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COVID-19 seminar.pdf

1. Preparedby :-
Mustafa Ismaeel
Saadoon.
Supervisedby :-
Dr. Saad Husein
Murad

2. Coronavirus
Disease-2019

3. Inthisstudyguide,learnalltheimportantinformationabout
Coronavirus2019(COVID-19)includinghowitistransmitted,
itsclinicalsymptoms,howitisdiagnosed,itspreventive
measures,nursingmanagement,andtipsforthehealth
workers.

4. •What is Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)?
•Pathophysiology
•Causes
•Statistics and Incidences
•Clinical Manifestations
•Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
•Medical Management
oFor healthcare workers
oPharmacologic Management
•Nursing Management
oNursing Assessment
oNursing Diagnosis
oNursing Care Planning and Goals
oNursing Interventions
oEvaluation
oDocumentation Guidelines
•References

5. Is a new strain of coronavirus that can
cause respiratory illness ranging
fromcommon coldto more severe
diseases such aspneumoniaand
eventually it may lead to death
especially those in vulnerable groups
such as theelderly, the very young,
and people with an underlying health
condition.
What is Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-
19)?

6. COVID-19 is a betacoronavirus, like MERS and SARS, all of
which have their origins in bats.
The sequences from US patients are similar to the one
that China initially posted, suggesting a likely single,
recent emergence of this virus from an animal reservoir.
When person-to-person spread has occurred with MERS
and SARS, it is thought to have happened mainly via
respiratory droplets produced when an infected person
sneezes, similar to how influenza and other respiratory
pathogens spread.
Many of the patients have direct or indirect contact with the
Wuhan Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market that is believed to
be the original place of the outbreak of COVID-19.
Most coronaviruses infect animals, but not people; in the
future, one or more of these other coronaviruses could
potentially evolve and spread to humans, as has
happened in the past.
Pathophysiology

7. However, the transmission of COVID-19 from fish to
humans is unlikely.
The COVID-19 and fish coronaviruses such as Beluga
Whale CoV/SW1 belong to different genera and
apparently have different host ranges.
As the Wuhan market seafood market also sells other
animals, the natural host of COVID-19 awaits to be
identified.
In addition, more and more evidence indicates the new virus
COVID-19 is spread via the route of human-to-human
transmission because there are infections of people who did
not visit Wuhan but had close contact with family members
who had visited Wuhan and got infected.
Due to the possibility of transmission from animal to
human, CoVs in livestock and other animals including
bats and wild animals sold on the market should be
constantly monitored.
Pathophysiology cont.

8. Causes
Coronaviruses are named for the crown-like
spikes on their surface.
There are four main sub-groupings of coronaviruses,
known as alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.
01
Human coronaviruses were first identified in the mid-
1960s.
02
The seven coronaviruses that can infect people are 229E
(alpha coronavirus), NL63 (alpha coronavirus, OC43
(beta coronavirus), and HKU1 (beta coronavirus).
03
Other human coronaviruses are MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV,
and COVID-19.
04

9. 01
02
03
Reportedly, most patients had epidemiological links to a large seafood and animal market; the
market was closed on January 1, 2020.
Chinese health authorities have confirmed more than 40 infections with a novel coronavirus as the
cause of the outbreak.
An outbreak ofpneumoniaof unknown etiology in Wuhan City was initially reported
to WHO on December 31, 2019.
Globally, there are 132,758 confirmed cases and 4,955 deaths confirmed as of March 14, 2020.
Statistics and Incidences
04
05
China has 80,991 confirmed cases and 3,180 deaths as of March 13, 2020.
International conveyance cases identified on the Diamond Princess cruise ship currently in Japanese
territorial waters have reached 634.

10. Statistics and Incidences cont.
AccordingtotheWHO,confirmedCOVID-19casesonsomeofthefollowingcountriesasofMarch13,
2020:Italy-15,113,Iran-10,075,Southkorea-7,979,Spain-2,965,France-2,860,Germany-2,369,
UnitedStates-1,264,Japan-675,Denmark-674,Sweden-620,Netherlands-614,UnitedKingdom-594,
Norway-489,Austria-361,Belgium-314,Qatar-262,Bahrain-195,Singapore-187,Australia-140,
Canada-138,Malaysia-129,CzechRepublic-116,Finland-109,Greece-98,UnitedArabEmirates-85,
Kuwait-80,Brazil-77,Israel-75,Thailand-75,India-74,Iraq-70,Ireland-70,Egypt-67,Lebanon-66,
Iceland-61,Slovenia-57,Philippines-52,Vietnam-39,Indonesia-34,Russia-34,SaudiArabia-21,
Pakistan-20,Mexico-12,
Health care personnel transporting a patient at the Wuhan Red Cross Hospital in Wuhan, China.

11. Clinical Manifestations
Fever Dry Cough Shortness Of Breath
For confirmed COVID-19 infections, reported illnesses have ranged
from people being mildly sick to people being severely ill and dying;
these symptoms may appear in as few as 2 days or as long as 14
after exposure based on what has been seen previously as the
incubation period of MERS viruses.

12. To increase the likelihood of detectinginfection, CDC recommends
collection of three specimen types:lower respiratory, upper
respiratory, and serum specimensfor testing.
CDC has developed a real-time Reverse Transcription-
Polymerase Chain Reaction (rRT-PCR) test that can
diagnose COVID-19 in respiratory serum samples from
clinical specimens.
CDC has deployed multidisciplinary teams to Washington, Illinois,
California, and Arizona to assist health departments with clinical
management, contact tracing, and communications.
At this time, diagnostic testing for COVID-19
can be conducted only at CDC
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings

13. Currently, testing for this virus must take place at CDC, but in the
coming days and weeks, CDC will share these tests with domestic and
international partners.
CDC is also growing the virus in cell culture, which is necessary
for further studies, including for additional genetic
characterization.
CDC uploaded the entire genome of the virus from all five reported
cases in the United States to GenBank.
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
cont.

14. STOP
COVID-19
Medical Management
The best way to prevent infection is to avoid being exposed to this
coronavirus.
Hand washing for at least 20 seconds is an important
precautionary measure to prevent and slow the spread of
infection. Image via: Somerset Sentinel

15. Medical Management cont.
Hand hygiene
Wash hands often with
soap and water for at
least 20 seconds; if
water and soap are not
available, use an
alcohol-based hand
sanitizer.
Keep hands off your face
Avoid touching the eyes,
nose, andmouthwith
unwashed hands.
No close contact with sick people
Avoid close contact with people who
are sick, and stay at home when you
are sick.

16. Medical Management cont.
Proper cough and
sneeze etiquette
Cover your cough or sneeze
with a tissue, then throw
the tissue in the trash.
Supportive care
People infected with
COVID-19 should
receive supportive
care to help relieve
symptoms.
Severe cases
For severe cases,
treatment should
include care to
support vital
organ functions.

17. For healthcare workers
Healthcare workers are the very people who will be working day-and-night to treat and assist
coronavirus patients are among the most exposed population for becoming infected. The protection of
vulnerable members is one of the priorities for the response to COVID19 outbreaks. WHO emphasizes
the rights and responsibilities of health workers, including explicit criteria required to preserve
occupational safety and health. According to the CDC, the recommended PPE when caring for a patient
with known or suspected COVID-19 includes facemask or respirator, goggles, gloves, and gown.

18. Criteria To Preserve Occupational Safety And
Health For Healthcare Workers
❖Assume overall responsibility to ensure that all necessary preventive and protective measures are
taken to minimize occupational safety and health risks.
❖Provide information, instruction, and training on occupational safety and health, including;
❑Refresher training on infection prevention and control (IPC)
❑Use, putting on, taking off and disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE).
❖Provide adequate IPC and PPE supplies (masks, gloves, goggles, gowns, hand sanitizer, soap and
water, cleaning supplies) in sufficient quantity to healthcare or other staff caring for suspected or
confirmed COVID-19 patients, such that workers do not incur expenses for occupational safety
and health requirements.

19. Criteria To Preserve Occupational Safety And
Health For Healthcare Workers cont.
❖Familiarize personnel with technical updates on COVID-19 and provide appropriate tools to
assess, triage, test and treat patients and to share infection prevention and control information
with patients and the public.
❖As needed, provide appropriate security measures for personal safety.
❖Provide a blame-free environment for workers to report on incidents, such as exposures
tobloodor bodily fluids from therespiratory systemor to cases of violence, and to adopt
measures for immediate follow-up, including support to victims.
❖Advise workers on self-assessment, symptom reporting and staying home when ill.
❖Maintain appropriate working hours with breaks.
❖Consult with health workers on occupational safety and health aspects of their work and notify
thelaborinspectorate of cases of occupational diseases.

20. Criteria To Preserve Occupational Safety And
Health For Healthcare Workers cont.
❖Not be required to return to a work situation where there is continuing or serious danger to
life or health, until the employer has taken any necessary remedial action.
❖Allow workers to exercise the right to remove themselves from a work situation that they
have reasonable justification to believe presents an imminent and serious danger to their life
or health. When a health worker exercises this right, they shall be protected from any undue
consequences.
❖Honor the right to compensation, rehabilitation, and curative services if infected with
COVID-19 following exposure in the workplace. This would be considered occupational
exposure and resulting illness would be considered an occupational disease.
❖Provide access tomental healthand counseling resources.
❖Enable co-operation between management and workers and/or their representatives.

21. STOP
COVID-19
Health workers should:
•Follow established occupational safety and health
procedures, avoid exposing others to health and
safety risks and participate in employer-provided
occupational safety and health training.
•Use provided protocols to assess, triage and treat
patients.
•Treat patients with respect, compassion, and
dignity.
•Maintain patient confidentiality.
•Swiftly follow established public health reporting
procedures of suspected and confirmed cases.

22. STOP
COVID-19
Health workers should cont.
•Provide or reinforce accurate infection prevention
and control and public health information,
including to concerned people who have neither
symptoms nor risk.
•Put on, use, take off and dispose of personal
protective equipment properly.
•Self-monitor for signs of illness and self-isolate or
report illness to managers, if it occurs.
•Advise management if they are experiencing signs
of undue stress or mental health challenges that
require support interventions.
•Report to their immediate supervisor any situation
which they have reasonable justification to believe
presents an imminent and serious danger to life or
health.

23. Pharmacologic
Management
Thereisnospecificantiviral
treatmentrecommendedfor
COVID-19infection,andno
currentvaccinetopreventit.

24. Nursing Management
Nursing Diagnosis
Nursing Care Planning
and Goals
Nursing Interventions
Nursing management for patients with COVID-19 infection include the following:
Nursing Assessment
Evaluation

25. Nursing Assessment
Physical examination.Patients who have
fever, cough, and shortness of breath and who
has traveled to Wuhan, China recently must be
placed under isolation immediately.
Travel history.Health care providers should
obtain a detailed travel history for patients
being evaluated with fever and acute
respiratory illness.
Assessment of a patient suspected of COVID-19 should include:

26. Nursing Diagnosis
Based on the assessment data, the majornursing diagnosis
for a patient with COVID-19 are:
Infectionrelated to failure to avoid pathogen
secondary to exposure to COVID-19.
01
Deficient knowledgerelated to unfamiliarity
with disease transmission information.
02
Hyperthermiarelated to increase in metabolic
rate.
03
Impairedbreathing patternrelated to shortness
of breath.
04
Anxietyrelated to unknown etiology of the
disease.
05

27. Nursing Care Planning and Goals
❖Prevent the spread of
infection.
❖Learn more about the disease
and its management.
•Reduce anxiety.
❖Restore breathing pattern
back to normal.
❖Improve body temperature
levels.
The following are the majornursing care planninggoals for COVID-19:

28. Nursing Interventions
Monitor
vital signs
Monitor O2
saturation
Maintain
respiratory
isolation
Monitor the patient’s
temperature; the infection
usually begins with a high
temperature; monitor the
respiratory rate of the
patient as shortness of
breath is another common
symptom.
Monitor the
patient’s O2
saturation because
respiratory
compromise results
in hypoxia.
Keep tissues at the patient’s
bedside; dispose secretions
properly; instruct the patient
to cover mouth when
coughing or sneezing; use
masks, and advise those
entering the room to wear
masks as well; place
respiratory stickers on chart,
linens, and so on.

29. Nursing Interventions cont.
Enforce
strict hand
hygiene
Manage
hyperthermia
Educate the
patient and
folks
Teach the patient and
folks to wash hands after
coughing to reduce or
prevent the transmission
of the virus.
Use appropriate
therapy for
elevated
temperature to
maintain
normothermia
and reduce
metabolic needs.
Provide information on
disease transmission,
diagnostic testing, disease
process, complications, and
protection from the virus.

30. Evaluation
Patient was able to reduce anxiety.
Nursing goals are met as evidenced by:
Patient was able to restore breathing pattern back
to normal.
Patient was able to improve body temperature
levels.
Patient was able to learn more about the disease
and its management.
Patient was able to prevent the spread of infection.

31. Documentation Guidelines
Plan of care.
Cultural and
religious
beliefs, and
expectations.
Individual findings,
including factors affecting,
interactions, nature of
social exchanges, specifics
of individual behavior.
Teaching plan.
Attainment or
progress toward
the desired
outcome.
Responses to
interventions,
teaching, and
actions performed.

32. ➢Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). (2020, March 6). Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/index.html
References

33. THANK YOU
For your consideration, support and time