96)
Moon was sighted against Predictions
Hijri
Month
Gr. Date Age of
Moon
Time
difference
(Sun/
Moon)
Elevation Azimuth SUPARCO
Predictions
Ruet-e-
Hilal
Observa-
tion
Shawal
1425
13/11/04 0.92 35’ 6.1 239.8 May be
sighted
Sighted
Zilhij
1415
30/4/95 0.89 39’ 7.1 284.7 Would not
be sighted
Sighted
Muharra
m1417
18/5/96 1.09 49’ 8.9 285.6 May not be
sighted
Sighted
Lowest Elevation, when Moon was sighted
Month
Gr. Date Age of
Moon
Time
difference
(Sun/
Moon)
Elevation Azimuth SUPARCO
Predictions
Ruet-e-
Hilal
Observa-
tion
Shawal
1425
13/11/04 0.92 35’ 6.1 239.8 May be
sighted
Sighted
Zilhij
1415
30/4/95 0.89 39’ 7.1 284.7 Would not
be sighted
Sighted
Muharra
m1417
18/5/96 1.09 49’ 8.9 285.6 May not be
sighted
Sighted
Lowest Elevation, when Moon was sighted
Hijri
Month
Gr. Date Age of
Moon
Time
difference
(Sun/
Moon)
Elevation Azimuth SUPARCO
Predictions
Ruet-e-
Hilal
Observati
on
Rajab
1427
26/7/06 1.04 62’ 12.4 283.8 Would be
sighted
Not
Sighted
Jamadi-
us Sani
1427
26/6/06 0.94 60’ 10.5 294.8 May be
sighted
Not
Sighted
Ziquadh
1418
27/2/98 0.83 49’ 10.4 259.9 May be
sighted
Not
Sighted
Highest Elevation, when Moon was not sighted
Month
Gr. Date Age of
Moon
Time
difference
(Sun/
Moon)
Elevation Azimuth SUPARCO
Predictions
Ruet-e-
Hilal
Observati
on
Rajab
1427
26/7/06 1.04 62’ 12.4 283.8 Would be
sighted
Not
Sighted
Jamadi-
us Sani
1427
26/6/06 0.94 60’ 10.5 294.8 May be
sighted
Not
Sighted
Ziquadh
1418
27/2/98 0.83 49’ 10.4 259.9 May be
sighted
Not
Sighted
Highest Elevation, when Moon was not sighted
SUPARCO’s Services
•Provision ofpredicted Sun /Moon
parameters offivemajorcities(monthly
basis)to:
•CentralRuet-e-HilalCommittee
•MinistryofReligiousAffairs,etc
(tofacilitatetheirdecisionmakingonthe
visibilityofnewmooninPakistan).
•Provision ofpredicted Sun /Moon
parameters offivemajorcities(monthly
basis)to:
•CentralRuet-e-HilalCommittee
•MinistryofReligiousAffairs,etc
(tofacilitatetheirdecisionmakingonthe
visibilityofnewmooninPakistan).
Calendars
Name of
calendar
Introduced Average year
Approximate
error introduced
Gregorian
calendar
AD 1582 365.2425 days
27 seconds (1 day every 3236
years)
Julian calendar45 BC 365.25 days
11 minutes (1 day every 128
years)
365-day calendar- 365 days 6 hours (1 day every 4 years)
Lunar calendar ancient
12-13 moon-
months
variable
Name of
calendar
Introduced Average year
Approximate
error introduced
Gregorian
calendar
AD 1582 365.2425 days
27 seconds (1 day every 3236
years)
Julian calendar45 BC 365.25 days
11 minutes (1 day every 128
years)
365-day calendar- 365 days 6 hours (1 day every 4 years)
Lunar calendar ancient
12-13 moon-
months
variable
1.Responsible for stability of the
Earth’s tilt
2.human presence (2020)
3.The Moon has no atmosphere
4.Water ice at south pole
5.Presence of Helium
6.Base camp for space exploration
Science of the Moon
Earth’s tilt
2.human presence (2020)
3.The Moon has no atmosphere
4.Water ice at south pole
5.Presence of Helium
6.Base camp for space exploration
Science of the Moon
1.Continuous
scanning of sky
2.Continuous
monitoring of Near
Earth Objects
3.Continuous
monitoring of The
Sun
Space exploration
scanning of sky
2.Continuous
monitoring of Near
Earth Objects
3.Continuous
monitoring of The
Sun
Space exploration
Space exploration
Probingofsolarsystem
(Solar-B,STPs)
LivingWithaStar(LWS)
(futureprogram)
SDO, SET,Space flight
systems
JWST(2011),6.5m,L2(I
MMfromtheEarth)
Probingofsolarsystem
(Solar-B,STPs)
LivingWithaStar(LWS)
(futureprogram)
SDO, SET,Space flight
systems
JWST(2011),6.5m,L2(I
MMfromtheEarth)
1.Developed countries
(CEV,Soyuz-2,SMART-1,
Selene,Chang’e-1)
2.Orbiter,Landerand
Penetrator
3.Developingcountries
Return to the Moon (2020)
Space exploration
(CEV,Soyuz-2,SMART-1,
Selene,Chang’e-1)
2.Orbiter,Landerand
Penetrator
3.Developingcountries
Return to the Moon (2020)
Space exploration
Exploring the Moon
Astronaut on the Moon
Astronaut on the Moon
Space exploration
Space Observation
A new class of observatories are in
the works that could sport mirrors
as large as 100 meters (328 feet)
across, and have 40 times the
observing power of the Hubble
Space Telescope.
A new study developed by a
commission of European
astronomers proposes that
instruments this large could be
built for approximately 1 billion
Euros and take 10-15 years to
construct.
A new class of observatories are in
the works that could sport mirrors
as large as 100 meters (328 feet)
across, and have 40 times the
observing power of the Hubble
Space Telescope.
A new study developed by a
commission of European
astronomers proposes that
instruments this large could be
built for approximately 1 billion
Euros and take 10-15 years to
construct.
This remnant of a
supernova explosion is
about 6,000 light-years
away
It contains a neutron star
near its center that spins
30 times per second
Green light is mostly
hydrogen
Supernova
Blue is electrons moving at significant fractions of light-speed
supernova explosion is
about 6,000 light-years
away
It contains a neutron star
near its center that spins
30 times per second
Green light is mostly
hydrogen
Supernova
Blue is electrons moving at significant fractions of light-speed
We can only see a fraction
of galaxy’s total mass.
The rest is made up of
mysterious dark matter,
which only interacts through
its gravity.
This dark matter usually
extends as a giant halo
around the galaxy, extending
much further than the visible
stars.
Dark matter
of galaxy’s total mass.
The rest is made up of
mysterious dark matter,
which only interacts through
its gravity.
This dark matter usually
extends as a giant halo
around the galaxy, extending
much further than the visible
stars.
Dark matter
Black holes... you know.
Cosmic singularities that
can contain the mass of
billions of stars like our
Sun.
Where the pull of gravity
is so strong, nothing, not
even light can escape
their fearsome grasp.
Black hole
Cosmic singularities that
can contain the mass of
billions of stars like our
Sun.
Where the pull of gravity
is so strong, nothing, not
even light can escape
their fearsome grasp.
Black hole
There are three planets beyond our solar
system about the same size as Earth.
Found more than a decade ago, you
might not have heard about them as their
discovery was clouded in controversy
But today the dispute is over, the
planets are still there, and astronomers
have pinned down their sizes with much
more precision.
The planets are dead worlds, orbiting a dying star where there is no
chance for anything interesting to happen, biologically.
The roughly Earth-sized planets orbit a neutron star, a dense stellar
corpse that's just a hop, skip and a jump from a black hole, density-
wise
Another Earth ?
system about the same size as Earth.
Found more than a decade ago, you
might not have heard about them as their
discovery was clouded in controversy
But today the dispute is over, the
planets are still there, and astronomers
have pinned down their sizes with much
more precision.
The planets are dead worlds, orbiting a dying star where there is no
chance for anything interesting to happen, biologically.
The roughly Earth-sized planets orbit a neutron star, a dense stellar
corpse that's just a hop, skip and a jump from a black hole, density-
wise
Another Earth ?
The Earth Atmosphere
Formation of the Atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere was formed by planetary degassing, a process in which gases
like carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen were released from the
interior of the Earth from volcanoes and other processes. Life forms on Earth have
modified the composition of the atmosphere since their evolution.
SUPARCO
Formation of the Atmosphere
The Earth's atmosphere was formed by planetary degassing, a process in which gases
like carbon dioxide, water vapor, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen were released from the
interior of the Earth from volcanoes and other processes. Life forms on Earth have
modified the composition of the atmosphere since their evolution.
SUPARCO
Space Research
Earth’s Magnetosphere
The geomagnetic field shields the earth from solar
wind.
When solar wind encounters geomagnetic field it is
deflected like water around the bow of a ship.
The corresponding region behind the bow shock and
surrounding the earth is called magnetosphere.
It prevents the solar wind from entering, however
some high energy charged particles leak into the
magnetosphere and are the source of charged
particles trapped in the Van Allen Belts.
The geomagnetic field shields the earth from solar
wind.
When solar wind encounters geomagnetic field it is
deflected like water around the bow of a ship.
The corresponding region behind the bow shock and
surrounding the earth is called magnetosphere.
It prevents the solar wind from entering, however
some high energy charged particles leak into the
magnetosphere and are the source of charged
particles trapped in the Van Allen Belts.
1-4daysaftersolarflraes
AslowercloudofSolarmaterialand
magneticfieldsreleased
Buffetingmagnetosphereresultingina
geomagneticstorm
Stormsareextraordinaryvariationsin
Earth’ssurfacemagneticfield
Duringastorm,portionofsolarwind
energyistransferredtothe
magnetosphere.
Causingmagneticfieldtochangerapidly
indirectionandintensityandenergize
theparticlespopulationswithinit.
Magnetic Storms
AslowercloudofSolarmaterialand
magneticfieldsreleased
Buffetingmagnetosphereresultingina
geomagneticstorm
Stormsareextraordinaryvariationsin
Earth’ssurfacemagneticfield
Duringastorm,portionofsolarwind
energyistransferredtothe
magnetosphere.
Causingmagneticfieldtochangerapidly
indirectionandintensityandenergize
theparticlespopulationswithinit.
Magnetic Storms
Theintensityofthestormvaries
andtheeffectsusuallyextend
overtheentireearth.
Thesestormsbeginwith
increasedelectrondensity,
followedbyadecreaseinthe
electrondensity.
Magneticstormsmaylastfora
numberofdays,midandhigh
latitudesareaffected,generally.
Higherfrequenciesaremost
affectedbystorms.
Effects of Magnetic Storms
andtheeffectsusuallyextend
overtheentireearth.
Thesestormsbeginwith
increasedelectrondensity,
followedbyadecreaseinthe
electrondensity.
Magneticstormsmaylastfora
numberofdays,midandhigh
latitudesareaffected,generally.
Higherfrequenciesaremost
affectedbystorms.
Effects of Magnetic Storms
Effects of Solar Flares
Solar flare protons can affect
satellites by penetrating into
the electronics.
Spacecraft charging causes
sparking, which can result in
phantom commands,
damage to electronics, loss
of control, and even satellite
failure
Solar flare protons can affect
satellites by penetrating into
the electronics.
Spacecraft charging causes
sparking, which can result in
phantom commands,
damage to electronics, loss
of control, and even satellite
failure
Magnetic storms often follow the eruption of solar flares within 20
to 40 hours.
Althoughthe11-yearsolarcycleproduceschangesinsolarradiation
output,thesechangesaresufficientlyslow.
Effects of Solar Cycle
to 40 hours.
Althoughthe11-yearsolarcycleproduceschangesinsolarradiation
output,thesechangesaresufficientlyslow.
Effects of Solar Cycle
Duringperiodsofhighsunspot
activity,storms canoccur
withoutinitialSIDs.
Inthefirstfewhoursofa
severeionosphericstorm,the
ionosphereisturbulent.
Sometimes HF radio
transmission is completely cut
off for a period of 15 to 60
minutes due to the effect of
solar flare which produces
total blackout.
Effects of Sunspot Activities
activity,storms canoccur
withoutinitialSIDs.
Inthefirstfewhoursofa
severeionosphericstorm,the
ionosphereisturbulent.
Sometimes HF radio
transmission is completely cut
off for a period of 15 to 60
minutes due to the effect of
solar flare which produces
total blackout.
Effects of Sunspot Activities
World Space Week
An international
celebration of the
contribution that space
science and technology
makes to the betterment
of the human condition.
An international
celebration of the
contribution that space
science and technology
makes to the betterment
of the human condition.
World Space Week
•October4-10annually
•Keymilestonesinspace
•October 4,1957,launch
dateofSputnik-I
•The firsthuman-made
Earthsatellite
•The firstinternational
space treatywent into
effectonOctober10,1967
Sputnik-I
Astronaut in the space
•October4-10annually
•Keymilestonesinspace
•October 4,1957,launch
dateofSputnik-I
•The firsthuman-made
Earthsatellite
•The firstinternational
space treatywent into
effectonOctober10,1967
Sputnik-I
Astronaut in the space
The theme “Exploring the Universe” thus encourages World Space
Week programs about the exploration of space and science, and also the
impacts that exploration has on the human imagination and the
inspiration of youth
WorldSpaceWeek
Week programs about the exploration of space and science, and also the
impacts that exploration has on the human imagination and the
inspiration of youth
WorldSpaceWeek
The Space Shuttle Columbia
•Space Shuttle is a reusable
launch vehicle
•It is capable of launching
satellites into space more than
once
•The space shuttle flies into space
and back down again, carrying
people and equipment
A free-floating space
shuttle astronaut tests
somenewhardware
SpaceShuttle
•Space Shuttle is a reusable
launch vehicle
•It is capable of launching
satellites into space more than
once
•The space shuttle flies into space
and back down again, carrying
people and equipment
A free-floating space
shuttle astronaut tests
somenewhardware
SpaceShuttle
Hubble Space Telescope
•Hubble Space Telescope is the
first general purpose orbiting
observatory launched on April
24, 1990
•It revealed light emitted by
galaxies more that 12 billion
light years away
•It escapes the distorting effects
of the Earth’s atmosphere by
orbiting about 610 km above the
Earth’s surface
HubbleTelescope
•Hubble Space Telescope is the
first general purpose orbiting
observatory launched on April
24, 1990
•It revealed light emitted by
galaxies more that 12 billion
light years away
•It escapes the distorting effects
of the Earth’s atmosphere by
orbiting about 610 km above the
Earth’s surface
HubbleTelescope
•Orbiting Solar and
Heliospheric Observatory
(SOHO) is a project of
international cooperation
•A collaboration of European
Space Agency (ESA) and
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
of USA
SOHO
•Thisserviceismeanttoprovideinformationof
interesttothegeneralpublic,aswellastothe
internationalsolarphysicsandsolar-terrestrial
physicscommunities
Heliospheric Observatory
(SOHO) is a project of
international cooperation
•A collaboration of European
Space Agency (ESA) and
National Aeronautics and
Space Administration (NASA)
of USA
SOHO
•Thisserviceismeanttoprovideinformationof
interesttothegeneralpublic,aswellastothe
internationalsolarphysicsandsolar-terrestrial
physicscommunities
Planetaryobservation
SUPARCO’s Telescope
Aperture: 8”
Visual Power: 500X
Eyepiece: 1.25”
Viewfinder: 8 ×50mm
7-port control panel
SUPARCO’s Telescope
Aperture: 8”
Visual Power: 500X
Eyepiece: 1.25”
Viewfinder: 8 ×50mm
7-port control panel
Thankyou
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