Crash Course on Introduction to Nursing Research.pptx

Crash Course on Introduction to Nursing Research & Statistics

1. CRASH COURSE INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH & STATISTICS

2. 1. Which step is essential in both problem-solving and the scientific method? A. Implementing a solution B. Collecting data C. Formulating a hypothesis D. Evaluating outcomes

3. Answer : C. Formulating a hypothesis Rationale : Formulating a hypothesis is crucial as it provides a testable statement that guides the investigation process, whether in problem-solving or scientific inquiry.

4. 2. What distinguishes applied research from basic research? A. Basic research seeks to solve practical problems. B. Applied research aims to expand fundamental knowledge. C. Applied research focuses on practical applications of scientific knowledge. D. Basic research often involves commercial interests.

5. Answer : C. Applied research focuses on practical applications of scientific knowledge. Rationale : Applied research is designed to address specific, practical issues, while basic research aims to expand our understanding of fundamental principles.

6. 3. Which of the following is a characteristic of qualitative research? A. Uses large sample sizes B. Employs statistical analysis C. Provides in-depth understanding of human behavior D. Relies heavily on numerical data

7. Answer : C. Provides in-depth understanding of human behaviour. Rationale : Qualitative research focuses on exploring phenomena through detailed, contextual, and subjective data, providing a deep understanding of human experiences and behaviours.

8. 4. How did Florence Nightingale contribute to nursing research? A. She invented new medical devices. B. She used statistical analysis to improve hospital conditions. C. She developed the first nursing school curriculum. D. She conducted the first clinical trials.

9. Answer : B. She used statistical analysis to improve hospital conditions. Rationale: Nightingale's use of statistical data to advocate for sanitary reforms in hospitals is a foundational example of evidence-based practice in nursing.

10. 5. In a research study, what is the dependent variable? A. The variable that is manipulated B. The variable that remains constant C. The variable that is measured D. The variable that is controlled

11. Answer : C. The variable that is measured Rationale : The dependent variable is the outcome or response that researchers measure to assess the effect of the independent variable.

12. 6. Which area is NOT typically a focus of nursing research? A. Patient care practices B. Healthcare policy C. Medical device innovation D. Nursing education methods

13. Answer : C. Medical device innovation Rationale : While nursing research can inform aspects of medical device use and safety, the primary focus is on patient care, healthcare policy, and education methods specific to nursing.

14. 7. What is a key component of evidence-based practice in nursing? A. Personal anecdotes B. Tradition and experience C. Integration of clinical expertise with research evidence D. Solely following physician directives

15. Answer : C. Integration of clinical expertise with research evidence Rationale : Evidence-based practice combines clinical expertise, patient preferences, and the best available research evidence to guide clinical decision-making.

16. 8. Which ethical principle ensures that participants understand the research study and its risks before participating? A. Justice B. Beneficence C. Respect for persons D. Confidentiality

17. Answer : C. Respect for persons Rationale : Respect for persons involves obtaining informed consent, ensuring that participants are fully informed about the study and voluntarily agree to participate.

18. 9. What is the purpose of the literature review in the research process? A. To collect data from participants B. To identify gaps in existing knowledge C. To test the research hypothesis D. To analyze the collected data

19. Answer : B. To identify gaps in existing knowledge. Rationale : A literature review helps researchers understand the current state of knowledge on a topic, identify gaps, and justify the need for their study.

20. 10. Why is it important to replicate research studies? A. To increase the complexity of scientific knowledge B. To verify the reliability and validity of findings C. To enhance the reputation of the researchers D. To ensure studies are funded

21. Answer : B. To verify the reliability and validity of findings Rationale : Replication is crucial in research to confirm that findings are consistent, reliable, and not due to chance, thereby strengthening the evidence base.

22. "The Impact of Nurse-Patient Ratios on Patient Outcomes“ What research methodology will use in the study, and why is it appropriate for the research question?

23. 11. Why is a literature review important in the research process? A. It allows researchers to avoid doing any experiments. B. It helps to identify gaps in current knowledge and sets the context for the new research. C. It is only a formality required by academic institutions. D. It provides a platform to publish opinions without evidence.

24. Answer: B. It helps to identify gaps in current knowledge and sets the context for the new research. Rationale: A literature review is essential as it provides an overview of the current state of research, highlights gaps in knowledge, and sets the foundation for the new study by justifying its necessity.

25. 12. Which source is considered most reliable for a literature review in nursing research? A. Popular health magazines B. Peer-reviewed academic journals C. Personal blogs of healthcare professionals D. Social media posts

26. Answer: B. Peer-reviewed academic journals Rationale: Peer-reviewed academic journals are considered highly reliable because the articles undergo rigorous evaluation by experts in the field before publication, ensuring the validity and quality of the research.

27. 13. What is a primary purpose of conducting a literature review? A. To replicate another researcher’s work exactly B. To provide a summary of every article ever written on a topic C. To develop a theoretical framework and refine the research question D. To eliminate the need for data collection  

28. Answer: C. To develop a theoretical framework and refine the research question   Rationale: Conducting a literature review helps in developing a theoretical framework and refining the research question by understanding what has already been studied and where further investigation is needed.

29. 14. When selecting resources for a literature review, what criteria should be prioritized? A. The length and complexity of the articles B. The recency, relevance, and credibility of the sources C. The availability of free access D. The number of citations an article has received

30. Answer: B. The recency, relevance, and credibility of the sources Rationale: Prioritizing recent, relevant, and credible sources ensures that the literature review is based on the most current and reliable information, which is crucial for building a strong foundation for the research study.

31. 15. Which of the following is a primary characteristic of quantitative research? A. It involves the collection of non-numerical data. B. It focuses on understanding the meaning of experiences. C. It uses statistical methods to analyse data. D. It relies heavily on narrative data.

32. Answer: C. It uses statistical methods to analyse data.   Rationale: Quantitative research involves the collection and analysis of numerical data and often employs statistical methods to test hypotheses and draw conclusions.

33. 16 . What is a major advantage of survey research in quantitative studies? A. It allows for in-depth exploration of participants' experiences. B. It enables the collection of data from a large number of respondents. C. It provides detailed contextual understanding of a phenomenon. D. It focuses on the generation of new theories.

34. Answer: B. It enables the collection of data from a large number of respondents. Rationale: Survey research can gather data from many respondents quickly and efficiently, making it ideal for studying large populations and generalizing findings.

35. 17 . What is a primary disadvantage of experimental research design? A. It lacks control over variables. B. It cannot establish cause-and-effect relationships. C. It may not be generalizable to real-world settings. D. It does not allow for manipulation of variables.

36. Answer: C. It may not be generalizable to real-world settings. Rationale: Experimental research often occurs in controlled environments, which may limit the ability to generalize findings to real-world contexts due to the artificial nature of the setting.

37. 19 . Which of the following is a defining feature of phenomenological research? A. It seeks to develop new theories grounded in data. B. It focuses on understanding the lived experiences of individuals. C. It involves the detailed study of a specific culture or community. D. It relies on statistical analysis of numerical data.

38. Answer: B. It focuses on understanding the lived experiences of individuals. Rationale: Phenomenological research aims to understand the essence of individuals' lived experiences and how they perceive those experiences.

39. 20 . What is a key characteristic of grounded theory research? A. It describes the cultural practices of a group. B. It generates a theory based on data collected during the study. C. It tests pre-existing hypotheses using numerical data. D. It explores the historical context of a phenomenon.

40. Answer: B. It generates a theory based on data collected during the study.   Rationale: Grounded theory research involves collecting and analyzing data to develop a theory grounded in the observed data, rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis.

41. 21 . In ethnographic research, what is the primary focus? A. Testing causal relationships between variables. B. Understanding statistical patterns in data. C. Studying the cultural practices and beliefs of a group. D. Examining the historical development of a phenomenon.  

42. Answer: C. Studying the cultural practices and beliefs of a group. Rationale: Ethnographic research involves immersing oneself in a community or group to study their cultural practices, beliefs, and behaviors in detail.

43. 22 . What is an advantage of using qualitative research methods? A. They allow for the collection of large amounts of numerical data. B. They provide a deep, contextual understanding of complex phenomena. C. They enable researchers to control and manipulate variables. D. They ensure findings are easily generalizable to larger populations.

44. Answer: B. They provide a deep, contextual understanding of complex phenomena.   Rationale: Qualitative research methods are valuable for gaining in-depth insights into complex, context-specific phenomena and understanding participants' perspectives.

45. 23 . What is a disadvantage of using survey research? A. It is time-consuming and labour-intensive. B. It may lead to superficial understanding due to limited response options. C. It lacks structure and consistency in data collection. D. It cannot be used to gather data from large populations.

46. Answer: B. It may lead to superficial understanding due to limited response options.   Rationale: Survey research often relies on standardized questions, which may limit the depth of responses and lead to a superficial understanding of complex issues.

47. 24 . What is a key characteristic of a well-formulated problem statement? A. It is broad and general. B. It is specific and focused. C. It includes detailed data collection methods. D. It lists all possible outcomes of the study.

48. Answer: B. It is specific and focused.   Rationale: A well-formulated problem statement should clearly define the issue to be studied in a specific and focused manner, guiding the research process.

49. 25 . Why are research objectives important in a study? A. They provide detailed findings of the study. B. They offer a broad overview of the topic. C. They define the specific aims and goals of the research. D. They list the assumptions and delimitations.

50. Answer: C. They define the specific aims and goals of the research. Rationale: Research objectives outline the specific aims and goals of the study, providing direction and focus for the research.

51. 26 . Why is it important to define terms in a research study? A. To impress the readers with complex vocabulary B. To ensure that key concepts are clearly understood by all readers C. To lengthen the research paper D. To comply with journal requirements

52. Answer: B. To ensure that key concepts are clearly understood by all readers Rationale: Defining terms ensures that all readers have a clear understanding of the key concepts and variables in the study, avoiding ambiguity.

53. 27. What is the purpose of delimitations in a research study? A. To define the scope and boundaries of the study B. To present the research findings C. To discuss the study’s limitations D. To outline the research methods

54. Answer: A. To define the scope and boundaries of the study Rationale: Delimitations set the boundaries for the study, clarifying what will and will not be included, thereby focusing the research.

55. 28. Which of the following best defines an independent variable? A. The outcome that is measured in a study B. The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher C. The constant variable that does not change D. The variable that is observed but not manipulated

56. Answer: B. The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher Rationale: An independent variable is the variable that the researcher manipulates to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

57. 29. In a study examining the effect of exercise on stress levels, what is the dependent variable? A. Type of exercise B. Duration of exercise C. Stress levels D. Number of participants

58. Answer: C. Stress levels Rationale: The dependent variable is the outcome being measured, which in this case is the stress levels of participants.

59. 30 . What is the primary purpose of sampling in research? A. To include every member of the population in the study B. To gather detailed information about a specific individual C. To make inferences about a population based on a subset of that population D. To collect data in a non-systematic way

60. Answer: C. To make inferences about a population based on a subset of that population   Rationale: Sampling allows researchers to draw conclusions about a larger population by studying a representative subset, making the research more feasible and cost-effective.

61. 31. Which factor is crucial in determining the representativeness of a sample? A. The size of the sample B. The diversity of the research team C. The length of the data collection period D. The geographic location of the research institution

62. Answer: A. The size of the sample Rationale: The size of the sample affects its representativeness; larger samples generally provide more accurate representations of the population.

63. 32 . What is an important consideration when determining sample size? A. The researcher's personal preference B. The available budget for the study C. The level of precision and confidence desired in the results D. The geographic proximity of potential participants

64. Answer: C. The level of precision and confidence desired in the results   Rationale: The sample size should be large enough to provide the desired level of precision and confidence in the results, which helps ensure the findings are statistically significant and reliable.

65. 33 . What is sampling error? A. The error that occurs due to incorrect data collection B. The error caused by the difference between the sample and the entire population C. The error introduced by biased questionnaire design D. The error resulting from data entry mistakes

66. Answer: B. The error caused by the difference between the sample and the entire population   Rationale: Sampling error is the discrepancy between the sample results and the actual population parameters, which arises because only a subset of the population is studied.

67. 34 . Why is it important to clearly define the population in a research study? A. To reduce the cost of data collection B. To simplify the data analysis process C. To ensure that the sample accurately represents the population D. To increase the speed of data collection

68. Answer: C. To ensure that the sample accurately represents the population Rationale: Clearly defining the population helps ensure that the sample is representative, which is critical for the validity and generalizability of the research findings.

69. 35 . What is a key characteristic of a good data collection tool? A. It is complex and difficult to understand B. It is simple but unreliable C. It is easy to use and yields consistent results D. It is expensive and time-consuming

70. Answer: C. It is easy to use and yields consistent results   Rationale: A good data collection tool should be user-friendly and consistently produce reliable and valid results.

71. 36 . How can researchers enhance the reliability of a data collection tool? A. By using it only once in a study B. By testing it in different contexts and with different groups C. By making it as complex as possible D. By avoiding any pilot testing

72. Answer: B. By testing it in different contexts and with different groups   Rationale: Reliability can be enhanced by testing the tool in various contexts and with different groups to ensure it consistently produces stable and dependable results.

73. 37 . Why is it important to review the research plan before data collection? A. To ensure the research will be published B. To verify that all necessary steps are included and feasible C. To increase the sample size D. To shorten the research process

74. Answer: B. To verify that all necessary steps are included and feasible Rationale: Reviewing the research plan ensures that all procedures are clearly outlined, feasible, and likely to yield valid and reliable results.

75. 38 . Why is maintaining consistency in data collection procedures important? A. To reduce the time needed for data collection B. To ensure comparability and reliability of data across different participants and settings C. To allow researchers to collect more data D. To simplify data entry

76. Answer: B. To ensure comparability and reliability of data across different participants and settings. Rationale: Consistent procedures ensure that the data collected are comparable and reliable, which is critical for accurate analysis and interpretation.

77. 39. What is a key difference between quantitative and qualitative data analysis? A. Quantitative analysis focuses on narrative data, while qualitative analysis focuses on numerical data B. Quantitative analysis involves statistical techniques, whereas qualitative analysis involves thematic analysis C. Quantitative analysis is less structured than qualitative analysis D. Quantitative analysis requires less preparation than qualitative analysis

78. Answer: B. Quantitative analysis involves statistical techniques, whereas qualitative analysis involves thematic analysis Rationale: Quantitative data analysis employs statistical methods to test hypotheses, while qualitative data analysis involves identifying and interpreting patterns and themes.

79. 40 . Which statistical measure is commonly used to describe the central tendency of quantitative data? A. Standard deviation B. Mean C. Correlation coefficient D. Variance

80. Answer: B. Mean   Rationale: The mean is a measure of central tendency that represents the average value of a dataset, commonly used to summarize quantitative data.

81. 41 . What is the main goal of interpreting research data? A. To generate new data B. To determine whether the data support the research hypothesis C. To increase the length of the research report D. To simplify the research process

82. Answer: B. To determine whether the data support the research hypothesis Rationale: Interpretation involves assessing whether the collected data support or refute the research hypothesis, helping to draw meaningful conclusions from the study.

83. 42 . Why is it important to draw conclusions based on research findings? A. To provide recommendations for future research B. To prove the validity of the study C. To summarize the literature review D. To ensure publication

84. Answer: A. To provide recommendations for future research Rationale: Drawing conclusions based on findings helps to provide insights, recommendations, and implications for future research and practice.

85. . How can researchers ensure the validity of their data collection tools? A. By using untested tools B. By conducting pilot tests and reviewing existing literature C. By relying on subjective judgments D. By avoiding pilot studies

86. Answer: B. By conducting pilot tests and reviewing existing literature Rationale: Conducting pilot tests and reviewing existing literature helps verify that the tools measure what they are intended to measure, ensuring validity.

87. What type of study is considered the gold standard in clinical research? A. Case-control study B. Cohort study C. Randomized controlled trial (RCT) D. Cross-sectional study

88. Answer : C Rationale : RCTs are considered the gold standard because they minimize bias and establish causality.

89. Which of the following is an example of a nominal level of measurement? A. Temperature in Celsius B. Blood pressure readings C. Gender D. Pain scale ratings

90. Answer : C Rationale : Nominal level measurement categorizes data without a specific order (e.g., male, female).

91. In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard deviation of the mean? A. 50% B. 68% C. 95% D. 99.7%

92. Answer : B Rationale: In a normal distribution, approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean.

93. Which statistical test would you use to compare the means of two independent groups? A. Paired t-test B. Independent t-test C. Chi-square test D. ANOVA

94. Answer: B Rationale: An independent t-test compares the means of two independent groups.

95. What does the p-value in statistical testing indicate? A. The probability that the null hypothesis is true B. The probability of observing the data given that the null hypothesis is true C. The effect size of the treatment D. The power of the study

96. Answer : B Rationale : The p-value indicates the probability of observing the data if the null hypothesis is true.

97. Which of the following measures of central tendency is most affected by extreme values? A. Mean B. Median C. Mode D. Range

98. Answer : A Rationale: The mean is most affected by extreme values as it includes all data points in its calculation.

99. What type of error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected? A. Type I error B. Type II error C. Beta error D. Alpha error

100. Answer : A Rationale: A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected (false positive).