Craniopharyngioma.pdf,1. Muscle mrdical know

Medical

1. Craniopharyngioma
Ujjaval Rajput 1906

2. Introduction
●Craniopharyngioma is a rare type of noncancerous brain tumor.
●Craniopharyngioma begins as a growth of cells near the brain's
pituitary gland. The pituitary gland makes hormones that control
many body functions. As a craniopharyngioma slowly grows, it can
affect the pituitary gland and other nearby structures in the brain.

3. ●Craniopharyngioma can happen at any age, but it occurs most often
in children and older adults. Symptoms include changes in vision over
time, fatigue, headaches and urinating more often. Children with
craniopharyngioma may grow slowly and may be smaller than
expected.

5. Diagnosis
●Diagnosing a craniopharyngioma usually starts with a medical history
review and a discussion of symptoms. Tests used to diagnose a
craniopharyngioma include:

●Neurological exam : During this exam, a health care professional tests
vision, hearing, balance, coordination, reflexes, and growth and
development. This can help show which part of the brain might be
affected by the tumor.

6. ●Blood tests. Blood tests may reveal changes in hormone levels that
show a tumor is affecting the pituitary gland.

●Imaging tests. Imaging tests capture pictures of the brain. The
pictures can show the size and location of the tumor. Imaging tests
include X-rays, CTs and MRIs. In certain situations, other tests might
be needed.

7. Treatment
●Craniopharyngioma treatment often starts with surgery. When possible, surgeons remove all
of the tumor. Sometimes the craniopharyngioma can't be removed completely. Surgeons may
remove as much of the craniopharyngioma as is safe.

●Radiation therapy may be used after surgery to treat any tumor cells that remain. Using
surgery and radiation together often provides good tumor control. This approach also helps
lower the risk of complications after surgery.

●Other treatments, such as chemotherapy and targeted therapy, might be options in certain
situations.

8. Surgery
●Most people with craniopharyngioma have surgery to remove all or most of the
tumor. What type of surgery you have depends on the location and size of the
tumor.

●Open craniopharyngioma surgery : Also called a craniotomy, this operation
involves opening the skull to access the tumor.

●Minimally invasive craniopharyngioma surgery : Also called a transsphenoidal
procedure, this operation uses special surgical tools inserted through the nose.
The tools go through a natural passage to get to the tumor. This approach
minimizes the effect on the brain.

11. ●When possible, surgeons remove the entire tumor. However, there are often
many delicate and important structures nearby. This means surgeons sometimes
can't remove the entire tumor. To ensure a good quality of life after the
operation, surgeons remove as much of the tumor as possible. Other treatments
may be used after surgery.

●Surgeons do the operation in a way that avoids hurting nearby structures during
the operation. Surgeons take care to reduce the risk of vision problems. They
work to minimize damage to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus helps with
many functions, including controlling appetite and alertness.

12. ●Surgery is sometimes used to relieve a fluid backup on the brain,
called hydrocephalus. A tube can be placed to drain the fluid.
Often the tube is temporary. Sometimes a permanent tube is
needed. A permanent tube, called a shunt, can drain the brain
fluid to the abdomen.

13. Radiotherapy
●Radiation therapy uses powerful energy beams to control tumor cells. The
energy can come from X-rays, protons or other sources.

●Radiation therapy is often used after surgery to treat any tumor cells that are
left.

●Types of radiation therapy for craniopharyngioma include:
1)External beam radiation therapy.
2)Stereotactic radiosurgery
3)Brachytherapy

14. External beam radiotherapy
●During external beam radiation therapy, you lie on a table while a machine moves
around you. The machine directs radiation to precise points on your body.

●Specialized external beam radiation technology allows your health care team to
carefully shape and aim the radiation beam. This helps to deliver treatment to the
tumor cells and reduces the chances of hurting healthy tissue. These technologies
include proton beam therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy, also called
IMRT.

16. Stereotactic radiosurgery
●Stereotactic radiotherapy is an intense form of radiation treatment.
It aims many beams of radiation from many angles at the tumor.
Stereotactic radiosurgery treatment is typically completed in one or
a few treatments.

●Brachytherapy. Brachytherapy involves placing radioactive material
directly into the tumor where it can radiate the tumor from the
inside.

18. Chemotherapy
●Chemotherapy uses medicines to kill tumor cells. Chemotherapy
can be injected directly into the tumor so that the treatment
reaches the target cells. This makes it less likely to damage
nearby healthy tissue.

19. Treatment for papillary craniopharyngioma
●Targeted therapy medicines might be a treatment option for one type of
craniopharyngioma called papillary craniopharyngioma. This type isn't common.
In adults, about one out of every three craniopharyngiomas is the papillary type.

●Targeted therapy uses medicines that attack specific chemicals in the tumor cells.
By blocking these chemicals, targeted treatments can cause tumor cells to die.

20. ●Nearly all papillary craniopharyngioma cells contain a change in
their DNA called the BRAF gene. Targeted therapy aimed at this
change may be a treatment option. Lab testing can show
whether your craniopharyngioma contains papillary cells. Tests
also can tell whether those cells have the BRAF gene change.