Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells.pptx

In this presentation, I will be talking about Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells.

1. Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells Peeyush Mishra (B191265MT) Kaushlendra Kumar (B191287MT) 1

2. Contents Overview Functioning & Structure of Silicon Solar Cells Types of Silicon Solar Cells Production of Silicon Solar Cells Merits and Demerits of Silicon Solar Cells Efficiency of Silicon Solar Cells Future Prospects & Challenges of Silicon Solar Cells Applications of Silicon Solar Cells References 2

3. “Crystalline silicon solar cells have high efficiency, making crystalline silicon photovoltaics an interesting technology where space is at a premium.” 3

4. Overview. 4

5. Crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) cells are used in the largest quantity of all types of solar cells on the market, representing about 85% of the world total PV cell production in 2011. Overview 5

6. Silicon is the most popular PV material Most cells are made from leftover computer chip manufacturing Silicon must be refined to almost 100% purity The uniform molecular structure of silicon makes it efficient for electric transport Silicon wafers are cut from ingots Overview 6

7. Sharp Electronic Corporation Sanyo Bp Solar Shell Sunwise Uni-Solar Astro Power Manufacturers 7 https://www.pv-magazine.com/2018/07/20/top-10-crystalline-pv-module-manufacturer-ranking/

8. Functioning & Structure. 8

9. A silicon solar cell works the same way as other types of solar cells. When the sun rays fall on the silicon solar cells within the solar panels, they take the photons from the sunlight during the daylight hours and convert them into free electrons. The electrons pass through the electric wires and supply electric energy to the power grid. The direct current from the sunlight is transformed into alternating current within a solar inverter. It is then made to pass through the cables to charge different devices and appliances. Functioning 9

10. Structure Typical mono- and polycrystalline silicon solar cells (upper), and simplified cross-section of a commercial monocrystalline silicon solar cell (lower) 10 https://www.nature.com/articles/am201082

11. Types 11 Monocrystalline Silicon PV cell Polycrystalline Silicon PV cell Amorphous Silicon PV cell

12. Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cell Single Crystal Pure Silicon Comes in Dark Shade Space Efficient Works longer Expensive 12

13. Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cell Multiple Crystals Less Efficient Takes large space Works longer Cheaper 13

14. Amorphous Silicon Solar Cell Most significant thin film variant High absorption capacity Maximum Efficiency of 13% Cheapest Ideal for charging small electronic gadgets- calculator and watches Simple design- can be deposited on glass and plastic 14

15. Production. 15

16. Czochralski Process For monocrystalline silicon PV cell production This is the process of creating an ingot A small single silicon rod is placed in an inert gas at high temperature When the seed is rotated up and out silicon adheres to it and forms an ingot 16 https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/482610/view/czochralski-silicon-crystal-growth

17. Siemens Process For multicrystalline silicon PV cell production Made from metallurgical grade Silicon by a chemical purification method Involves distillation of volatile silicon compounds and its decomposition at a high temperature 17 https://www.schunk-carbontechnology.com/en/products/produkte-detail/siemens-process

18. https://battlebornbatteries.com/how-are-solar-panels-made/

19. Merits and Demerits. 19

20. Maturity: Considerable amount of information on evaluating the reliability and robustness of the design, which is crucial to obtaining capital for deployment projects. Performance: Offers higher efficiencies than any other mass-produced single-junction device. Higher efficiencies reduce the cost of the final installation because fewer solar cells need to be manufactured and installed for a given output. Reliability : Reaches module lifetimes of 25+ years and exhibit little long-term degradation. Abundance : Silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth's crust (after oxygen) Merits 20

21. Non-Toxic Cost Effective Good Photoconductivity Light weight Resistant to corrosion and does not rust easily. Handles intense sunlight and high temperatures. Low maintenance. Can be placed in solar panels and used for residential, commercial, and industrial applications. Merits 21

22. Heavily reliant on weather. Humongous space needed to store and accommodate them. Installation cost is higher than those of electrical systems. Demonstrates intermittent problems . Users need to purchase batteries and inverters separately to convert solar energy into electric energy and save the excess for later use. Demerits 22

23. Efficiency. 23

24. Crystalline Silicon PV cells have laboratory conversion efficiency of: 25% for single crystal cells 20% for multicrystalline cells 13% for amorphous cells However, industrially produced solar modules currently achieve efficiencies ranging from 18-22% under standard test conditions Efficiency 24

25. Efficiency Best research solar cell efficiencies reported by NREL 25 https://www.nrel.gov/pv/cell-efficiency.html

26. Efficiency Efficiency of various solar cells over the years presented by NREL 26 https://www.prostarsolar.net/blog/evaluating-solar-panels-efficiency.html

27. Efficiency Simulation of the solar cell efficiency of a double-junction solar cell as a function of light concentration at a temperature of 320 K. 27 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Efficiency-as-a-function-of-solar-concentration-for-a-mono-crystalline-silicon-solar-cell_fig1_221929091

28. Future Prospects & Challenges. 28

29. Efforts being focused on innovative ways to reduce costs R&D being done to reduce raw material requirements ,including pioneering ultra-thin crystalline silicon absorber layers, developing kerf-free wafer production techniques and optimizing growth processes. Current Research 29

30. Developments Reduction of silicon wafer thickness 30 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Efficiency-e-as-a-function-of-the-solar-cell-thickness-W-for-n-type-silicon-solar-cells_fig30_327467751

31. Selective front diffusions Localized back contacts and dielectric back surface passivation Metallization Wafer crystallinity and conductivity type Increasing efficiency 31

32. Due to the usage of pricey and high-quality silicon in manufacturing, silicon solar panels used to be extremely expensive. Additionally, the cost of purifying silicon cells was also high. But as technology advanced, low-cost silicon materials made it possible to produce affordable silicon cells. Government subsidies have also contributed to decreasing the overall cost. Customers must contact the manufacturers to find the exact price before making a purchase. The cost of a silicon solar cell can alter based on the number of cells used and the brand Costs 32

33. Applications. 33

34. Automotive industry Charging calculators Household appliances Power Farms for producing electricity on large scale Business-related industries Applications 34

35. References. [1] Saga, T. Advances in crystalline silicon solar cell technology for industrial mass production. NPG Asia Mater 2, 96–102 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/asiamat.2010.82 [2] Sopian, K., et al. “An Overview of Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Technology: Past, Present, and Future.” AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1877, no. 1, Sept. 2017, p. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4999854 [3] Battaglia, Corsin, et al. “High-Efficiency Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells: Status and Perspectives.” Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 9, no. 5, May 2016, pp. 1552–76 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE03380B 35

36. Thank You. 36