crop improvement on apple crop

Breeding of apple

1. Apple is known as king of temperate fruits / symbol of health / premier fruit of the world Cultivated apple Malus X domestica are diploids (2n =34) and few are triploids (2n=51) and ancestor of it is Malus sylvestris Apple originated from South western Asia and belongs to family Rosaceae sub family pomoideae It is a deciduous fruit tree mostly grown in temperate region of the world

2. Himachal Pradesh is known as Apple bowl of India Among the fruit apple has long storage life Major sugar present in apple is sorbitol Type of fruit is Pome Edible portion is fleshy thalamus ( mesocarp )

3. Cultivated apple is functional diploids (2n=2x=34) Ancestor of cultivated apple is Malus sylvestries Sucker free species M alus siversii Apomixis species Malus sieboldii Indigenous to Himalayas : Malus baccata var himalacia , M. sikkimmensis Crab apples cultivated as ornamental trees for their attractive flowers and fruits

4. Resistant to scab : M. floribunda , M. atrosanguina Resistant to powdhery mildew and Codling moth : M. zumi Resistant to wooly apple aphid : M. hupehensis Apple almost have a chilling requirement of 1000 hrs at or below 7.2 ⁰ C temperature , low chilling variety required < 800 hrs below 7 ⁰C

5. In India , 11-33% pollinizing trees are recommended for regular cropping Optimum temperature for pollen germination and fruit setting is 21.1-26.7 ⁰C but in summer the av temp is around 21-24 ⁰C during the active growth

6. GERMPLASM RESOURCES Malus collection has 6734 total accessions, of which 5226 are trees in the field and 1508 are seedlots Good collection of Germplasm has been collected in 19 research centre out of which 11 are located in North West Himalayan region such as : NBPGR , Phagli ( New Delhi) CITH, Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir) IARI , New Delhi Fruit Research centre , Shalimar Hill Fruit Research centre , in Chaubattia and Chakrata , U.P Himachal Agricultural University , H.P

7. I mportant Categories of Apple G ermplasm categories Important cultivar Non spur type Tydeman’s worcestor , Stark Red Rome, Skyline supreme, Red Delicious , Rose Red Delicious , Akane , Red Baron Spur type Starkrimson , Sky spur, Mc spur, Spur type, Golden Delicious, Bisbee, Silver spur, Gold spur, Red Delicious Low chilling Vared , Anna, Michael, Schlomit , Maayan , H-1, Tropical Beauty, Rome Beauty, Kidd’s Orange Red Scab Resistant Star Prize, Prima, Priscilla, Quinte , Liberty

8. BREEDING OBJECTIVE S ince , apple is a composite tree consisting of rootstock and scion , there is also need to develop rootstock with the aim to manipulate growth , suitable for a specific location as well as for good reproductive ability . To involved varieties red in colour with early maturity, high yield, superior dessert and storage quality and resistant to diseases(scab) and pests

9. ROOTSTOCK BREEDING To develop woolly apple aphid resistant rootstock using a Northern S py as a source of resistance To focussed on productiveness and tree size control Adaptation to soil and pest problems It shows considerable resistance to crown rot and winter hardy like P-1, P-2 , P-16 , P-22 from M-4 X Common Antonovka

10. Recent rootstock research comprises : Development of new dwarfing, winter hardy, efficiently cropping clones, using cross breeding technique Evaluation of recently developed dwarfing rootstocks of Czechslovakia and USSR origin. The present breeding programme is with primary focus to study the genetics on heritability of vigour, rooting, feathering, earliness of bud break and efficiency of cropping.

11. Evaluation research is mainly aimed to test the efficiency of propagation, influence on the growth of a cultivar, precocity of bearing, cropping efficiency and resistance to pests and diseases

12. Special features of rootstock and its characteristic Category Rootstocks Features Dwarfing M9 Suitable for HDP in flat and irrigated areas only Semi - dwarf M4, M7, M106,M24 HDP , Resistant to wooly apple aphid Semi- vigorous M111, MM104 Drought tolerant and rest. to wooly aphid Vigorous Merton 793 Early fruiting, rest. to wooly aphid and collar rot Ultra dwarf M27 Suitable for HDP

13. MI series (Merton Immune) released from East Malling Research Station (EMRS) , Kent, England MM series (Malling Merton) released from John Innes Instituites , England MM series specifically bred for wooly apple aphid All rootstocks of MM series are rest. To wooly apple aphid East Malling Long Ashton (EMLA) series of rootstock is rest. t o viruses

14. BREEDING OF SCION CULTIVAR Fruit appearance -fruits should have attractive good colour, a regular shape and a skin free from russet eg : Northern spy, cv like Jonagold and Elstar Fruit size – 65 mm diameter is generally accepted, but is the aim for regular fruit size of 65-75 mm dia eg : triploid var like Crispin , Holstein , Jonagold etc Eating quality – prefers cv having medium acid (3.4-3.6)% and high sugar content(14-16)%

15. Fruit colour Europe – Golden delicious, jonagold , Elstar North American –Golden delicious, Red delicious, Mc Intosh (low acid/ low sugar and good culinary apples) India –Red delicious, Royal delicious Yield – it should have high yield cv like greensleeves , jupiter , Romus-2, Himekami Pest and disease resistance viz Malus floribunda, Malus zumi , Malus hupehensis . Early maturity and have long shelf life

16. Cold hardiness – Honeycrisp , Lobo, Katjo , Mantet , Fireside, Wealthy, Yellow Transparent Winter chilling requirements – Anna, Ein shemer , schlor , Mollie delicious, Adina Season of flowering – late flowering considered as the best as it avoid from disastrous spring frost Duration of juvenile period Season of ripening

17. Compact columnar cultivars , new cultivar which has been selected at East Malling can be grown as natural cordons without pruning Mutation breeding , isolation of spontaneous somatic mutations in apple has play a significant role in the production of new apple cultivar eg Dutch plantation of Elstar shows more coloured than its mother tree

18. Limitation in C onventional Breeding Slow and lengthy Long juvenile period Self incompatibility Polygenic control of most of the horticultural important traits Large population required to recover recombinants

19. Breeding Technique Floral biology Flowers of apple cultivars and seedling vary considerably in shape, size and in colour from white to deep pink They are borne in cymose clusters on fairly short pedicels, usually on spur type growth but in some instances from terminal or lateral buds of the previous season’s growth The typical flower consists of 5 petals, calyx of 5 sepals, about 20 stamens and pistil which divides into 5 styles

20. Ovary has 5 carpels , each usually containing 2 ovules , so max seed content is 10 but some cv have more Liberty and Northern spy usually have 12 to 18 seeds and ottawa 3 rootstocks often has 20 to 30 seeds

21. Pollination Cross pollination mainly done by i nsect particularly bees Some cultivars act as pollinizers are : Tydeman ’ s Early Worcestor : One of the earliest varieties and act as pollinizer for Delicious varieties . Lord Lambourne : Hybrid between James Greeves x Worcestor Peermans ’ s . Granny Smith, Red Gold, Golden Delicious Yellow Newton, Mc Intosh , Early Shanburry , Winter Banana, Starkspur Golden , Golden Spur

22. Methods of Crop Improvement Introduction Selection Hybridisation Mutation Biotechnology

23. Methods of Improvement Introduction In apple lots of emphasis laid on introduction and selection during last decades. Apples are introduced for different purpose such as : a ) spur type cultivar - At regional research station , Mashobra (H.P), 12 varieties are introduced through NBPGR New Delhi in 1980 Red spur delicious, Golden spur delicious, Oregon spur, Red chief, Miller, S turdee spur, white spur , Stark crimson

24. b) Colour spots – Royal red , Vance delicious. Top red, Skyline supreme, Red Delicious c) Low chilling variety – Introduced through NBPGR to RRS , Phagi , Shimla Vared , Michael , Tropical beauty, Parlin beauty, Mayan, Schlomit , Hybrid-1 d) Scab resistant var – Prima , Priscilla , Liberty, Florina , Macfree , Freedom, Coop-12 e) Early maturing var – Yandik onskoe , Papisonka canninga

25. Introduced through NBPGR , New-Delhi, in apple growing states Of the scab resistant variety co-op-12 has shown better performance as an Early sub- acidic variety whereas F lorina promised as a coloured sweet varieties However none of these compared favourably well with popular delicious and its commercial spots , it is therefore logical that some of these tracts are incorporated in our commercial variety

26. Sufficient attempt have not been made to introduced low chilling apple cv in N.Indian plains and South India . From early introductions cv such as Tropical beauty and Perlin beauty were found to be best w.r.t. productivity and fruit quality Some cv of Sub – Tropical apples are Maayan , Michael, Schlomit and Vared where introduction from Israel and are under evaluation

27. Selection In Horticultural Experimental Station (TNAU) in Kodaikanal selected 1 variety i,e KKL-1 called as Kodaikanal beauty , this is a selection from Parlin beauty Many of existing commercial cv which originated as chance seedlings are Golden Delicious , Baldwin and Granny Smith

28. 2. Hybridisation Apple improvement work has been going on The Regional Fruit Research Station , Mashobra , H.P F.R.S. , Shalimar, J and K Horticulture and Experimental Training centre , Chaubattia , U.P

29. Resulting in a no. of released of new varieties, work was initiated in Kashmir (1956) to combine high dessert qualityof delicious group with good keeping quality of Ambri . Two hybrids such as Lal Ambri and Sunehri were released Similarly work has been also initiated in H.P. (1960) as a result hybrids Ambred , Ambstarking and Ambrich have been developed . Subsequently hybrid, Ambroyal was also developed

30. Work on apple improvement was started at Chaubattia (1970 ) to developed Early maturing cultivar with good dessert quality Two promising hybrids were involved Chaubattia Princess and Chaubattia Anupam Some crosses were also made to developed scab resistant cv Two outstanding hybrids Firdous and Shireen were developed to adaptation

31. Variety developed with parentage and important characters are as follows : Jammu and Kashmir Lal Ambri – Red Delicious X Ambri , Ambri with red colour Sunehri – Ambri X Golden Delicious , Ambri with colour of Golden Delicious 2. Himachal Pradesh Ambred – Red Delicious X Ambri-57 , keeping quality good, low incidence of powdhery mildew , soothy blotch and scab

32. Ambstarking – Starking Delicious X Ambri-81 , tolerant to scab Ambroyal – Starking Delicious X Ambri-84 , semi dwarf tree , semi spur type and having good dessert quality Ambrich – Richared X Ambri-15 , semi dwarf, semi spur, good dessert quality, tolerant to scab

33. 3. Chaubattia , U.P Chaubattia Princess – Red Delicious X Early Shunberry , early ripe in last week of June , fruit with deep red streaks on pale background, very sweet and good keeping quality. Chaubattia Anupam – Red Delicious X Early Shunberry , ripen in second week of July , fruit skin with shiny red streakes with red blush on pale background

34. Inheritance of traits A no. of important horticultural traits are ccontrolled by major genes and therefore incorporated in breeding programme for the development of new cvs large no. of important characters of apple under polygene control Powdhery mildew single major genes PL 1 and PL 2 , M . zumi and M. robusta M. hupehensis has been reported to transmit resistance to woolly apple aphid and resistance to codling moth is incorporated from M. zumi

35. Mutation A bud sport is a mutation arising in a cell from which a bud developed It affects growth habit particularly the spur or compact type which produce compact or dwarfish This is the basis for bud selection to maintain the integrity of the cultivar The rate of single gene mutations can be increased by irradiation with X- ray, Gamma ray and thermal neutrons Bud sport – due to mutation , Red allister / Aed Elster ,natural mutant of allister

36. Vance Delicious : Bud mutant of Delicious. Top Red : Bud sport of Shot Well Delicious Skyline Supreme Delicious : Bud mutant of Starking Delicious . Gold Spur Delicious : Bud mutant of Golden Delicious. This variety is recommended as pollinizer for all spur types. Red Spur Delicious : It is a variant tree in Starking Delicious orchard. Red Chief : Bud sport of Delicious

37. Sterility and Incompatibility These are the two main causes of unfruitfulness in apple Apples has G ametophytic incompatibility whereby the pollen tube growth is arrested in the style Variety like Cox’s orange pippin , Golden russet and Northern spy

38. Apomixis Facultative apomixis is characteristic of a number of Malus spp that are probably of hybrid origin, but does not appear to occur among the cultivated apple CULTIVARS PLOIDY LEVEL M. sikkimensis triplod M. sargentii tetraploid M. Coronaria , M. hupehensis , M. lancefolia , M. toringoides Triplod , tetraploid M. sieboldii Diploid, triploid, tetraploid , pentaploid

39. Parthenocarpy T he two apetalous cvs bear annual crops of parthenocarpic seedless fruit but produce seeded fruits following hand pollination . Cvs such as Spencer Seedless and Ohio - 3

40. Biotechnology Protoplast culture – M9 and Sparten Moleculars markers – Rome Beauty cross with White Angel using RAPD Transformation – Greensleeves , Royal Gala , etc

41. Special Features of Apple Varieties Yellow colour variety- Golden Yellow delicious , Lodi , Grimes Golden Green colour variety – Granny Smith , Tippin , Gold Russet , Lord derby Cooking variety – White dotted red , Howget wonder , Baldwin Lowest chilling variety – Dorcett (100 hr ) Processing variety – Tropical beauty , Parlin beauty

42. 6) Intergeneric hybrid – Pamapples ( Pear X Apple ) developed by Ellis Marks (1952)in John Innes Centre 7) Resistant to woolly aphid – Northern spy 8) Natural mutant – Red Elstar ( Parent cv Elstar )

43. 9) Ambri – Indigeneous variety of India 10) Gala and Fuzi – Sub- tropical varieties of India 11) Varieties tolerant to Alternate bearing – Gala , Rome , Pink lady , Finger gold a) gala b) Fuzi c) pink – lady lady lady

44. Recommended varieties of apple in different states Himachal Pradesh EARLY Red Junet , Delicious, Stark Earliest, Red Astrakhan, King of Pippins MID EARLY Red Delicious, Royal Delicious, Golden Delicious, Rome Beauty, Rich-a-Red, Vance Delicious, Baldwin LATE Rus Pippin, Granny smith, Winter Banana, Golden Delicious, Yellow Newton

45. Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh EARLY Red Astrakhan, Beauty of Bath, Early Shan burry, Summer Golden, Pippin, Fenny Benoni MID EARLY King of Tom king, King of Pippins, Winter Banana, King David, Jonathan, Red delicious, Mc Intosh , Cox’s Orange, Pippin, Rich-a- Red LATE Rick’s Pleasant, Yellow Newton, Esopursa Burgs, Rome Beauty, Rymer , Buckingham, Golden Delicious

46. Jammu and Kashmir EARLY Irish peach, Benoni , Starkrimson MID EARLY American Mother, Razakwar , Jonathan, Cox’s Orange Pippin, Red Gold, Queens Apple, Roma Beauty, Scarlet Siberian LATE Apirouge , Kerry Pippin, King Pippin, Sunheri Chamure , Golden Delicious, Red Delicious, Yellow Newton, Ambri Baldwin

47. Adams pearmain Arkansas black Arlet swiss gourmet Ashmeads Golden gala

48. Baldwin Belle de B oskoop Black Oxford Blue pearman Braeburn Cornish gilliflower

49. Cortland Cox orange pippins Crispin mutsu Duchess Empire Granny smith

50. Fameuse Freedom Fuji Gala Golden delicious Golden Dorsett Holstein Graveinstein

51. Honeycrisp Idared Jonagold Jonathan King David Upenn Lady Sweet Liberty Lodi Macoun Maiden Blush Mc Intosh Northern Spy Ozark Gold Paradise

52. Pink Lady Pound Ralls Genet Rambo Ramey york Red Astrachan Apple Red Delicious Apple Red Cort Reinett Rhode Island Greening Rome Beauty Roxburry russet

53. Seek no further Smoke House Sops of wine Spigold Spitzenburg Starkey Starking Wealthy Williams pride Winesap Winter Banana Wolf river

54. Yellow Newton Pippin Yellow Transparent Golden russ Sheepnose Knobbed Cider Dabey Franklin Jubilee

55. Chenango strawberry Fukunisluki Freyberg Kandil sinap Doctor Lamb Abbey Pearmain Black twig

56. Future Thrust : Improving productivity and quality of produce from existing area under horticultural crops Improving supply of improved varieties Enhancement of exports Strengthening infrastructure for programme implementation and database Transfer of improved tech and its adoption Resistance to various diseases , a number have greatly improved storage life , improved structural quality , winter hardiness , different tree forms some of these limitations can overcome by noval strategies from advances in biotechnology

57. Thank You BY Ch. Allaylay Devi