Coupling and cohesion

When a software program is modularized, there are measures by which the quality of a design of modules and their interaction among them can be measured. These measures are called coupling and cohesion.

1. V.Sutha Jebakumari
AP/CSE
Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology
September 4, 2019

2. Softwaredesignisaprocesstotransformuser
requirementsintosomesuitableform,whichhelps
theprogrammer insoftwarecodingand
implementation.
Theactivitythatleadsfromrequirementsto
implementation.

3. Softwaredesignyieldsthreelevelsofresults:
ArchitecturalDesign-Thearchitecturaldesignisthe
highestabstractversionofthesystem.Itidentifies
thesoftwareasasystemwithmanycomponents
interactingwitheachother.Atthislevel,the
designersgettheideaofproposedsolutiondomain.
High-levelDesign-High-leveldesignfocuseson
howthesystemalongwithallofitscomponentscan
beimplementedinformsofmodules.Itrecognizes
modularstructureofeachsub-systemandtheir
relationandinteractionamongeachother.
DetailedDesign-Detaileddesigndealswiththe
implementationpartofwhatisseenasasystemand
itssub-systemsintheprevioustwodesigns.Itis
moredetailedtowardsmodules andtheir
implementations.

4. Modularizationisatechniquetodividea
softwaresystemintomultiplediscreteand
independentmodules,whichareexpectedto
becapableofcarryingouttask(s)
independently.Designerstendtodesign
modulessuchthattheycanbeexecuted
and/or compiled separately and
independently.

5. Smallercomponentsareeasierto
maintain
Programcanbedividedbasedon
functionalaspects
Desiredlevelofabstractioncanbe
broughtintheprogram
Componentswithhighcohesioncan
bere-usedagain
Concurrentexecutioncanbemade
possible

6. Whenasoftwareprogramismodularized,
itstasksaredividedintoseveralmodules
basedonsomecharacteristics.Thereare
measuresbywhichthequalityofadesign
ofmodulesandtheirinteractionamong
themcanbemeasured.Thesemeasures
arecalledcouplingandcohesion.

7. Coupling –concerns relationships between
modules
Cohesion –concerns relationships within a
module
• Goal: To have loosely coupled modules with
high internal cohesion

8. Couplingisdefinedastheextenttowhicha
system,subsystem,methodormodule
connectswith(dependson)others.Inother
words,itmeasuresinterdependency.The
lowerthecoupling,thebettertheprogram.
Couplingincreasesasthenumberofcalls
betweenmodulesincreaseortheamountof
shareddataislarge

11. There is no direct coupling between M1 and
M2. Modules are subordinates to different
modules. Therefore, no direct coupling.

12. Whendataofonemoduleispassedto
anothermodule,thisiscalleddatacoupling.
Example-customerbillingsystem.

13. Twomodulesarestampcoupledifthey
communicateusingcompositedataitems
suchasstructure,objects,etc.Whenthe
modulepassesnon-globaldatastructureor
entirestructuretoanothermodule,theyare
saidtobestampcoupled.Forexample,
passingstructurevariableinCorobjectin
C++languagetoamodule.

14. Control Coupling exists
amongtwomodulesifdata
fromonemoduleisusedto
directthestructureof
instructionexecution in
another.

15. ExternalCouplingariseswhentwo
modulesshareanexternallyimposed
data format, communication
protocols,ordeviceinterface.Thisis
relatedtocommunicationtoexternal
toolsanddevices.
Ex-protocol,externalfile,device
format,etc.

16. Two modules are common coupled if they
share information through some global data
items.

17. Content Coupling exists among two modules
if they share code, e.g., a branch from one
module into another module.

18. Cohesiondefinestothedegreeto
whichtheelementsofamodule
belongtogether.Thus,cohesion
measuresthestrengthofrelationships
betweenpiecesoffunctionalitywithin
agivenmodule.Forexample,in
highlycohesivesystems,functionality
isstronglyrelated.Agoodsoftware
designwillhavehighcohesion.

20. Functional Cohesion is said to exist if the
different elements of a module, cooperate to
achieve a single function.

21. A module is said to possess sequential
cohesion if the element of a module form the
components of the sequence, where the
output from one component of the sequence
is input to the next.

22. A module is said to have communicational
cohesion, if all tasks of the module refer to or
update the same data structure, e.g., the set
of functions defined on an array or a stack.

23. A module is said to be procedural cohesion if
the set of purpose of the module are all parts
of a procedure in which particular sequence
of steps has to be carried out for achieving a
goal, e.g., the algorithm for decoding a
message.

24. When a module includes functions that are
associated by the fact that all the methods
must be executed in the same time, the
module is said to exhibit temporal cohesion.

25. A module is said to be logically cohesive if all
the elements of the module perform a similar
operation. For example Error handling, data
input and data output, etc.

26. A module is said to have coincidental
cohesion if it performs a set of tasks that are
associated with each other very loosely, if at
all.

27. S.No Coupling Cohesion
1
Cohesion is the concept of intra module.Coupling is the concept of inter module.
2
Cohesion represents the relationship within
module.
Coupling represents the relationships
between modules.
3
Increasing in cohesion is good for
software.
Increasing in coupling is avoided for
software.
4
Cohesion represents the functional
strength of modules.
Coupling represents the independence
among modules.
5
High cohesion gives the best software.Loose coupling gives the best software.
6
In cohesion, module focuses on the single
thing.
In coupling, modules are connected to
the other modules.