Cream and Green Illustrative Science Project Presentation.pptx

about science

1. ICE BREAKER

2. CHEMICAL AND NERVOUS CONTROL Presented by Group 6

3. You see plants all around you. But, are they of the same size or height?

4. Of course not! You see big trees , medium-sized shrubs, and even plant saplings.

5. COORDINATION IN PLANTS

6. COORDINATION IN PLANTS Coordination refers to orderly functioning of different but interrelated parts to carry out one or more activities smoothly. Since the nervous system doesn’t exist in plants, they use a chemical system.

7. COORDINATION IN PLANTS plants coordinate their behavior against environmental changes with the aid of hormones.

8. These are the chemical compounds which are released by stimulated cell. Gibberellins Cytokinins Abscisic acid Auxins

9. Auxins Synthesized at the tip of the stem and help in plant growth by elongation the cell.

10. Gibberellins concerned with growth of the stem, seed germination, and flowering.

11. Cytokinins present in the area of cell division as in fruits and seeds. Also helps in the opening of stomata.

12. Abscisic acid inhibits the growth of many parts and responsive for the closure of stomata

13. Plants exhibit two types of movements • Directional Movements - called tropic movement . Tropic movements are the one which occurs in the direction of stimulus • Non-Directional Movements - called nastic response and concerned to movements of plant parts.

14. CONTROL AND COORDINATION IN ANIMALS: THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

15. Neurons are the functional and structural unit of the nervous system. The main function of these neurons is to receive the external stimuli and then send it to the brain, so that the brain in turn can read those signals and direct them to the necessary parts of the body to take proper action. The transfer of messages takes place through electrical impulses which move throughout the body through nerve fibers.

16. The unique structure of neurons makes them specialized for receiving and transmitting electrical impulses throughout the body. Neurons are supported by glial cells, which surround, protect, and insulate them. The Neuron

17. Neurons are specialized, depending on their required functions Sensory neurons carry impulses from sense organs, such as the eyes or ears. Motor neurons carry impulses to muscle and glands. Interneurons transfer signals between sensory and motor neurons, as well as in between other interneurons.

18. PARTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

19. The nervous system is made up of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made of the brain and spinal cord.

20. The brain is an organ that is made up of a large mass of nerve tissue that is protected within the skull. It plays a role in just about every major body system. Some of its main functions include: processing sensory information regulating blood pressure and breathing releasing hormones. The Brain

21. The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is divided into two halves, called hemispheres. The two hemispheres are separated by a groove called the interhemispheric fissure. It's also called the longitudinal fissure. Each hemisphere of the cerebrum is divided into broad regions called lobes. Cerebrum

22. The frontal lobes are the largest of the lobes. As indicated by their name, they're located in the front part of the brain. They coordinate high-level behaviors, such as motor skills, problem solving, judgment, planning, and attention. The frontal lobes also manage emotions and impulse control. Frontal lobes

23. The parietal lobes are located behind the frontal lobes. They're involved in organizing and interpreting sensory information from other parts of the brain. primarily responsible for receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain. The parietal lobes are also involved in the perception of body awareness and the construction of a spatial coordinate system (mental map) to represent the world around us. Parietal lobes

24. The temporal lobes are located on either side of the head on the same level as the ears. They coordinate specific functions, including visual memory (such as facial recognition), verbal memory (such as understanding language), and interpreting the emotions and reactions of others. Temporal lobes

25. The occipital lobes are located in the back of the brain. They're heavily involved in the ability to read and recognize printed words, along with other aspects of vision. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation. Occipital lobes

26. The cerebellum is located in the back of the brain, just below the occipital lobes. It's involved with fine motor skills, which refers to the coordination of smaller, or finer, movements, especially those involving the hands and feet. It also helps the body maintain its posture, equilibrium, and balance. Cerebellum

27. The diencephalon is located at the base of the brain. It contains the: Thalamus Epithalamus Hypothalamus Diencephalon

28. The thalamus acts as a kind of relay station for signals coming into the brain. It is also involved in consciousness, sleep, and memory. Thalamus

29. Diencephalon

30. The epithalamus serves as a connection between the limbic system and other parts of the brain. The limbic system is a part of the brain that is involved with emotion, long-term memory, and behavior. Epithalamus

31. Diencephalon

32. -maintaining daily physiological cycles, such as the sleep-wake cycle -controlling appetite -regulating body temperature -controlling the producing and release of hormones The hypothalamus helps maintain homeostasis. This refers to the balance of all bodily functions. It does this by: Hypothalamus

33. Diencephalon

34. WHAT IS BRAIN STEM?

35. - Midbrain -Pons -Medulla Oblongata The Brainstem is the structure that connects the cerebrum of the Brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. Brain Stem composed of three sections in descending order;

36. The brainstem plays a crucial role in the control of locomotion, posture, balance, arousal, alertness, awareness, and consciousness, sensory information, processing, respiration, autonomic functions including control of blood pressure, heart rate, bowel, and bladder, and is responsible for the regulation of multiple reflexes including coughing, swallowing, and vomiting. Functions of Brain Stem

37. Brain Stem three sections ( Descending Order)

38. The midbrain is the smallest portion of the brainstem (about 1.5 cm) and its most cranial structure. It is in the brainstem between the pons caudally (mesencephalic-pons groove) and the diencephalon, which includes the thalamus, the hypothalamus, the epithalamus, and the subthalamus. Midbrain

39. It is a part of the brainstem, a structure that links your brain to your spinal cord. It handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing. It also contains several junction points for nerves that control muscles and carry information from senses in your head and face. Pons

40. The medulla oblongata is the connection between the brainstem and the spinal cord, carrying multiple important functional centers. It is comprised of the cardiovascular-respiratory regulation system, descending motor tracts, ascending sensory tracts, and origin of cranial nerves. Medulla Oblongata

41. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) is your body's extensive network of nerves that lies outside the brain and spinal cord. It acts as a two-way information highway, carrying messages to and from the central nervous system (CNS) throughout the body. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

42. The PNS is further divided into two main branches: Somatic nervous system: This division controls voluntary actions, such as moving your limbs or using your senses. Autonomic nervous system: This division controls involuntary actions, such as your heart rate, digestion, and breathing. The autonomic nervous system itself has two further subdivisions:

43. Sympathetic nervous system: This part activates the "fight-or-flight" response during stressful situations. Parasympathetic nervous system: This part promotes a relaxed state and aids in digestion and other housekeeping functions.

44. The endocrine system, also known as the hormonal system, is a network of glands and organs that produce hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream to various parts of the body, delivering messages that control many essential functions. Endocrine System (Hormone System)

45. The endocrine system plays a critical role in regulating numerous bodily functions, including: Growth and development Metabolism and energy balance Mood and behavior Reproduction Sleep and wake cycles Heart rate and blood pressure Blood sugar levels

46. The major glands of the endocrine system include: Hypothalamus: Located in the brain, the hypothalamus acts as the control center, regulating the pituitary gland and influencing the production of many hormones.

47. Pituitary gland: Often referred to as the "master gland," the pituitary gland produces and releases several hormones that control other endocrine glands.

48. Thyroid gland: Situated in the neck, the thyroid gland secretes hormones that regulate metabolism and heart rate.

49. Ovaries (females): The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone, hormones essential for sexual development, menstruation, and pregnancy.

50. Here are some of the common hormones produced by the endocrine glands and their functions: Hypothalamus: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

51. Pituitary gland: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones Thyroid gland: Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4): Regulate metabolism and heart rate

52. Thank you! Do you have any questions?

53. Quick Recap

54. Quiz

55. 1. What system coordinates and controls the activities of the body? A. organ B. endocrine C. muscular D. nervous

56. 2. Which of these is part of the central nervous system? A. effector B. receptor cells C. sensory neuron D. spinal cord

57. 3. Which hormone is usually found in fruits? A. abscisic acid B. auxin C. cytokinin D. giberrellin

58. 4. What hormone is produced by the pancreas? A. estrogen B. glucagon C. insulin D. melatonin

59. 5. What is the main organ of the nervous system? A. brain B. nerves C. sensory organ D. spinal cord

60. 6. ________ also knows as the hormonal system, is a network of glands and an organ that produces hormones. A. Brain B. Peripheral Nervous System C. Sympathetic Nervous System D. Endocrine System

61. 7. What is often called as the "master gland"? A. Thyroid Gland B. Pineal Gland C. Pituitary Gland D. Adrenal Gland

62. 8. It is your body's extensive network of nerve that lies outside the Brain and spinal cord. It acts as a two-way information highway carrying messages. A. Nervous System B. Circulatory System C. Respiratory System D. Peripheral Nervous System

63. 9. Concerned with growth of the stem, seed germination, and flowering. A. Cytokinins B. Abscisic Acid C. Gibberellins D. Auxins

64. 10. Some of its main functions include the processing sensory information regulating blood pressure and breathing releasing hormones. A. Brain B. Cerebrum C. Frontal lobes D. Parietal Lobes