CROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY.pptx

Genetic variation is crucial for successful barley improvement. Genomic technologies are improving dramatically and are providing access to the genetic diversity within this important crop species. Diverse collections of barley germplasm are being assembled and mined via genome-wide association studies and the identified variation can be linked to the barley sequence assembly. Introgression of favorable alleles via marker-assisted selection is now faster and more efficient due to the availability of single nucleotide polymorphism platforms. High-throughput genotyping is also making genomic selection an essential tool in modern barley breeding.

1. CROP IMPROVEMENT IN BARLEY PB-327 CROP IMPROVEMENT –II(RABI CROP) PRESENTED BY: SOUMYASHREE PRIYADARSHI

2. INTRODUCTION : Barley is the important and oldest cereal grain cultivated for food. It is a cool season crop but it can tolerate high temperature if the humidity is low. The major production areas are: Europe, North Africa, Ethiopia, Near East region, China, India, Canada and the USA. Barley is mainly used for food, animal feed and brewing malts. It has lower nutritional value than wheat. It contains 77% carbohydrate,1.2% fat & 9.9% protein .

3. Botanical description S/N - Hordeum vulgare Family - Poaceae ( Gramineae ) C/N – 2n=2X=14 Pollination behaviour-Self pollinated Centre of origin-Abyssinia Species of cultivated barley - • H. vulgare • H. distichon • H. intermedium • H. deficiens

4. EVOLUTION OF BARLEY Barley has been cultivated for more than 10,000 years . Wild barley ( H. spontaneum ) is the ancestor of domestic barley ( H. vulgare ). Over the course of domestication, barley grain morphology changed substantially, moving from an elongated shape to a more rounded spherical one . RESEARCH CENTRE Indian Institute of Wheat And Barley Research (IIWBR) ,Karnal , Haryana International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Beirut, Lebanon

5. IMPORTANCE OF BARLEY Helps in keeping the intestine healthy . Boosts immune system . Provides skin care . Helps to manage Diabetes . Helps to prevent cancer . Helps to loose weight . Reduces blood pressure .

6. Classification of Barley There are two main types of cultivated barley 1. two-rowed and 2. six-rowed. Each of the type contain three spikelet is and which in turn contain one floret. In case of two rowed, lateral spikelets are sterile and the central is fertile resulting into two rows of kernel on the rachis where as in six rowed, all the florets may be fertile, resulting into six rows of kernel.

7. FLORAL BIOLOGY: Barley has an incomplete flower because it lacks sepals and petals. Each type contains three spikelets and each spikelet contains one floret . Each floret comprises of lemma, palea , lodicules, androecium and gynoecium. Anthers are three in number and borne on slender filament. Anthers dehisce just after emergence and shed pollen on feathery stigma. The pistil bears feathery stigma. Pollen loose their viability very shortly after dehiscence. Stigma remains receptive at least for two days after anthesis.

8. SELFING AND CROSSING TECHNIQUES : Equipment Required : Dissecting forceps Dissecting scissors Tags for recording parents and dates Glassine bags for covering spikes Paper clips for closing glassine bags Pencil Selfing : Barley is predominantly a self-pollinated crop. In order to ensure complete selfing , the spike is enclosed in a bag after clipping the awn as soon as it comes out of the boot. Crossing : The emasculation must be started when anthers are immature, 1 to 2 days before they normally dehisce. Emasculation may be done at any time of day; however, many prefer to emasculate during afternoons because mornings generally are better for pollination.

9. Emasculation Select the spike for the emasculation which is still enclosed by the flag leaf sheath. Open the flag Ieaf seath either by forcing the leaf edges apart with both thumbs or, by lifting the sheath length-wise with the help of forceps. Cut the sheath and flag leaf at the level of the first node of the rachis. Remove the lateral florets and very small central florets at the base and at the tip of the spike. Remove all the anthers with the help of fine forceps from all the florets. All the florets on the spike must be emasculated to prevent self-fertilization. Bag the emasculated spike to prevent the contamination from the foreign pollen. Attach a tag to the emasculated spike with the following information: Date of emasculation. Name of the scientist / breeder. Name of the variety.

10. Pollination Emasculated flowers are generally ready for pollination 2 days following emasculation . From early morning to mid morning is the most effective period for collecting pollen and pollination. The stigma is receptive at all the times of the day if pollen is available . Steps for pollination select a spike in which the anthers have begun to dehisce. This operation is started 2-3days after emasculation. Cut the top one-third of the spikelet to expose the anthers. Keep the trimmed spike in the sun light for 10-15 minutes or more depending on the environmental conditions. When pollen become visible, the spike is dusted on emasculated one. Bag the pollinated spike. For the proper aeration within the bag, small pores should be done on the bag with the help of needle. Attach the tag with the following information: Objective - Date of emasculation— Date of pollination- Name of the worker/breeder/scientist-

11. Breeding objectives : Yield improvement Increased adaptability Resistance to yellow rust ,aphid and nematodes Improvement in nutritional quality Improvement in attributes related to malt industry

12. BREEDING METHOD OF BARLEY BREEDING METHOD EXAMPLE Pure line method NP 13 , NP 21 ,Ratna , T 4 , T 5 Introduction Clipper , LSB 2 Mutational breeding RDB-1 , DL-253 , PL 56 Inter-varietal hybridization Vijay , BR- 32 ,DL-157 SSD Method Vickey , Triumph Breeding for Aphid resistance DL 117 ,DL 200

13. FUTURE PROSPECTS Barley is 4 th most important cereal crop in area and production. It is primarily used as human food and animal feed. It is gradually disappearing from human diet. It may also establish itself as a industrial crop also as in Europe for production of malt to be used in brewing industry. Barley is likely to caver some area seeded with Oats in account of better yield , using in malting and brewing industry . Barley is quite suitable for biotechnological research .