Crime and Deviance

Topic of Sociology, Crime and Deviance, Norms and Crime/Deviance, Introduction, Legally Deviant Behavior, Illegally Deviant Behavior, Criminal Behavior, Reasons People Commit Crimes and deviance, Deviance and crime, Group deviance, Three views of deviance, Biological, Psychological, Sociological, Structural-Functionalist Perspectives, Reinforcement theories, Differential association theory, Social conflict perspectives, Symbolic integrationists perspectives, Labeling theory, William Chambliss Experiment, Experiment by D.L Rosenhan, Crime, Crime Classification, Types of Crime, How is crime reported?, Recording Crime, Measures of crime, CRIME AND GENDER, CRIME AND AGE, ETHNIC GROUP/ETHNICITY, INSTITUTIONAL RACISM, Crime And Ethnicity, Crime And Social Class, Occupational Crime, Professional Crime Corporate Crime, Computer Crime, The criminal justice system, Police Duties, The criminal justice system, Justifications of punishment, Retributive justice, Social control

1. CRIME & déviance

2. Norms and Crime/Deviance The cultures that societies create are built out of norms. These norms represent the values of the group. When individuals and groups deviate from norms, society responds. Deviance can range from chewing gum in the wrong place to capital murder and beyond.

3. Introduction Crime is behaviour that breaks the formal written laws of a society. If someone commits a crime they can be arrested , charged and prosecuted . Actions can be illegal but not deviant .

4. Introduction Deviance is behaviour which does not comply with the dominant norms of a specific society. If people are seen as deviant it can lead to negative sanctions such as being told off or ridiculed .

5. Legally Deviant Behavior 5 Gary, walked through his local library whilst talking loudly on his mobile phone. This is legally deviant as he is not breaking any law , he is just acting socially unacceptable.

6. Illegally Deviant Behavior 6 Robert, punched a old lady in the face . This is illegally deviant as he committed an assault , the fact that he punched an old lady also makes the matter worse.

7. Criminal Behavior 7 Sam, illegally downloads thousands of songs for her mp3 player. Sam is a criminal as she is breaking the copyright act . She is not a deviant as what she is doing is not hurting anyone .

8. Reasons People Commit Crimes and deviance INFLUENCES [Drugs | Alcohol] PEER PRESSURE DESPERATION GREED HATE BOREDOM OR LONLINESS

9. Deviance and crime Not all deviance is crime, and not all crime is deviant. Deviance is in the “ eye of the beholder. ”

10. Group deviance 10 Deviance occurs, not only at the individual level, but also among groups. Corporations, governments, organizations, and social groups can all take part in deviance. There are deviant subcultures , ranging from the homeless to religious cults to punks.

11. Three views of deviance 11 Biological Psychological Sociological The biological and psychological perspectives locate deviance in the person, while sociological perspectives locate deviance in the act.

12. Biological Perspectives 12 Cesar Lombroso theory:- Criminal man :“criminal man” was atavistic, or less evolved and closer to apes or Neanderthals, than were non criminals. Criminal female : Female “born criminals” were, however, fewer in number and more difficult to detect.

13. Biological Perspectives 13 Charles Goring (1972) demonstrated that both criminals and non criminals shared the physical features (stigmata) identified by Lombroso. Earnest Hooton conclude that criminals were “organically inferior” and that genetic “criminal stock” surfaced occasionally.

14. Biological Perspectives 14 William Sheldon concluded that muscular bodies (which he associated with aggression) indicated a criminal type. Psychophysiology The science that deals with the interplay between psychological and physiological processes.

15. Sociological Perspectives 15 Functionalist Reinforcement Conflict Symbolic integrationists Chicago School

16. Structural-Functionalist Perspectives 16 Durkheim Influence : -Moral boundaries a shared sense of acceptable behavior that establishes right and wrong as well as sanctions for behaviors that fall outside permissible bounds

17. Structural-Functionalist Perspectives 17 Social Bonds Durkheim argued that social bonds were stronger in preindustrial societies than in industrial societies Anomie Uncomfortable and unfamiliar state of normalessness that results when shared norms or guidelines break down. structural-strain theory Anomie results from inconsistencies between the culturally approved means to achieve goals and those actual goals.

18. Structural-Functionalist Perspectives 18 Innovation People accept culturally approved goals Rejection Rejection of the culturally approved goals Ritualism It occurs when someone is unsuccessful at achieving the goals Retreatism It occurs when both culturally approved goals and means are rejected.

19. Structural-Functionalist Perspectives 19 Opportunity Structures Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin explained deviance as : to achieve legitimate goals, a person also has to have access to illegitimate opportunities. Albert Cohen theory Blocked opportunities lead to subcultures that value other attributes (e.g., stealing rather than buying). Social-control theories This theory ask not why people deviate, but rather why they conform.

20. Reinforcement theories 20 Deviance is seen as learned, even normalized, behavior. We act based on perceived rewards and costs, which may be economic, social, and so on. Differential association is one of the better known reinforcement theories.

21. Differential association theory 21 Differential association theory states that individuals have a greater tendency to deviate from societal norms when they frequently associated with those who are more favorably inclined towards deviance and conformity

22. Social conflict perspectives 22 It is based on early observations of crime in capitalist society made by Friedrich Engels. It became major criminological perspective during the 1970s and 1980s, Laws are written to target the lower classes. Cost of corporate crimes outstrips the cost of street crimes

23. Social conflict perspectives 23 Crime control is in reality class control! It also focuses on the influence of inequality beyond class. Hate crimes : Crimes that are committed based on the victims’ characteristics such as race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or religion.

24. Symbolic integrationists perspectives 24 It contains three theories: Labeling theory Medicalization of deviance Cultural transmission theory These theories focus on our definitions of situations and the argument that our self-concepts are based on other’s perceptions.

25. Labeling theory 25 It is the response of others that defines (labels) the behavior as deviant and impacts further deviance. Primary deviance : It is violations of social norms that go undiscovered or are considered excusable by others. Secondary deviance : Deviance committed as a result of the reactions of others to previous deviant behavior. Self-fulfilling prophecy : The person develops a self-concept based on the label and acts based upon that self-concept.

26. Labeling theory An art student told that she had excellent talent An art student told that she had no talent

27. Labeling theory Negative labels can become a stigma that is a powerful negative label that changes a person’s social identity and how they see themselves.

28. William Chambliss Experiment

29. EXPERIMENT BY WILLIAM CHAMBLISS One from upper middle class- the saints They were indulged in crimes i.e. Drinking, theft etc Saints were never arrested. Saints have cars to get away from the situation Saints were labeled as good college boys playing pranks when caught Their labels impacted their future lives. One is poor –the roughnecks They were indulged in crimes i.e. Drinking, theft etc Roughnecks were arrested more than once. Roughnecks have few automobiles Roughnecks were labeled as troublemakers. Their labels impacted their future lives. SAINTS ROUGHNECKS

30. The Medicalization of Deviance 30 This means that, issues that were formerly defined in moral or legal terms have become redefined as medical issues. Mental illness is a highly debated and highly stigmatized disorder . Social psychologist D. L. Rosenhan demonstrated how powerfully these labels of mental illness stick.

31. Experiment by D.L Rosenhan He sent eight volunteer pseudo patients to a mental hospital Each complained only of hearing voices that mentioned the emptiness of life Each pseudo-student was diagnosed as schizophrenia No staff ever recognized any of these pseudo patients as frauds. Other patients, however, did suspect them of being “not crazy” When cured they were labeled as schizophrenia “in remission”

32. Cultural-transmission theories 32 Says that deviance is learned and shared through interaction with others. A widely tested theory drawing from this perspective is the theory of differential association.

33. Differential association theory 33 It says that deviance results from interacting with deviant associates. Critics of differential association note that children having weak bonds to their parents are those most likely to engage in deviance .

34. Crime 35 Crime Crimes are acts defined as so unacceptable they are prohibited by a code of laws. Criminologists "The sociologist or other social scientists who study the criminal justice system , criminal law, and order "

35. Crime Classification 36 crimes are divided into felonies and misdemeanors based on a seriousness of the crime sociologists categorize crimes based on how they are committed and how society views the offense conventional or street crime is all violent crime.

36. Types of Crime 37 Following are types of crime: Occupational or white collar crime Corporate crime Organized crime Political crime

37. Types of Crime 38 Occupational or white-collar "These crimes are illegal activities committed by people in the course of their employment or financial affairs“ White collar crimes generally generates less concern in the public mind than other types of crime.

38. Types of Crime 39 Corporate crime "It is an illegal act committed by corporate employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support“ It deals with the company as a whole.

39. Types of Crime 40 Organized crime "It is a business operation that supplies illegal goods and services for profit“ Such as: Drug trade Illegal gambling Weapons smuggling Money laundering

40. Types of Crime 41 Political crime "It refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the usurpation of power by government officials“ illegal unethical acts perpetrated against the government by outsiders seeking to make a political statement.

41. How is crime reported? 42 UCR —Uniform Crime Reports NCVS —National Crime Victimization Survey

42. How is crime reported? 43 Uniform Crime Report: The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), as its name suggests, is a record of all officially reported criminal activity. It does not represent prosecutions, but rather represents actual crime reported to law enforcement. Additionally, the UCR focuses on serious, often violent, crime.

43. How is crime reported? 44 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) This survey compiles data based on self-report by victims, as collected by workers from the Bureau of the Census. As estimates of unreported crime go as high as 50 percent, it seems especially critical to include unreported crime to some degree.

44. Recording Crime 45 Official Statistics A set of statistics generated from data gathered by the government or other official organizations. Often used as secondary data in social research.

45. Recording Crime 46 If a crime is observed and identified as a crime, the police may be informed. However, if the crime has not been detected it cannot be reported to the police neither can it be included in official statistics. This is the reason many crimes occur but go undetected

46. Recording Crime 47 Reasons why not all crimes are included in the official crime statistics: Victim of crime is a criminal themselves Victim feels crime is too personal. Institutional crime may be swept under carpet. Due to fear of bad press. Lack of confidence. Blackmailing. Embarrassment.

47. Measures of crime Victim Surveys: Surveys the public asking them to report any crimes committed against them and whether or not they reported these crimes. Advantages Disadvantages May uncover hidden figure of crime Not all crimes reported Local geo-graphic data generated Participants may lie In some cases victims can not be questioned

48. Measures of crime 49 Self Report Surveys Self report surveys of the population which ask them to confess to crime they have committed but for which they were not caught

49. CRIME AND GENDER More crimes appear to be committed by males Females more likely to be involved in property offences or shoplifting Males involve in violence and sexual offences

50. CRIME AND GENDER 51 Why Males Commit More Crimes Than Females Men have more social pressure to provide for a family, and less social support when they need it...which is why men represent between 70% and 90% of the homeless, and men also successfully commit suicide between 3 and 4 times more often than women.

51. CRIME AND GENDER 52 Why Males Commit More Crimes Than Females Different Socialisation Processes: socialisation play its part encouraging males from a young age to take risks, to be tough and aggressive. Whereas girls adopt qualities and expectations which see them abide by the law.

52. CRIME AND GENDER 53 Why Males Commit More Crimes Than Females Social Control : Men may constrain women into ‘home’ lives limiting their freedom due to the care of the family being imposed on them. The media creates expectations of women too.

53. CRIME AND GENDER 54 Why Males Commit More Crimes Than Females Chivalry thesis : it means treating others especially women with courtesy, sympathy and respect. It states that women are treated more leniently than men by criminal justice system. A man may be arrested, police may let women off with a warning.

54. CRIME AND GENDER 55 Why Males Commit More Crimes Than Females Chivalry thesis : It is also a fact that men on average receive much longer and harsher sentences for the exact same crimes as women do. In many cases a woman gets a slap on the wrist for committing a crime while a man will get jail time for it. Our society is effete up and the justice system shows a lot of favoritism toward females.

55. CRIME AND GENDER 56 Why Males Commit More Crimes Than Females Inaccurate Statistics : Statistics which show men commit more crime than women could be representative of the labelling of men as criminals and police going out to look for male offenders ignoring female criminals.

56. CRIME AND AGE 57 Arrest rates for crimes are highest for people between the ages of 13 and 25, with the most between 16 and 17. Rates of arrest are higher for males than females at every age and for nearly all offences.

57. ETHNIC GROUP/ETHNICITY 58 An ethnic group or ethnicity is a socially-defined category of people who identify with each other based on common ancestral, social, cultural or national experience. Example: many American citizens share certain cultural characteristics, such as celebrating Thanksgiving and valuing democracy, despite varying racial origins

58. INSTITUTIONAL RACISM 59 Institutional racism “ is a pattern of social institutions — such as governmental organizations, schools, banks, and courts of law — giving negative treatment to a group of people based on their race ”

59. EXAMPLE One example of institutional racism is the barring of African-American students from attending certain public schools, which limited the students' educational opportunities and helped prevent them from achieving a status equal to that of others

60. 61 Reasons why some ethnic groups seem to commit more crime Institutional Racism; Police officials belonging to certain ethnic groups may set out to punish members of other ethnic groups whilst protecting their own . Crime And Ethnicity

61. 62 Reasons why some ethnic groups seem to commit more crime Relative Deprivation; Foreign workers are usually left with low paying manual jobs , thus meaning they may not be able to afford material goods and so obtain these desirables illegally . Crime And Ethnicity

62. 63 Reasons why some ethnic groups seem to commit more crime Labelling; If a police officer labels a particular ethnic group as criminals he will go out and arrest more criminals belonging to that ethnic group , whilst ignoring other crimes. Crime And Ethnicity

63. 64 Reasons why some ethnic groups seem to commit more crime Racism; White police officers may purposely prosecute or dig deeper into crimes involving different ethnic groups due to a racial hatred for such a group. This may also mean they ignore cases where a certain ethnic minority has fallen victim . Racism; White police officers may even frame Black or Asian criminals with crimes they did not commit . Crime And Ethnicity

64. INSTITUTIONAL RACISM 65 Reasons why the poor commit more crime. Poor Socialisation Relative Deprivation Anomie ; Society does not provide enough opportunities for people to succeed, therefore some turn their back on society and cause trouble Education ; More likely to be in low sets, get low paying job, struggle for money, so turn to illegal ways of obtaining it.

65. 66 Reasons why the poor commit more crime. Poor Socialisation Relative Deprivation Anomie ; Society does not provide enough opportunities for people to succeed, therefore some turn their back on society and cause trouble Education ; More likely to be in low sets, get low paying job, struggle for money, so turn to illegal ways of obtaining it. Crime And Social Class

66. 67 White Colour Crime; Involves middle class people, who commit crimes during work hours. 4 Main Types: Occupational Crime Professional Crime Corporate Crime Computer Crime Crime And Social Class

67. 68 WHITE COLLAR CRIME White Colour Crime is difficult to deal with as; Judges Are Often From Similar Social Backgrounds To White Collar Criminals Compared to Burglary and Assault it is not dangerous to the public. There are usually no victims and no one person is impaired The media does not show WCC as serious Crime And Social Class

68. 69 the criminal justice system includes the police, the courts, and prisons the system is a collection of bureaucracies The system possesses considerable discretion the use of personal judgment regarding whether to take action on a situation and so what kind of action to take the police are responsible for crime control and maintenance of order the courts determine the guilt or innocence of those accused to committing a crime The criminal justice system

69. 70 punishment is any action designed to deprive a person of the things of value including Liberty because of something that the person is thought to have done Disparate treatment of the poor, people of color, and women is evident in the prison system the medicalization of deviance is the transformation of deviance into a medical problem that requires treatment by physician The criminal justice system

70. 71 for many years capital punishment or the death penalty has been used in the United States about 4000 executions have occurred in the U.S. since 1930, and scholars document race and class biases in the imposition of the death penalty in this country The criminal justice system

71. 72 Although many people in the United States agree that crime is one of the most important problems facing the country, they are divided about what to do about it the best approach for reducing delinquency and crime is prevention work with people before they become juvenile offenders so as to help them establish family relationships, of self-esteem, choose a career, and get an education which will help them pursue the Career What to do about crime

72. 73 as long as racism, sexism, the class system, and ageism exist in our society people will see deviant and criminal behavior through selective lenses What to do about crime

73. 74 global crime networking of powerful criminal organizations and their associates and shared activities around the world is relatively new phenomenon networking and strategic alliances between criminal networks have been key factors in successive criminal organizations that have sought to expand the criminal activities over the past two decades The global criminal economy

74. 75 recent studies have concluded that reducing global crime will require a global response including the cooperation of law-enforcement agencies prosecutors and intelligence services across geopolitical boundaries. The global criminal economy

75. 76 Social Control INFORMAL AGENTS FORMAL AGENTS Parents School School Teachers Employer Media Legal System Charity Groups Sub-cultures / peers Religion Police Officers Celebrity Role Models

76. 77 The system is a collection of bureaucracies The system possesses considerable discretion the use of personal judgment regarding whether to take action on a situation and so what kind of action to take The criminal justice system includes the police, the courts, and system of punishment. Police is responsible for crime control and maintenance of order The criminal justice system

77. Police Duties The more serious situation , more likely to make an arrest Take account the victim’s wishes The odds of arrest go up, the more uncooperative the suspect is More likely to arrest someone, they have arrested before

78. Police Duties Presence of observers may increase the chances to arrest. Police officers are more likely to arrest people of different ethnic groups . 2. Courts determine the guilt or innocence of those accused to committing a crime.

79. 80 Guilty plea is a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant’s guilty appeal . 3. Punishment is any action designed to deprive a person of the things of value including Liberty because of something that the person is thought to have done. The criminal justice system

80. Justifications of punishment. There are four justifications of punishments given as: Retribution. Deterrence. Rehabilitation. Societal protection.

81. Retributive justice. An act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime. It is the oldest justification to satisfy people’s need for Retribution.

82. Deterrence Deterrence is the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment. Specific deterrence is used to convince an individual offender that crime doesn’t pay General Deterrence says that the punishment of one person serves as an example to others.

83. Rehabilitation A program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses. It is the third justification of punishment and it arose in nineteenth century .

84. Societal protection. Societal protection i s rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution.

85. 86 F or many years capital punishment or the death penalty has been used in the United States about 4000 executions have occurred in the U.S. since 1930, and scholars document race and class biases in the imposition of the death penalty in this country Capital Punishment

86. 87 Although many people in the world agree that crime is one of the most important problems facing the country, they are divided about what to do about it, the best approach for reducing delinquency and crime is prevention work with people before they become juvenile offenders so as to help them establish family relationships, of self-esteem, choose a career, and get an education which will help them pursue the Career What to do about crime

87. 88 A s long as racism, sexism, the class system , and ageism exist in our society people will see deviant and criminal behavior through selective lenses What to do about crime

88. Social control   Social control  refers generally to societal and political mechanisms or processes that regulate individual and group behavior in an attempt to gain conformity and compliance  to the rules of a given society, state, or social group.