Crop science 3 seed ----Propagation.pptx

Crop science 3
Seed propagation

1. Seed Propagation Department of Crop Science College of Agriculture Central Luzon State University

2. Introduction: The use of fruit seeds as planting materials is generally not recommended even when the seeds are obtained from fruits of superior trees. Because of their often mixed ancestry, fruit plant grown from seeds take much longer time to bear fruits. A lanzones tree takes 12 to 16 years before it bears fruits if grown from seed, but only 6 to 8 years if asexually propagated. They also tend to grow very tall and large, and consequently more difficult to manage. Furthermore seedlings of some fruit trees like rambutan pili may turn out to be male plants that would not be capable of bearing fruits at all.

3. Objectives: At the end of the exercise, the students will be able to: Extract fruit and vegetable seeds properly. Demonstrate proper sowing of fruit and vegetable seeds. Raise healthy fruit and vegetable seedlings.

4. Procedures: Extraction of Seeds For vegetable seeds and other field crops. For dry seeds like rice, corn, beans, lettuce, gourd, etc. the harvested pods, panicle or clusters are either allowed to dry partially, then separated by hand, thresher, sheller and others and then dried again and stored properly with a moisture content of 6-14%. For seeds enclosed in moist flesh like eggplant, squash, bitter gourd, vessel of water, then the seeds are separated by pouring the water or straining the seeds. The seeds that float are discarded and heavier seeds that settle down the container are allowed to dry properly.

5. Example: Eggplant fruit Steps Sort the ripe fruits according to ideal size and should be free from any disease and insect attacks; clean or wash. Soften the eggplant fruit without breaking the skin; crush the flesh inside that holds the seeds. Get a vessel of water and cut the softened fruit into halves and dip it in the water ,shake to remove the seeds. Clean the seeds thoroughly until the water is clear. Seeds that float are discarded and those that settle down are considered for drying at 6-8% moisture content. For seeds with flesh attached to the seed like tomato, this could be extracted and processed by either fermentation or acid treatment.

6. Fermentation Sort the ripe fruit according their ideal size. They should be free from disease or insect attack. Clean or wash with water. Cut and squeeze the selected fruits or crush and mash in a glass or plastic container fill the container with the juice and seeds up to about ½ to ¾ of its capacity and do not add water. Keep the glass/plastic container with the juice and seeds at ordinary room temperature for 1-2 days, to ferment the pulp and other tissues that adhere to the seeds. Regular stirring during the fermentation will separate the placental or gelatinous materials from seeds.

7. After 1-2 days (24-48 hrs.) depending on the prevailing temperature, fill the container with water and stir vigorously. Allow a minute for the seeds to settle to the bottom. Tip the container and pour off about half of content. This will carry away the flesh and pieces of skin. Repeat the filling, stirring, and pouring of until the remaining pieces of flesh and immature seeds are removed. To clean the seeds properly, rub the seeds gently between your palms to completely eliminate the slimy materials that adhere on the seeds. Flush the seeds several times with clean water to wash off the remaining jelly that sticks from the seed. Pour the seed into a wire mesh or clean cheesecloth to drain excess water. Place the cleaned seeds on any absorbent paper or in a shallow tray. Stir the seeds several times during the drying period to make sure that there are no clumps of seeds that will remain moist. Dry the seeds for two days under full sunlight or in any drier until the 6-8 M.C. is attained.

8. Acid Treatment Cut and squeeze selected ripe fruits in a glass container, collecting the juice and seeds. Add the desired amount of the concentrated hydrochloric acid(HCI) of 1.75 liters HCI per 100 liters of juice and seed. The solution (juice, seed, HCI) is stirred at regular intervals for 30 minutes. The seeds will separate from the gelatinous materials or placental covering in 30 minutes. Wash the seeds with clean water until the seeds are cleaned thoroughly and the water is clear. Seeds that float are discarded and those that settle down at the bottom are considered for drying. Follow procedure of drying as in the fermentation process

9. SOWING OF FRUIT TREE SEEDS: Procedure: For seeds that have been stored for sometimes, soak overnight in water to hasten germination. Germinate the seeds in a medium that is light in texture. Any of the prepared soil mixture is a good germinating medium. Small seeds are better sown first in a seed box or any wide container suited for the purpose. Large seeds like those of avocado, mango, jackfruit, & cashew may be sown directly in plastic bags. Do not plant the seeds too deep. It is enough that the seeds are covered with thin layer of the medium.

10. SOWING OF FRUIT TREE SEEDS: Procedure: Water the germinating medium regularly to keep it moist all the time. Remember that too much water may cause the seeds to rot while too little water will delay germination. Examine the seedbed regularly for pest and diseases. Ants attack seeds with soft coat and newly germinating seeds. If necessary, spray the seedlings with insecticides and fungicides following the manufacturer’s recommended rate. Heavy rains may cause small and medium seeds to spill out from the containers therefore seeds boxes should be places in a shaded area and provide root if necessary.

11. TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS: Procedure: Select only vigorous seedling to transplant. Weak seedling will not produce healthy rootstocks. Seeds of some fruit crops like mango, lanzones , and citrus produce multiple seedlings. Separate them individually and transplant only the vigorous seedling. For the seedlings raised in seedbeds, transfer them in individual containers as soon as they have germinated. Loosen the germinated medium with a shovel or other tools and lift the seedlings individually. Never pull the outright as this will damage the roots. Transfer the seedlings immediately in individual polyethylene black plastic bag containing the roots.

12. TRANSPLANTING OF SEEDLINGS: Procedure: Place the newly transplanted seedlings in partially shaded location then gradually expose to full sunlight after staying under shade for sometime. Water the seedling regularly. Spray seedlings with appropriate chemical to control pest and diseases. Promote seedling growth by regular application of nitrogen containing fertilizer once every 2 months. Apply ½ to 1 tsp of ammonium sulfate per seedling. Some kinds of seedling grow faster than the others. In general, seedling of most fruit crops will be large enough for field planting or for use as rootstock in eight to twelve months.

13. Seed Germinataion Germination Testing Testing the viability (capacity of seed to grow normally) of seeds is essential to profitable production of crops for these reasons: The producer knows if the seed will germinate well or not. Thus, he avoids extra expenses, time and effort in replanting if some seeds do not germinate. test shows the germination percentage of the seedstock, thus, the exact amount of seeds that used is known. The three most common methods of testing seed viability are the ragdoll, seedbox and petri dish methods.

14. A. Ragdoll Method: Materials: Lemon seeds, three pieces of cloth 25 x 30 cm, string or 6 rubber bands, 3 bamboo sticks about 1 cm wide and 40 cm long, paper label or pentel pen. Procedure: Take 100 seeds at random Moisten the cloth Distribute the seeds evenly in 10 rows. Begin about 2 cm from each edge of the cloth Carefully roll the cloth around the stick and tie both ends

15. A. Ragdoll Method: Procedure: Keep the ragdoll moist by dipping in water 3 times a day and store under room temperature Open the ragdoll after 4 to 5 days and make the initial count of the seedlings that germinate. Remove all germinated seedlings which are considered normal. Final counting will be after 7-10 days depending on the kind of seed. Record the results Calculate the percent germination using the following formula:

16. Ragdoll Method

17. B. Seedbox method using river sand as medium Materials: Lemon seeds, a box about 20 x 30 x 10 cm filled with soil, paper label or wooden label Procedure: Procedure: Take 100 seeds at random Sow seeds in rows on the seedbox Cover the seeds lightly with soil Water the soil after sowing. Do not let the soil dry out. After 4 to 7 days, count the number of seeds that germinated Record the results Calculate the percent germination

18. C. Plastic dish (Petri dish if available) lined with absorbent paper as medium Materials: Lemon seeds, 3 petri dishes with covers, filter paper or tissue paper (4 layers), marking pen Procedure: Procedure: Line the bottom of Petri dish with filter paper or any absorbent paper, and moisten it. Take 100 seeds at random Evenly distribute the seeds on the moistened filter paper and cover the dish After 7 days, count the number of seeds that germinated Record the results and Calculate the percent germination

19. Percent Germination Formula Number of normal seedlings germinated Germination (%) = ------------------------------------------------------- x 100 Total number of seeds sown

20. ASEXUAL OR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Asexual propagation involves the vegetative parts of a plant including the roots, stems or leaves. A part of a single parent plant is made to regenerate itself into a new plant, which is genetically identical to the parent plant. The asexual process is particularly important because the genetic make-up (genotype) of most fruit and ornamental cultivars is highly heterozygous and the unique characteristics of such plants are immediately lost if they are propagated by seed.  

21. ASEXUAL OR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION There are several advantages of propagating plants asexually. It may be the easiest and fastest way to propagate some species of plants. In addition, it may be the only way to perpetuate some cultivars because some plants produce seedless fruits or fruits with seeds but do not germinate, or take a long time to germinate, like banana, pineapple, sineguelas , and some varieties of atis and grapes. Vegetative propagation bypasses the juvenile characteristics of certain species resulting in earlier productivity, as in fruits crops. Dwarfing effects, resistance to certain pests and diseases, and better adaptability to a given soil can also be attained by asexual propagation, particularly grafting.

22. ASEXUAL OR VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION Asexual or vegetative methods of propagation include separation and division, cutting, layering, grafting and budding. Objectives At the end of the exercise, the students are expected to: Demonstrate marcotting, cleft and saddle grafting, shield budding, separation and division, and preparation of stem and leaf cuttings for planting; Identify the different plant parts used for asexual propagation, including their technical names, given the specimen.

23. Procedures: The laboratory instructor or the plant propagator demonstrates to the students different methods of vegetative or asexual plant propagation. Then, each student performs the same. The newly grafted and budded seedlings are placed in the nursery to allow recovery. The different cuttings are planted in the nursery bed for root formation and establishment until such time that the rooted seedlings are ready for transplanting.

24. Procedures: The laboratory instructor or the plant propagator demonstrates to the students different methods of vegetative or asexual plant propagation. Then, each student performs the same. The newly grafted and budded seedlings are placed in the nursery to allow recovery. The different cuttings are planted in the nursery bed for root formation and establishment until such time that the rooted seedlings are ready for transplanting.

25. TYPES OF PLANTING SYSTEM: Square System- This system consists of setting a tree in each corner of a square, whatever the distance. This is the most common system of planting, because it is the simplest to layout and also it makes the operation easy by mechanical means only. A Np = --------- S² Where: Np = Number of plants A = Area (in sqm/m ² ) S² = Refers to the square of planting distance and if the distances are different as in the rectangular arrangement, the product (S1 X S2) can be substituted

26. Example: Area: 10 meters Length, 1 meter Width ( 10m x 1m) Eggplant Planting Distance: 70 cm Plant distance, 50 cm Row Spacing 10m x 1m 10m² Np =----------------- = ------------ = 28.5714 or 29 Eggplants 0.70m x 0.50m 0.35m²

27. TYPES OF PLANTING SYSTEM: Hexagonal or Triangular system- trees are planted equidistant to one another for every direction to form an equilateral triangle. Hexagonal planting permits operation of orchard equipment in any of the three directions. It will also allow the planting of 15 percent more trees in a given area than a in a square system with the same tree spacing. Use of land in maximized by this method. However, cultural operation is rather difficult because the rows are in diagnosed arrangement. A Where : Np = Number of plants Np= ---------------- A = Area in square S² x ( 0.866) S 2 = Square in planting distance 0.866= constant

28. Example: Area: 10 meters Length, 1 meter Width ( 10m x 1m) Eggplant Planting Distance: 70 cm Plant distance, 50 cm Row Spacing 10m x 1m 10m² 10m² Np =----------------- = ------------------- =--------------- 0.70m x 0.50m 0.35m²(0.866) 0.3031m² = 32.9924 or 33 eggplants

29. TYPES OF PLANTING SYSTEM: Quincunx or Diagonal System- This system makes use of the square with an additional (or fifth) tree in the center. Thus, a square system can be made into quincunx by placing a tree in the middle of the square. The additional plant maybe of the same crop or a filler of another species. It can be permanent or non-permanent. There will be a maximum utilization of the area during the early growing and fruiting years. However, when the trees become large and start crowding one another, removal of the fifth trees may become necessary. Furthermore, a larger tree population can be planted in an area using the quincunx system compared with square system. However, carrying out different cultural operations mechanically on the diagonal system is difficult, especially if the land is not flat. Bananas and papaya which are early bearings crops are excellent filler plants.

30. A Np=--------- +[ ( L/S – 1) ( W/S -1)] S²  Where:  Np = Number of plants A = Area in square meter S² = Square of planting distance S = Distance of planting L = Length of the area W =Width of the area

31. Example: Area: 10 meters Length, 1 meter Width ( 10m x 1m) Eggplant Planting Distance: 70 cm Plant distance, 50 cm Row Spacing 10m x 1m Np=----------------- + [(10/.70-1)(1/.50-1)] [(14.29-1)(2-1)] 0.70m x 0.50m 10m² Np=-------- +13.29 = 28.57+13.29 =41.86 or 42 eggplants .35

32. TYPES OF PLANTING SYSTEM: Contour or Terrace System – This system of planting it is largely applied on the hillside it is used for avenue planting. Its main purpose is to prevent or reduce erosion. This planting arrangement, while subject to problems, permits production from land that otherwise can not be utilized. Consideration care must be taken to stop erosion by heavy rains or by irrigation by diverting the water to run along the tree rows rather than straight down slope.

33. Quiz: Situational: After graduation, you were hired as farm manager to develop a 21.5 hectare farm intended for fruit and plantation crop production. The owner divided his farm into several sections for planting individual crop such as, 300 m x 200 m will be planted with chico using 8m x 8m planting distance; 300m x 250 m will be devoted to rambutan using 8m x 8m planting distance and the remaining area of 400m x 200m will be allotted to the production of cacao following the recommended planting distance of 8m x 8m.

34. 1. Using square method of planting, the total number of chico that can be planted in the area is: a. 938 plants c. 893 plants b. 983 plants d. 398 plants 2. For rambutan, it is: a. 7,117 plants c. 1,172 plants b. 1,711 plants d. 7,111 plants

35. 3. For cacao, it is: a. 2,150 plants c. 2,510 plants b. 1,250 plants d. 5,210 plants 4. Using hexagonal method of planting, the number of chico that can be planted in the area is: a. 1,083 plants c. 3, 810 plants b. 8,310 plants d. 1,830 plants

36. 5. For rambutan, it is: a. 3,153 plants c. 5,133 plants b. 1,353 plants d. 3,513 plants 6. For cacao, it is: a. 1,443 plants c. 3,114 plants b. 4,143 plants d. 3,441 plants

37. 7. Using quincunx method of planting, the total number of chico that can be planted in the area is: a. 1,814 plants c. 4,181 plants b. 8,114 plants d. 1,184 plants 8. For rambutan, it is: a. 2,276 plants c. 6227 plants b. 2,762 plants d. 2,672 plants

38. 9. For cacao, it is: a. 2,426 plants c. 2,246 plants b. 4,226 plants d. 6,422 plants

39. 300mx200m 60,000m² Np =----------------- = ------------ = 947.5 or 938 chico (a) 8m x 8m 64m² 300mx250m 75,000m² Np =----------------- = ------------ = 1171.88 or 1172 rambutan (c) 8m x 8m 64m² 400mx200m 80,000m² Np =----------------- = ------------ = 1250 cacao (b) 8m x 8m 64m² Square Method:

40. 300mx200m 60,000m² Np =----------------- = ------------ = 1082.56 or 1083 chico (a) 8m x 8m 64m²(0.866) 300mx250m 75,000m² Np =----------------- = ------------ = 1353.20 or 1353 rambutan (b) 8m x 8m 64m²(0.866) 400mx200m 80,000m² Np =----------------- = ------------ = 1443.42 or 1443 cacao (a) 8m x 8m 64m²(0.866) Hexagonal Method:

41. 300mx200m Np= ----------------- + [(300m/8m-1)(200m/8m-1)] 8m x 8m 60,000m² Np= ---------- --- + [(36.5)(24)] 64m² Np= 937.5+876 Np=1813.5 or 1814 chico (a) Quincunx Method: +[(L/S-1)(W/S-1)]

42. 300mx250m Np= ----------------- + [(300m/8m-1)(250m/8m-1)] 8m x 8m 75,000m² Np= ---------- --- + [(36.5)(30.25)] 64m² Np= 1171.875+1104.125 Np=2276 rambutan (a) Quincunx Method: +[(L/S-1)(W/S-1)]

43. 400mx200m Np= ----------------- + [(400m/8m-1)(200m/8m-1)] 8m x 8m 80,000m² Np= ---------- --- + [(49)(24)] 64m² Np= 1250+ 1176 Np=2426 cacao (a) Quincunx Method: +[(L/S-1)(W/S-1)]