CRIM-1-Introduction-to-Criminology.pptx1

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1. INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIM 1

2. ETYMOLOGY OF CRIMINOLOGY Criminology is derived from the Latin word “crimen” which means accusation and “logia/logos” which means study. Therefore, criminology is the study of accusation. Rafaelle Garofalo , an Italian sociologist and one of the lead personalities under the Positivist School of Criminology coined the word “criminologia”. Paul Topinard, a French anthropologist introduced the French word “criminologie”.

3. ETYMOLOGY OF CRIMINOLOGY In 20th century, the word “criminology” was formally used by an English Sociologist named Edwin Sutherland who became known as the Dean of Criminology.

4. CRIMINOLOGY Criminology is the study of crime based on the philosophical and legal point of view. (CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY) Developed the concept of criminology as the study of crimes and criminals based on the scientific approach on crime causation. (POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY) Focuses on the group of people and society as a whole. Based on the examination of the relationship of demographic and group variables to crime.(SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY)

5. Criminology is the entire body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon. This includes the study of the making of the laws, the breaking of the laws, and the reactions of the society towards the breaking of the laws. (EDWIN SUTHERLAND & DONALD CRESSEY) CRIMINOLOGY

6. Sutherland also developed a theory of crime causation called “Differential Association Theory” which states that criminal behaviors are not inherited, they are learned in the process of communication or association with different kinds of persons. Criminology is a body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as social phenomena. (CIRILO TRADIO) CRIMINOLOGY

7. Criminology refers to the scientific study of crimes, criminals and victims, it also deals with the prevention and solution of crimes. (REPUBLIC ACT 11131) The scientific study of the causes of the crime in relation to man and society who sets and define rules and regulations for himself and others to govern. CRIMINOLOGY

8. Explores the origin, extent, and nature of crime in society. Interdisciplinary science that gathers and analyzes data on various aspects of criminal, delinquent, and general anti-social behavior. CRIMINOLOGY

9. VARIOUS SCIENCES IN CRIMINOLOGY Study of law. Science of medicine, chemistry and psychology. Religion. Education. Social work involving sociology and psychology. Public administration.

10. IMPORTANT AREAS OF INTEREST TO CRIMINOLOGY Development of Criminal Law and its use to define crime. The cause of law violation (causes of crimes and development of criminals). Method used to control criminal behavior.

11. Is criminology a science? Criminology cannot become a science because it has not yet acquired universal validity. (GEORGE WILKER) Criminology will become a science in the future since the causes of crime are almost the same which may be biological, environmental and combination of the two. (EDWIN SUTHERLAND & DONALD CRESSEY) Criminology is not a perfect science. It is a science for the causes of crimes are universally alike such as biological, physical, psychological and economical. (CIRILO TRADIO)

12. NATURE OF CRIMINOLOGY

13. CRIMINOLOGY AS A SOCIAL SCIENCE As crime is considered as a social phenomenon, it is important to note that study of crimes requires that the study of the human society thus, criminology is a social science. In fact, modern criminological research are based on the principle of sociology as one of the external factors contributing to the commission of a crime aside from biological, psychological and others.

14. CRIMINOLOGY AS AN APPLIED SCIENCE Study of crimes does not end with pure intellectual discovery, it requires application of the various fields of study in order to help in policy making towards the creation of more responsive programs for crime prevention as well as in the solution of crimes in our society.

15. CRIMINOLOGY IS NATIONALISTIC Crimes are defined by laws and in other countries by common laws. In Philippines, crimes are defined according to our law such as the criminal law. Laws in different countries may varies depending on their culture, belief, religion and others, as such crimes in different countries may also varies. In the Philippines, we follow the principle of “Nullum Crimen, Nulla Poena Sine Lege”.

16. CRIMINOLOGY IS DYNAMIC As societal condition changes so with crimes. Modern technology has brought a lot of changes in the way people live. This innovation has also brought changes in our laws thus, the concept of what crimes are also changed. In the old concept, criminologist focus on crimes and criminals , but later some criminologist look upon the role of the crime victims in the commission of crime which they called victimology also known as the study of crime target.

17. CRIMINOLOGY Criminology focuses on the study of origins of crime, its nature and extent in society. Criminologist concern more of knowing the underlying reason for crime. CRIMINAL JUSTICE Criminal justice focuses on the study of the various agencies of the government, as pillars of social control. Criminal jurist try its best to identify effective measures to control crime.

18. DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY

19. SOCIOLOGY OF LAW An attempt at scientific analysis of the conditions under which criminal laws has developed as a process of formal or social control. It study the role of the social force in the establishment or creation of law and the effect of the criminal law in shaping the society. This is very important for learners to understand how certain acts became a subject of legislation that classified it as a crime and the benefits of this law to the society.

20. CRIMINAL ETIOLOGY An attempt at scientific analysis of the cause of crime. It is one of the broad divisions of criminology that focus on crime causation, leading to the development of various theories of crime causation from the ancient to the present and still counting for new theories are being discovered as year passes by.

21. PENOLOGY The division of criminology which deals with punishment of crime and jail management. It deals with the study of penalty as a form of social reaction towards the commission of crime.

22. DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

23. CRIMINAL DEMOGRAPHY The study of the relationship between criminality and population. Rawson W. Rawson link population density and crime rates.

24. CRIMINAL ECOLOGY The study of the relationship between criminality and environment (milieu). Henry Mayhem used empirical methods and an ethnographic method to address social questions and poverty.

25. CRIMINAL EPIDEMIOLOGY The study of criminality in relation to the spatial distribution in a community.

26. CRIMINAL PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY The study of the criminality in relation to physical constitution of men.

27. CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY The study of human behavior in relation to criminality.

28. CRIMINAL PSCYHIATRY The study of criminality and human mind.

29. CRIMINAL POLITICS Integrated approach to the study of organized crime, politics and violence.  State organizes its fight against criminality.

30. VICTIMOLOGY The study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime.

31. CRIMINOLOGY MAJOR SUBJECTS RA 6506

32. CRIMINOLOGY (20%) It includes the subject of Introduction to Criminology, Theories of Crime Causation, Human Behavior and Victimology, Professional Conduct and Ethical Standards, Juvenile Delinquency and Juvenile Justice System, Dispute Resolution and Crisis Management, and Criminological Research.

33. CRIMINAL LAW & JURISPRUDENCE (20%) It includes the subject of Introduction to Criminal Justice System, Human Rights Education, Criminal Law 1 and 2, Criminal Evidence and Criminal Procedure.

34. LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (15%) It encompasses the subject Police Organization, Comparative Models in Policing, Introduction to Industrial Security, Law Enforcement Operations and Planning, and Character Formation.

35. FORENSIC SCIENCE(15%) It includes the subject of Personal Identification, Forensic Photography, Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology, Questioned Document Examination, Forensic Lie Detection, and Forensic Ballistics.

36. CRIME DETECTION & INVESTIGATION (20%) It covers the subjects on Fundamentals of Crime Investigation with Intelligence, Special Crime Investigation with Legal Medicine, Special Crime Investigation with Interview and Interrogation, Traffic Management and Accident Investigation, Fire Technology and Arson Investigation, Drug Education and Vice Control, Technical English and Introduction to Cybercrime and Environmental Laws.

37. CORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATION (10%) It deals with the study of custody, supervision, rehabilitation and the reformation of convicted offenders. It consists of the Institutional, Non-Institutional Corrections and Therapeutic Modalities.

38. RA 11131 RA 6505

39. CRIMES & CRIMINALS

40. CRIME CRIME (General term)- act or omission in violation of public law forbidding or commanding it. FELONY- crimes that are punishable by the Revised Penal Code. OFFENSE- crimes that are punishable by the Special Penal Laws. INFRACTIONS- acts that violates ordinances. MISDEMEANOR- acts that are minor/petty crime. SIN- acts that against the spiritual or divine law.

41. DELINQUENCY Act not in conformity with the norms of society. EXAMPLES OF DELINQUENCY Waywardness of children. Street corner gang. Children out of parental control. School drop outs without justifiable reasons.

42. ELEMENTS OF CRIME DESIRE Induces or pushes the person to commit the crime. OPPORTUNITY Physical possibility that a crime can be committed. CAPABILITY Ability to execute the crime.

43. THEORY OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CRIMINAL ACTS Formulated by David Abrahamsen. In explaining the birth of criminal behavior, we must consider three factors: criminal tendency (T) , the total situation (S) , and the person’s mental and emotional resistance to temptation (R).

44. THEORY OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CRIMINAL ACTS Where: C-Crime/Criminal Behavior (THE ACT) T-Criminal Tendency (DESIRE/INTENT) S-Total Situation (OPPORTUNITY) R-Resistance to Temptation (CONTROL)

45. THEORY OF THE ETIOLOGY OF CRIMINAL ACTS The formula shows that a person’s criminal tendency and his resistance to them ma either result in criminal act depending upon, which of them is stronger. This means that a criminal behavior exists when the person’s resistance is insufficient to withstand the pressure of his desire or intent and the opportunity. Perspectives of Crime Causation.

46. M’NAGHTEN RULE A defendant is not guilty of crime , if at the time of the act, mental illness permits the actor from: Knowing what he is doing. Knowing that the act was wrong.

47. CRIMINOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIME

48. According to the result of crime ACQUISITIVE CRIME The offender gains/acquire something. DESTRUCTIVE/EXTINCTIVE CRIME Crimes that results in destruction, damage, or death.

49. According to the time/period of commission SEASONAL CRIME Happen only during a particular season or period of the year. Ex. Violation of tax law. SITUATIONAL CRIME Committed when the situation is conducive to the commission of the crime and there is an opportunity to commit it.

50. According to the length of the time of the commission INSTANT CRIME Crimes committed in short period of time. EPISODIAL/EPISODIC CRIME Crimes committed through the series of acts.

51. According to the place/location STATIC CRIME Crime committed only in one place. CONTINUING CRIME Crime that takes place in more than one place.

52. According to the used of mental faculties RATIONAL CRIME Crime that the offender knew what he is doing. IRRATIONAL CRIME Crime where the offender suffers from mental disorders.

53. According to the type of offender WHITE COLLAR CRIME Committed by those persons belonging to the upper socio-economic status or in the course of his occupational activities. BLUE COLLAR CRIME Committed by ordinary criminals as means of livelihood.

54. According to the standard of living UPPER WORLD CRIME Falsification cases. UNDERWORLD CRIME Bag snatching.

55. When does crime exist? LEGAL VIEWPOINT When the person has been proven guilty by the court. SCIENTIFIC VIEWPOINT Crime exists when it is reported. CRIMINOLOGIST VIEWPOINT Crime exists as soon it is committed.

56. Other types of crimes BIAS CRIMES Directed toward a particular person or members. HATE CRIMES Designed to terrorize or frighten people. CORPORATE CRIMES Legal violation by corporate entity. CRIME OF REDUCTION When the offended party experience loss.

57. CRIME OF REPRESSION Preventing a group of person to achieve something. CYBER CRIME Used modern technology. ECONOMIC CRIME Designed for financial gain. ENTERPRISE CRIME Used of illegal tactics by a business to make profit in the market place. Other types of crimes

58. EXPRESSIVE CRIMES Crimes that have no purpose except to accomplish the behavior. INCHOATE CRIMES Incomplete or contemplated crimes such as criminal solicitation or criminal attempts. REACTIVE HATE CRIMES Perpetrators believe they are taking a defensive stand against outsiders who they believe threaten their community or way of life. Other types of crimes

59. RETALIATORY HATE CRIMES Committed in response to a hate crime, real or perceived. STATUTORY CRIMES Defined by legislative bodies. TRILL-SEEKING HATE CRIME Hatemongers who join forces to have fun by bashing minorities or destroying property. Inflicting pain on others give a sadistic thrill. Other types of crimes

60. CRIMES BY IMITATION Merely duplicating those done by others. CRIMES BY PASSION Committed because of fit of great emotion. SERVICE CRIMES Rendering service to satisfy the desire of another. TRADITIONAL CRIMES Committed every now and then. Other types of crimes

61. CRIMES DUE TO SOCIAL CHANGE Poverty crimes ex. Prostitution. EMERGENCY CRIME Take advantage of the abnormal situation. VICTIMLESS CRIME No intended victim. Other types of crimes

62. CRIMES OF RAPE ACQUAINTANCE RAPE Offender and victim are acquainted with one another. AGGRAVATED RAPE Rape involved multiple offenders, weapons and victim injuries.

63. CRIMES OF RAPE DATE RAPE Forcible sex during the courting relationship. GANG RAPE Forcible sex involving multiple attacker. MARITAL RAPE Forcible sex between people who are legally married to each other.

64. SERIAL RAPE Multiple rapes committed by one person over time. STATUTORY RAPE Underage minor female and an adult male. ANGER RAPE Express rage or anger. CRIMES OF RAPE

65. POWER RAPE To express domination. SADISTIC RAPE Combination of sexuality and aggression. CRIMES OF RAPE

66. HOMICIDE Killing of a person by another person. SORRORICIDE Killing of one’s own sister. FRATRICIDE Killing of one’s own brother. CRIMES OF KILLING

67. MATRICIDE Killing of a mother by her own child. PATRICIDE Killing of a father by his own child. PARRICIDE Killing of relative- parent, grandparent, spouse, child. CRIMES OF KILLING

68. INFANTICIDE Killing of a child less than 3 days old. SUICIDE Taking one’s own life voluntarily. UXORICIDE Act of one who murders his own wife. CRIMES OF KILLING

69. REGICIDE Murder of a king. VATICIDE Murder of a prophet. ABORTICIDE The killing of a fetus inside the womb. CRIMES OF KILLING

70. EUTHANASIA Mercy killing or painless death of a person suffering from incurable disease. ELDERCIDE Murder of a senior citizen. CRIMES OF KILLING

71. INVOLUNTARY/NEGLIGENT MANSLAUGHTER Occurs as a result of negligence. VOLUNTARY MANSLAUGHTER Committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel. CRIMES OF KILLING

72. MASS MURDER Killing of a large number of people in a single incident. MURDER Unlawful killing of a human being with malicious intent and qualifying circumstances. SERIAL MURDER Killing of a large number of people over time. CRIMES OF KILLING

73. CRIMINAL

74. CRIMINAL IN CRIMINOLOGICAL SENSE , a person may be considered criminal from the time he or she committed the crime regardless whether or not it has been reported to the police for investigation.

75. CRIMINAL IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE SENSE, a criminal may be defined as one who has undergone the process and went through all the pillars of the Criminal Justice System.

76. CRIMINAL IN LEGAL SENSE, a person may be considered criminal only upon undergoing in the Judicial process and upon determination by the court that he or she is guilty beyond reasonable doubt.

77. CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRIMINAL

78. According to Etiology ACUTE CRIMINAL Crime as a result of a reaction to a situation/anger. CHRONIC CRIMINAL With intent and deliberate thinking. NEUROTIC CRIMINAL One who has mental disorder. Psychic conflict.

79. NORMAL CRIMINAL Commit crimes because he looks up to and idolized people who are criminals. Identified himself to be criminal. According to Etiology

80. ORDINARY CRIMINAL Do not require specialized or technical skill. Lowest form of criminal career. ORGANIZED CRIMINAL Possesses some skills. High degree of organization. According to types of offender

81. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL Highly skilled criminal. According to types of offender

82. PROFESSIONAL CRIMINAL Criminal who earns his living through criminal activities. SITUATIONAL CRIMINAL Criminal act because the situation presented itself. Constantly in trouble with legal authorities. According to criminal activities

83. HABITUAL CRIMINAL One who repeatedly commits criminal act for different reasons. (deficiency of intelligence) ACCIDENTAL CRIMINAL Violated law due to some unanticipated circumstances. According to criminal activities

84. Based on mental attitudes ACTIVE AGGRESSIVE CRIMINALS Aggressive behavior. PASSIVE INADEQUATE CRIMINALS Crime by inducement, reward or promises of another. SOCIALIZED DELINQUENTS Defective in their socialization.

85. Types of Violent Criminals CULTURALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS Live in subculture in which violence is acceptable problem-solving mechanism. Prevalent among lower income minorities from slum environments of large central cities. CRIMINALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS Offenders use violence as a means of accomplishing criminal act, such as in robbery.

86. PATHOLOGICALLY VIOLENT OFFENDERS Mental illness or brain damage characterizes the pathologically violent offenders. SITUATIONAL VIOLENT OFFENDERS Commits acts of violence on rare occasions. Types of Violent Criminals

87. THRILL KILLERS Killers strive for either sexual sadism or dominance. Most common form of a serial murder. MISSION KILLERS Killers want to reform the world or have a vision that drive them to kill. Types of Serial Killers

88. EXPEDIENCE KILLERS Kill out for profit or want to protect themselves from a perceived threat. Types of Serial Killers

89. REVENGE KILLERS Kill to get even. LOVE KILLERS Motivated by warped sense of devotion. PROFIT KILLERS Trying to cover up a crime. Types of Mass Murderer

90. TERRORIST KILLERS Killers who are trying to send a message. Types of Mass Murderer

91. NAÏVE GRASPERS Inexperienced youths. Hold high expectations. MEANING STRETCHERS Misinterpreting woman’s expressions of friendliness and affections. Categories of Rapist

92. SEX LOOTERS Have a low desire for affection or low respect for victim. GROUP CONFORMERS/GROUP RAPE/GANG BANG Felt a sense of conformity. Notion demonstrating their masculinity. Categories of Rapist

93. THEORY Derived from the Greek word “theoria” which means “contemplation or speculation”. Set of statements devised to explain behavior, events or phenomenon, especially one that has been repeatedly tested and widely accepted.

94. THEORIES OF CRIME Refers to efforts to explain or understand the crime causation.

95. HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY

96. PRE-CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

97. DEMONOLOGICAL THEORY During the Pagan Age, person commits a crime because he is possessed by demons. People who violated social norms or religious practices were believed to be witches or possessed by demons. The prescribed method for dealing with the possessed was burning at the stake, a practice that survived in the 17th century.

98. DIVINE WILL THEORY God wants to punish the sinful and protect the innocent. RIGHT OF SANCTUARY- person who commit crime seek refuge in temples and ask for forgiveness from God.

99. CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

100. CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY Crime is a product of situational forces; the crime is function of free will and personal choice. It emphasized that the purpose of punishment is mainly to deter the occurrence of crime (retribution). The classical school of thought is a product of the late 18th century in response to abuses of authority and flaws in the Criminal Justice System.

101. FOUNDERS OF THE CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

102. CESARE BONESANA MARCHESE DE BECCARIA Considered as the Father of Classical Criminology and Branded as the Cradle of Criminology Education. Italian criminologist and economist who published a book entitled “Dei Delitti e Delle Poena” or “On Crimes and Punishment” om 1764.

103. JEREMY BENTHAM A jurist, political reformer and the philosopher who founded the concept of utilitarianism- assumes that all our actions are calculated in accordance with their likelihood of bringing pleasure and pain.

104. JEREMY BENTHAM Devised the Pseudo-mathematical formula called “felicific calculus” which states that individuals are human calculators who put all the factors into an equation in order to decide whether a particular crime is worth committing or not.

105. JEREMY BENTHAM He reasoned that in order to deter individuals from committing crimes, the punishment, or pain, must be greater than the satisfaction, or pleasure, he would gain from committing the crime.

106. JEREMY BENTHAM Also developed the “greatest happiness theory” or “principle of utility” which states that the greatest good is what is good for the majority of the people. Designed the “panopticon prison” from the word “opticon” which means all seeing.

107. HEDONISM Person always acts in such a way to seek pleasure and avoid pain. UTILITARIANISM Also called as Greatest Happiness Principle/Principle of Utility. What is right is the one that would cause the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Other pertinent information

108. MODERN OUTGROWTHS OF CLASSICAL SCHOOL DETERRENCE The prevention of a certain acts through fear or punishment. JUST DESERT Offenders deserve the punishment they received at the hands of the law.

109. TYPES OF DETERRENCE GENERAL DETERRENCE Hinges on the fear of criminal penalties to public. SPECIFIC DETERRENCE Convince the convicted offenders not to repeat their act. ABSOLUTE DETERRENCE People will not commit crime because of a formal law being implemented.

110. ELEMENTS OF DETERRENCE CELERITY - punishment must be swift to be effective. Swift means occurring suddenly or within a very short time. CERTAINTY - no one may take as substitute for the punishment of the one who violated the law. SEVERITY- must be severe enough to outweigh the rewards of the illegal action.

111. NEO-CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY

112. NEO-CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY Founded by William Blackstone. This theory modified the doctrine of free will by stating that free will of men may be affected by other factors and crime is committed due to some compelling reasons that prevail. These causes are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any condition that will make it possible for the individual to exercise free will entirely. In the study of legal provisions, this is termed as either mitigating or exempting circumstances.

113. POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY

114. ELEMENTS OF POSITIVISM The first is the belief that human behavior is a function of the internal and external forces. Some of these forces are social, such as the effect of wealth and class, political and historical such as war and famine, other forces are more personal and psychological, such as an individual’s brain or mental ability.

115. ELEMENTS OF POSITIVISM The second aspect is embracing the scientific method to solve problems. Positivists would agree that an abstract concept such as “intelligence” exists because it can be measured by an IQ test. They would challenge a concept such as the “soul” because it is a condition that cannot be verified by the scientific method. The positivists tradition was popularized by Charles Darwin whose worked on the evolution o man encouraged a 19th century cult of science.

116. FOUNDERS OF THE POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY

117. AUGUST COMTE Considered as the Father of Sociology and Positivism. Reinvented the French term Sociologie. A shift from philosophical to a scientific perspective. Positive theorists were the first to claim the importance of looking at individual difference among criminals.

118. CHARLES DARWIN Popularized the methods and traditions of positivism. Behavior is genetic and passed down from one generation to another. Developed the theory of “Evolution of Species” that God did not make all the various species of animals in 2 days, as the biblical teaching does.

119. THEORY OF EVOLUTION People had evolved from lower forms of life over millions of years through the process of adoptive mutation and natural selection that later on led to his conclusion that man was traced to have originated from the animal of the anthropoid group called apes. According to Darwin, human like other animals are parasite. Man is an organism having an animalistic behavior that is dependent on other animals for survival.

120. THEORY OF EVOLUTION Rooted in Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which explains the existence of aggression and violent behavior as positive adaptive behaviors in human evolution ; these traits allowed their bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which had an effect on the human gene pool.

121. THEORY OF EVOLUTION These traits allowed their bearers to reproduce disproportionately, which has had an effect on human gene pool. Criminal genetics passed down through generation.

122. GIAMBATTISTA DELA PORTA An Italian physicist who founded the school of human physiognomy which deals with scientific explanation of the relationship between the facial features of man to his behavior.

123. JOHANN KASPAR LAVATER Swiss theologian who believed that people’s true characteristics and inclinations could be read from their facial feature with emphasis on the shape of their ears, nose, and eyes and the distances between them in correlation to anti-social behavior.

124. FRANZ JOSEPH GALL A renowned neuro-anatomist and physiologist and a pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain developed cranioscopy – the study of personality and development of mental and moral faculties based on the external shape of the skull.

125. JOHANN KASPAR SPURZHEIM A German Phrenologist and assistant to Gall who concluded that the shape of the skull and bumps on the head are directly related to criminal behavior (Phrenology).

126. EARNEST HOOTON Criminals are originally inferior and that crimes is the result of the impact of environment. TALL THIN MEN tend to commit forgery and fraud. UNDERSIZED MEN are thieves and burglar. SHORT HEAVY PERSON commits assault, rape, and other sex crimes.

127. CHARLES BUCKMAN GORING He believed that criminal traits can be passed from parents to offspring through the genes. He proposed that individuals who possess criminal characteristics should be prohibited from having children.

128. SCHULSINGER Found criminality in adoptive boys to be higher when biological fathers had criminal records.

129. HUTCHINGS & MEDNICK Studied 1,145 male adoptees with criminal records and found the criminality of the biological father was a major predictor of the child’s behavior.

130. FRANCIS GALTON He developed “EUGENICS” or the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics. Developed largely as a method of improving the human race.

131. PHILIPPE PINEL One of the founders of French Psychiatry, claimed that some people behave abnormally even without being mentally ill. He coined the phrase “manie sans delire” to denote what eventually was referred to as “psychopathic personality”.

132. PSYCHOPATHS Sociologist called as Sociopaths. No sense of guilt and no subjective conscience. No sense of right and wrong. Difficulty in forming relationships with other people. They cannot relate to another people.

133. CYRIL BURT Gave the Theory of Emotionality. An excess of the submissive instinct account for tendency of many criminals to be weak-willed or easily led. Fear and absconding may due to the impulse of fear.

134. CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY IDIOTS Unable to guard themselves and mentally compared to 2 years old. IMBECILES Mentally compared to 2 to 7 years old.

135. CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY FEEBLE-MINDED PERSONS Not amount to imbecility. MORAL DEFECTIVENESS Defect exist coupled with strong vicious or criminal propensities.

136. HENRY MAUDSLEY An English Physician who believed that insanity and criminal behavior were strongly linked.

137. ALFRED BINET Developed the 1st IQ TEST. Measured the capacity of individual children to perform tasks or some problems.

138. CESARE LOMBROSO Ezchia Marco “Cesare” Lombroso. Known as the Father of Modern and Empirical Criminology. Studied the cadavers of executed criminals in an effort to scientifically determine whether law violators were physically different from people of conventional values and behavior.

139. BORN CRIMINALS According to Lombroso, they inherited physical problems that impelled them into a life of crime. The born criminals suffer from “atavistic anomalies” physically they are throwbacks to more primitive times when people were savages.

140. ATAVISM Also called as Throwbacks. The return of a trait or reappearance of previous behavior after a period of absence. The person did not fully revolved.

141. ATAVISTIC STIGMATA Physical features of creatures at an earlier stage of development. Criminals are di stinguished to non criminals due to this concept. Supported the idea that a criminal is a biologically and physically inferior person. Criminals usually possess huge jaws and strong canine teeth; arm span is greater than height.

142. OTHER PHYSICAL STIGMATA Excessive dimensions of the jaw and cheekbones. Eye defects and peculiarities. Ears of unusual size. Nose twisted. Upturned or flattened in thieves. Fleshy lips. Swollen and protruding lips. Pouches in the cheek like those of animal’s toes.

143. TYPES OF CRIMINALS (Lombroso) BORN CRIMINALS- inherited criminal behavior/at least 5 stigmata. CRIMINAL BY PASSION/CRIMINALOIDS- easily influenced by great emotions. INSANE CRIMINALS- due to abnormalities/ psychological disorders. OCCASIONAL- due to insignificant reasons that pushed them to do at given occasion. PSEUDO CRIMINALS- those who kill in self defense.

144. ENRICO FERRI He was the best known Lombroso’s associate, although he agreed with Lombroso on the biological bases of criminal behavior, his interest in socialism led him to recognize the importance of social, economic and political determinants. He believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible for their crimes because they did not choose to commit crimes but rather, were driven to commit them by conditions in their lives.

145. RAFFAELE GAROFALO Rejected the doctrine of free will and supported that the only way to understand crime was to study it by scientific methods. He was also influenced on Lombroso’s theory of atavistic stigmata; he traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical features but to their psychological equivalents, which he called moral anomalies.

146. RAFFAELE GAROFALO According to his theory, natural crimes are found in all human societies, regardless of the views of the lawmakers, and no civilized society can afford to disregard them. Natural crimes are those that offend the basic moral sentiments of probity (respect for property of others) and piety (revulsion against infliction of pain to others).

147. TYPES OF CRIMINALS (Garofalo) MURDERERS- those who satisfied from revenge. VIOLENT CRIMINALS- those who commit serious crimes. DEFICIENT- those who commit crimes against property. LASCIVIOUS- those who commit crimes against chastity.

148. HOLY TRINITY OF CRIMINOLOGY Cesare Lombroso. Raffaele Garofalo. Enrico Ferri.

149. PERSONALITY DISORDERS

150. PERSONALITY DISORDERS Formerly known as CHARACTER DISORDERS. A class of personality types and behavior defined as “an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the culture of the individual who exhibits it”. Those individuals who begin to develop a maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a result of family, social and cultural influences.

151. TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS

152. PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER Suspiciousness, hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive self-importance and argumentativeness plus a tendency to blame others for one’s own mistakes.

153. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Exhibit odd behaviors based on a belief in magic or superstition and may report unusual perceptual experiences.

154. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER Live a solitary life with little interest in developing friendships. Emotional coldness, detachment or a constricted effect. Characterized by lack of interest in social relationships, a tendency towards a solitary lifestyle, secretiveness and emotional coldness.

155. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER Attempt to be the center of attention through the used of theatrical and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual adjustment is poor and interpersonal relationships are stormy. Characterized by excessive emotionality and attention-seeking including an excessive need for approval and inappropriate seductiveness usually beginning in early adulthood.

156. NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER Pervasive sense of self-importance. Caused by excessive praise and criticism in childhood particularly that from parental figures.

157. ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Lifelong history of inability to conform to social norms. Irritable and aggressive. Have high prevalence of morbid substance abuse disorders.

158. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER Instability reflected in drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. Acute sensitive to real or imagined abandonment and have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense interpersonal relationships that alternate between extreme idealization and devaluation.

159. AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER Fearful of becoming involved with people because of excessive fears of criticism or rejection.

160. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER Inability to make even daily decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others and needs others to assume responsibility for major areas of his or her life.

161. COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER Excessive concern with rules, order efficiency and work coupled with insistence that everyone do their things their way and an ability to express warm feelings.

162. PASSIVE AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER Found to have overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that the person comes to anticipate that his needs will always be met and gratified.

163. HSYTERICAL PERSONALITY DISORDER Easily excitable, emotional instability, dramatic need for attention, immature, tendency to sexualize contacts with the opposite sex.

164. SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY

165. SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY The foundations of sociological criminology can be traced to the works of pioneering sociologists Adolphe Quetelet and Emil Durkheim. Quetelet instigated the use of data and statistics in performing criminological research while Durkheim defined crime as a normal and necessary social event.

166. SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS Things, places and people with whom we come in contact with and which play a part in determining our actions and conduct.

167. FOUNDERS OF THE SOCIOLOGICAL CRIMINOLOGY

168. ADOLPHE QUETELET & GUERRY Introduced the Thermic Law of Delinquency. Repudiated the Free Will Doctrine. Founder of the Cartographic School of Criminology. Founder of Moral Statistics. First Scientific Criminologists. Father of Modern Sociological and Psychological Statistics.

169. ADOLPHE QUETELET & GUERRY A Belgian mathematician, who began (along with Frenchman, Andre Michel Guerry) what is known as the “Cartographic school of Criminology”. Statistical data provided important demographic information on the population, including density, gender, religious and wealth.

170. ADOLPHE QUETELET & GUERRY Quetelet also uncovered evidence that season, climate, population composition and poverty were related to criminality. More specifically, he found that crime rates were greatest in the summer, in southern areas, among heterogeneous populations, and among the poor and uneducated. SUMMER - crimes against persons. COLDER - crimes against property.

171. DAVID EMILE DURKHEIM According to Durkheim, crime is part of human nature because it has existed during periods of both poverty and prosperity. Crime is normal because it is virtually impossible to imagine a society in which criminal behavior is totally absent. He believed that the inevitability of crime is linked to the differences (heterogeneity) within society. He also argued that crime can be useful and on occasion, even healthy for society.

172. How criminologists study crime? Criminologists use a wide variety of research technique to measure the nature and extent of criminal behavior. To understand and evaluate theories and patterns of criminal behavior, it is important to understand how these data are collected. SURVEY RESEARCH- designed to measure the attitudes, beliefs, values, personal traits and behavior of participants.

173. TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH SAMPLING Refers to the process of selecting for study a limited number of subjects who are representative of entire groups sharing similar characteristics, called population. CROSS-SECTIONAL RESEARCH A type of observational research that analyzes data of variables collected at one given point in time across a sample population or a pre-defined subset.

174. TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH SELF-SURVEY REPORTS Ask participants to describe in detail their recent and lifetime criminal activity. AGGREGATE DATA RESEARCH It tells about the effect of social trends and patterns on the crime rate, it can also used to focus on the social forces that affect crime.

175. TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH COHORT RESEARCH Involves observing a group of people who share a like characteristic over time.

176. TYPES OF COHORT RESEARCH LONGITUDINAL Selecting subjects and following their behavior pattern for 20 years. RETROSPECTIVE Looking back into early life experiences of subjects.

177. TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Involves the manipulation or intervention in the lives of their subjects to see the outcome or effect of the intervention. ELEMENTS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH Random selection of subjects. A control or comparison group. Experimental condition.

178. TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH TIME-SERIES DESIGN Choosing an event in time and examining specific data prior to and subsequent to this event to determine whether the law can be linked to a change in behavior.

179. TYPES OF SURVEY RESEARCH OBSERVATIONAL & INTERVIEW RESEARCH Focus the research on a relatively few subjects, interviewing them in depth or observing as they go about their activities.

180. PHYSIOLOGY/SOMATOTYPING THEORY Study of build of a person in relation to his temperament and personality and the type of offense he is most prone to commit.

181. SOMATOTYPING THEORY (ERNEST KRETSCHMER) Considered as the European Somatotyping. ASTHENIC- lean, narrow shoulders, thin, small and weak.  ATHLETIC- strong, muscular.  PYKNIC- stout, round, and fat. DYSPLASTIC- combination of two body types.

182. SOMATOTYPING THEORY (WILLIAM SHELDON) Considered as the American Somatotyping. MESOMORPHS - have well- developed muscles and an athletic appearance, they are active,  aggressive, sometimes violent, and the most likely to become criminals. ENDOMORPHS- have heavy builds and are slow moving, they are known for lethargic  behavior rendering them unlikely to commit violent crime and more willing to engage in less  strenuous criminal activities such as fencing stolen property. 

183. ECTOMORPHS- are tall, thin and less social and more intellectual than other types. SOMATOTYPING THEORY (WILLIAM SHELDON)

184. TEMPERAMENTS CEREBROTONIC Introvert which are prone to allergies. ROMOTONIC Active, dynamic, and aggressive individuals. VISCERETONIC Relax, comfortable, small person and extroverts.

185. VICTIMOLOGY

186. VICTIMOLOGY Study of the role of the victim in the commission of a crime. Study of crime targets. It came from the word “victima” which means fear. VICTIM- individuals whose rights were violated by another.

187. TYPOLOGY OF CRIMINAL VICTIMS

188. GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS THE YOUNG Weaken by virtue of age and immaturity. THE FEMALE Often less physically powerful and easily dominated by males. THE OLD Incapable of physical defense and the common object of confidence scheme.

189. GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS THE MENTALLY DEFECTIVE Those that are unable to think clearly. THE IMMIGRANT Those that are unsure of the rules of conduct in the surrounding society. THE MINORITIES Racial prejudice may lead to victimization or unequal treatment by the agency of justice.

190. GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS THE DEPRESSED Submissive person by virtue of emotional condition. THE WANTON/OVERLY SENSUAL Ruled by passion and thoughtlessly seeking pleasure. THE LONESOME Victim by virtue of wanting.

191. GENERAL CLASSES OF VICTIMS THE ACQUISITIVE/GREEDY Person who wants more than what is sufficient makes a natural victim of crime. THE HEARTBROKEN A victim who asked for it, often from his own family or friends.

192. BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN Considered as the Father of Victimology. Studied General Victimology and Typology of crime victims.

193. PENAL COUPLE Relationship between the victim and the criminal. VICTIMAL The victim counterpart of the criminal. VICTIMITY Signifies the opposite of criminality. LOSER The attacker but the situation is reversed. Important terminologies

194. DYNAMICS OF VICTIMIZATION

195. VICTIMS OF CRIME MODEL (Bard & Sangrey) THREE STAGES INVOLVED IN ANY VICTIMIZATION STAGE OF IMPACT/DISORGANIZATION Stage during and immediately following the criminal event. STAGE OF RECOIL Victim formulates psychological defenses. REORGANIZATION STAGE Victim puts her life back to normal being.

196. DISASTER VICTIM’S MODEL Explain the coping behavior of victims of natural disaster. FOUR STAGES OF EXECUTION PRE IMPACT- victims condition before victimization. IMPACT- victimization occur. POST-IMPACT- degree and duration of victimization. BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME- victim’s adjustment to the victimization experience.

197. VICTIMOLOGY & DAMAGES LOGOMACY We have no crime if we had no criminal law . MORAL DAMAGES Awarded to a person’s physical suffering. ACTUAL/COMPENSATORY DAMAGES For pecuniary loss. NOMINAL DAMAGES When right is violated.

198. SOCIETY INTEREST TO CRIME CRIME IS PERVASIVE Nearly all participants of the community became a victim. CRIME IS EXPENSIVE Government and private sector used lot of money to fight criminality. CRIME IS DESTRUCTIVE Lives have been vanished and property have been lost.

199. SOCIETY INTEREST TO CRIME CRIME IS REFLECTIVE Crime rate reflect on the social defenses. CRIME IS PROGRESSIVE Volume of crime is on account of the ever-increasing population.

200. THEORIES OF VICTIMIZATION

201. ACTIVE PRECIPITATION THEORY Also called as “Victim Precipitation Theory”. Occurs when the victim act provocatively, uses threats or fighting words, or even attacks first.

202. PASSIVE PRECIPITATION THEORY Victim exhibits some personal characteristics that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker.

203. LIFESTYLE THEORY People may become crime victims because their lifestyle increases their exposure to criminal offenders. Risk is increased by such behaviors as associating with young  men, going out late at night, and living in an urban area. 

204. DEVIANT PLACE THEORY Victims do not encourage crime but are  crime victim because they reside in socially disorganized high crime areas where they have the  greatest risk of coming into contact with criminal offenders, irrespective of their own behavior  or lifestyle. Deviant places are poor, densely populated, highly transient neighborhoods in which  commercial and residential property exist side by side.  

205. ROUTINE ACTIVITIES THEORY First articulated in a series of papers by Lawrence Cohen and  Marcus Felson in which they concluded that the volume and distribution of predatory crime are  closely related to the interaction of three variables that reflect the routine activities. The availability of suitable targets. Absence of capable guardians. Presence of motivated offenders.

206. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF LAW

207. LAW Law is the rule of conduct, just and obligatory, laid down by the legitimate authority for the common welfare and benefit of the people.

208. THREE BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT LEGISLATIVE- branch of the government that enact/create/make laws. EXECUTIVE- execute or implement laws enacted by the Legislative Branch. JUDICIARY- interpret the laws.

209. PROVERBS 3:5-6 Trust in the LORD with all your heart, and do not lean on your own understanding. In all your ways acknowledge Him, and He will make straight your paths.