CS3352 ANNA UNIVERSITY MULTIMEDIA UNIT 1.pptx

CS3352

1. CCS352 - MULTIMEDIA & ANIMATION SEM/YEAR :V/III DEPT: IT ACADEMIC YEAR: 2024-25

2. UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO MULTIMEDIA Definitions, Elements, Multimedia Hardware and Software, Distributed multimedia systems, challenges: security, sharing / distribution, storage, retrieval, processing, computing. Multimedia metadata, Multimedia databases, Hypermedia, Multimedia Learning.

3. DEFINITION Multimedia  is a form of communication that uses a combination of different content forms, such as  writing ,  audio ,  images ,  animations , or  video , into a single interactive presentation, in contrast to traditional mass media, such as printed material or audio recordings, which feature little to no interaction between users. Popular examples of multimedia include video podcasts, audio slideshows, and animated videos.

4. The word  multi  and  media  are combined to form the word  multimedia . The word “ multi” signifies “many .”  Multimedia is a type of medium that allows information to be easily transferred from one location to another .

5. Elements of multimedia It has 5 key elements: Text Audio Animation Graphics Videos

6. 1. Text Text is the basic element of every multimedia file. The text can have various types of fonts and sizes to suit the professional presentation of the multimedia software. 2. Graphics People don't like to read text much, so graphics are used to make information more presentable. It represents information in a two-dimensional manner. Graphics are used much more than text to explain complex concepts and to present background information.

7. 3. Audio Multimedia applications may require speech, music, and sound effects. The audio element is also a perfect instrument for teaching. Audio is of analogue and digital types. Analog audio refers to an original sound signal. Computers store the file of sound in digital format. Therefore, the sound used in multimedia applications is digital audio.

8. 4. Video The word video refers to a moving picture which is accompanied by sound, for example, as on a television. This element of multimedia applications can give more information in a short amount of time. Digital video is used in multimedia applications to show real-life objects.

9. 5. Animation Animation is the process that makes a stationary image look like it is actually moving. Animation means a continuous series of still images displayed in a particular order. The animation element is highly effective in attracting attention. Animation also makes a presentation more attractive. Animation is very popular in multimedia applications.

10. MULTIMEDIA HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE Multimedia Hardware Most of the computers now-a-days come equipped with the hardware components required to develop/view multimedia applications. Following are the various categories in which we can define the various types of hardwares required for multimedia applications.

11. Processor The heart of any multimedia computer is its processor. Today Core 15 or higher processor is recommended for a multimedia computer. CPU is considered as the brain of the computer. CPU performs all types of data processing operations. It stores data, intermediate result and instructions (program). It controls the operations of all parts of computer.

12. Memory and Storage Devices  - You need memory for storing various files used during production, original audio and video clips, edited pieces and final mined pieces. You also need memory for backup of your project files. Primary Memory - Primary memory holds only those data and instructions on which computer is currently working. It has limited capacity and data gets lost when power is switched off. It is generally made up of semiconductor device. These memories are not as fast as registers. The data and instructions required to be processed earlier reside in main memory. It is divided into two subcategories RAM and ROM.

13. Flash Memory - Cache memory is a very high speed semiconductor memory, which can speed up CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by CPU. The parts of data and programs are transferred from disk to cache memory by operating system, from where CPU can access them. Secondary Memory:  This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing Data/Information permanently. CPU directly does not access these memories; instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory and then CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.

14. Input Devices  - Following are the various types of input devices which are used in multimedia systems. Keyboard - Most common and very popular input device is keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing some additional functions. Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard is also available for Windows and Internet.

15. Mouse  - Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons. Generally, it has two buttons called left and right button and scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

16. Joystick   Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move cursor position on a monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions. The function of joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

17. Light Pen  - Light pen is a pointing device, which is similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small tube. When light pen's tip is moved over the monitor screen and pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.

18. Track Ball  - Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse. This is a ball, which is half inserted and by moving fingers on ball, pointer can be moved.Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes in various shapes like a ball, a button and a square.

19. Scanner  - Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some information is available on a paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the computer for further manipulation. Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into the digital form that can be stored on the disc. These images can be edited before they are printed.

20. Digitizer  - Digitizer is an input device, which converts analog information into a digital form. Digitizer can convert a signal from the television camera into a series of numbers that could be stored in a computer. They can be used by the computer to create a picture of whatever the camera had been pointed at. Digitizer is also known as Tablet or Graphics Tablet because it converts graphics and pictorial data into binary inputs. A graphic tablet as digitizer is used for doing fine works of drawing and images manipulation applications.

21. Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR)  - MICR input device is generally used in banks because of a large number of cheques to be processed everyday. The bank's code number and cheque number are printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contains particles of magnetic material that are machine readable. This reading process is called Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR). The main advantage of MICR is that it is fast and less error prone.

22. Optical Character Reader (OCR)  - OCR is an input device used to read a printed text. OCR scans text optically character by character, converts them into a machine readable code and stores the text on the system memory.

23. Bar Code Readers  - Bar Code Reader is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in form of light and dark lines). Bar coded data is generally used in labelling goods, numbering the books, etc. It may be a hand-held scanner or may be embedded in a stationary scanner. Bar Code Reader scans a bar code image, converts it into an alphanumeric value, which is then fed to the computer to which bar code reader is connected.

24. Optical Mark Reader (OMR)  - OMR is a special type of optical scanner used to recognize the type of mark made by pen or pencil. It is used where one out of a few alternatives is to be selected and marked. It is specially used for checking the answer sheets of examinations having multiple choice questions.

25. Voice Systems  - Following are the various types of input devices which are used in multimedia systems . Microphone - Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then stored in digital form. The microphone is used for various applications like adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing music. Speaker - Speaker is an output device to produce sound which is stored in digital form. The speaker is used for various applications like adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for movies displays etc.

26. Digital Camera  - Digital camera is an input device to input images that is then stored in digital form. The digital camera is used for various applications like adding images to a multimedia presentation or for personal purposes. Digital Video Camera  - Digital Video camera is an input device to input images/video that is then stored in digital form. The digital video camera is used for various applications like adding videos to a multimedia presentation or for personal purposes.

27. Output Devices  - Following are few of the important output devices, which are used in Computer Systems: Monitors  - Monitor commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU) is the main output device of a computer. It forms images from tiny dots, called pixels, that are arranged in a rectangular form. The sharpness of the image depends upon the number of the pixels. There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors:

28. Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT) Monitor - In the CRT, display is made up of small picture elements called pixels for short. The smaller the pixels, the better the image clarity or resolution. It takes more than one illuminated pixel to form whole character, such as the letter 'e' in the word help. A finite number of characters can be displayed on a screen at once. The screen can be divided into a series of character boxes - fixed location on the screen where a standard character can be placed. Most screens are capable of displaying 80 characters of data horizontally and 25 lines vertically.

29. Flat-Panel Display Monitor - The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that have reduced volume, weight and power requirement compared to the CRT. can hang them on walls or wear them on your wrists. Current uses for flat-panel displays include calculators, video games, monitors, laptop computer, graphics display. The flat-panel displays are divided into two categories:

30. Emissive Displays - The emissive displays are devices that convert electrical energy into light. Examples are plasma panel and LED (Light-Emitting Diodes). Non-Emissive Displays - The Non-emissive displays use optical effects to convert sunlight or light from some other source into graphics patterns. Example is LCD (Liquid-Crystal Device)

31. Printers  - Printer is the most important output device, which is used to print information on paper. Dot Matrix Printer - In the market, one of the most popular printers is Dot Matrix Printer because of their ease of printing features and economical price. character printed is in form of pattern of Dot's and head consists of a Matrix of Pins of size (5*7, 7*9, 9*7 or 9*9) which comes out to form a character that is why it is called Dot Matrix Printer.

32. Daisy Wheel - Head is lying on a wheel and Pins corresponding to characters are like petals of Daisy (flower name) that is why it is called Daisy Wheel Printer. These printers are generally used for word-processing in offices which require a few letters to be send here and there with very nice quality representation. Line Printers - Line printers are printers, which print one line at a time.

33. Laser Printers - These are non-impact page printers. They use laser lights to produce the dots needed to form the characters to be printed on a page.

34. Inkjet Printers - Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers based on a relatively new technology. They print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. Inkjet printers produce high quality output with presentable features. They make less noise because no hammering is done and these have many styles of printing modes available. Colour printing is also possible. Some models of Inkjet printers can produce multiple copies of printing also

35. Screen Image Projector  - Screen image projector or simply projector is an output device used to project information from a computer on a large screen so that a group of people can see it simultaneously. A presenter first makes a PowerPoint presentation on the computer. Now a screen image projector is plugged to a computer system and presenter can make a presentation to a group of people by projecting the information on a large screen. Projector makes the presentation more understandable.

36. Speakers and Sound Card  - Computers need both a sound card and speakers to hear audio, such as music, speech and sound effects. Most motherboards provide an on-board sound card. This built-in-sound card is fine for the most purposes. The basic functions of a sound card are that it converts digital sound signals to analog for speakers making it louder or softer.

37. Multimedia Software Multimedia software tells the hardware what to do. For example, multimedia software tells the hardware to display the color blue, play the sound of cymbals crashing etc. To produce these media elements( movies, sound, text, animation, graphics etc.) There are various software available in the market such as Paint Brush, Photo Finish, Animator, Photo Shop, 3D Studio, Corel Draw, Sound Blaster, IMAGINET, Apple Hyper Card, Photo Magic, Picture Publisher.

38. Multimedia Software Categories Device Driver Software - These softwares are used to install and configure the multimedia peripherals. Media Players - Media players are applications that can play one or more kind of multimedia file format. Media Conversion Tools - These tools are used for encoding / decoding multimedia contexts and for converting one file format to another. Multimedia Editing Tools - These tools are used for creating and editing digital multimedia data. Multimedia Authoring Tools - These tools are used for combing different kinds of media formats and deliver them as multimedia contents.

39. Multimedia Application : Multimedia applications are created with the help of following mentioned tools and packages. The sound, text, graphics, animation and video are the integral part of multimedia software. To produce and edit these media elements, there are various software tools available in the market. The categories of basic software tools are:

40. Text Editing Tools - These tools are used to create letters, resumes, invoices, purchase orders, user manual for a project and other documents. MS-Word is a good example of text tool. It has following features: Creating new file, opening existing file, saving file and printing it. Insert symbol, formula and equation in the file. Correct spelling mistakes and grammatical errors. Align text within margins. Insert page numbers on the top or bottom of the page. Mail-merge the document and making letters and envolpes . Making tables with variable number of columns and rows.

41. Painting and Drawing Tools - These tools generally come with a graphical user interface with pull down menus for quick selection. You can create almost all kinds of possible shapes and resize them using these tools. Drawing file can be imported or exported in many image formats like .gif, . tif , .jpg, .bmp, etc. Some examples of drawing software are Corel Draw, Freehand, Designer, Photoshop, Fireworks, Point etc.These software have following features: Tools to draw a straight line, rectangular area, circle etc. Different colour selection option. Pencil tool to draw a shape freehand. Eraser tool to erase part of the image. Zooming for magnified pixel editing

42. Image Editing Tools - Image editing tools are used to edit or reshape the existing images and pictures. These tools can be used to create an image from scratch as well as images from scanners, digital cameras, clipart files or original artwork files created with painting and drawing tools. Examples of Image editing or processing software are Adobe Photoshop and Paint Shop Pro.

43. Sound Editing Tools - These tools are used to integrate sound into multimedia project very easily. You can cut, copy, paste and edit segments of a sound file by using these tools. The presence of sound greatly enhances the effect of a mostly graphic presentation, especially in a video. Examples of sound editing software tools are: Cool Edit Pro, Sound Forge and Pro Tools. These software have following features: Record your own music, voice or any other audio. Record sound from CD, DVD, Radio or any other sound player. You can edit, mix the sound with any other audio. Apply special effects such as fade, equalizer, echo, reverse and more.

44. Video Editing Tools - These tools are used to edit, cut, copy, and paste your video and audio files. editing used to require expensive, specialized equipment and a great deal of knowledge. The aritistic process of video editing consists of deciding what elements to retain, delete or combine from various sources so that they come together in an organized, logical and visually planning manner. Today computers are powerful enough to handle this job, disk space is cheap and storing and distributing your finished work on DVD is very easy. Examples of video editing software are Adobe Premiere and Adobe After Effects.

45. Animation and Modeling Tools - An animation is to show the still images at a certain rate to give it visual effect with the help of Animation and modeling tools. These tools have features like multiple windows that allow you to view your model in each dimension, ability to drag and drop primitive shapes into a scene, color and texture mapping, ability to add realistic effects such as transparency, shadowing and fog etc. Examples of Animations and modeling tools are 3D studio max and Maya.

46. DISTRIBUTED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS If the multimedia systems are supported by multiuser system, then we call those multimedia systems as distributed multimedia systems. A multi user system designed to support multimedia applications for a large number of users consists of a number of system components. A typical multimedia application environment consists of the following components: 1. Application software. 2. Container object store. 3. Image and still video store. 4. Audio and video component store. 5. Object directory service agent. 6. Component service agent. 7. User interface and service agent. 8. Networks (LAN and WAN).

47. Application Software The application software performs a number of tasks related to a specific business process. A business process consists of a series of actions that may be performed by one or more users. The basic tasks combined to form an application include the following: (1) Object Selection - The user selects a database record or a hypermedia document from a file system, database management system, or document server. ( 2) Object Retrieval- The application retrieves the base object . ( 3) Object Component Display - Some document components are displayed automatically when the user moves the pointer to the field or button associated with the multimedia object. (4) User Initiated Display - Some document components require user action before playback/display. (5) Object Display Management and Editing: Component selection may invoke a component control sub application which allows a user to control playback or edit the component object.

48. Document store A document store is necessary for application that requires storage of large volume of documents. The following describes some characteristics of document stores. 1. Primary Document Storage: A file systems or database that contains primary document objects (container objects). Other attached or embedded documents and multimedia objects may be stored in the document server with the container object. 2. Linked Object Storage: Embedded components, such as text and formatting information, and information, and linked components, such as pointers to image, audio, and video. Components contained in a document, may be stored on separate servers. 3. Linked Object Management: Link information contains the name of the component, service class or type, general attributes such as size, duration of play for isochronous objects and hardware, and software requirements for rendering.

49. Image and still video store An image and still video is a database system optimized for storage of images. Most systems employ optical disk libraries. Optical disk libraries consist of multiple optical disk platters that are played back by automatically loading the appropriate platter in the drive under device driver control The characteristics of image and still video stores are as follows: (i) Compressed information (ii) Multi-image documents (iii) Related annotations (iv) Large volumes (v)Migration between high-volume such as an optical disk library and high-speed media such as magnetic cache storages(vi) Shared access: The server software managing the server has to be able to manage the different requirements

50. Audio and video Full motion video store Audio and Video objects are isochronous. The following lists some characteristics of audio and full-motion video object stores: ( i ) Large-capacity file system: A compressed video object can be as large as six to ten M bytes for one minute of video playback. ii)Temporary or permanent Storage: Video objects may be stored temporarily on client workstations, servers providing disk caches, and multiple audio or video object servers. iii) Migration to high volume/lower-cost media. iv) Playback isochronocity : Playing back a video object requires consistent speed without breaks. Multiple shared access objects being played back in a stream mode must be accessible by other users.

51. Object Directory Service Agent The directory service agent is a distributed service that provide directory of all multimedia objects on the server tracked by that element of the directory service agent. The following describes various services provided by a directory service Agent. (1)Directory Service: It lists all multimedia objects by class and server location. (2) Object Assignment: The directory service agent assigns unique identification to each multimedia object. (3)Object Status Management: The directory service must track the current usage status of each object. (4)Directory Service Domains: The directory service should be modular to allow setting up domains constructed around groups of servers that form the core operating environment for a group of users. (5) Directory Service Server Elements: Each multimedia object server must have directory service element tha reside on either server or some other resources. (6)Network Access: The directory service agent must be accessible from any workstation on the network.

52. Component Service Agent A service is provided to the multimedia used workstation by each multimedia component. This service consists of retrieving objects, managing playback of objects, storing objects, and so on. The characteristics of services provided by each multimedia component are object creating service, playback service, component object service agent, service agents on servers and multifaceted services means (multifaceted services component objects mayexist in several forms, such as compressed or uncompressed).

53. User Interface Service Agent It resides on each user workstation. It provides direct services to the application software for the management of the multimedia object display windows, creation and storage of multimedia objects, and scaling and frame shedding for rendering of multimedia objects. The services provided by user interface service agents are windows management, object creation and capture, object display and playback, services on workstations and using display software. user interface service agent is the client side of the service agents. The user interface agent manages all redirection since objects are located by a look-up mechanism in the directory service agent

54. Multiserver Network Topologies To distribute the full functionality of multimedia network wide there are vareity of network topologies available. The primary topologies are Traditional LANs (Ethernet or Token Ring Extended LANs (Using network switching hubs bridges and routers). High speed LANs (ATM and FDDI II), WANs (Including LANs, dial-up linksincluding ISDN T1 and T3 lines -etc.).

55. Traditional LANS (Ethernet or Token Ring) Ethernet: Ethernet: It is a Local Area Network hardware, communication, and cabling standard originally developed by Xerox corporation that link up to 1024 nodes in a bus network. It is a high speed standard using a baseband ( singlechannel ) communication technique. It provides for a raw data transfer rate of 10 Mbps, with actual throughput in the range of 2-3 Mbps. It support a number of sessions in a mix of live video, audio, electronic mail and so on. Token Ring: It is a Local Area Network architecture that combines token passing with a hybrid star/ring topology. It was developed by IBM. Token Ring Network uses a multistation Access unit at its hub.

56. ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) It is a network architecture that divides messages into fixed size units (called cells) of small size and that establishes a switched connection between the originating and receiving stations. ATM appears to be a potential technology for multimedia systems for connecting object servers and user workstations. ATM is actually a good candidate for two reasons: as a hub, it adapts very well to the wiring closest paradigm; and it allows workstations to operate at speeds defined by the workstation. FDDI II (Fiber Distributed Data Interface II) It is a standard for creating high-speed computer networks that employ fiber -optic cable. FDDI II operates exactly like token ring, . with one difference: FDDI employs two wires through all the hosts in a network. FDDI II is a single media LAN and its full bandwidth supports all users. FDDI II appears to be a very useful high-speed technology for connecting servers on an additional separate network and providing the dedicated high bandwidth necessary for rapid transfer and replication of information objects.

57. WANS (Wide Area Network) This includes LANs, dial up ISDN, T1 (1.544 Mbits /sec) and T3 (45.3 Mbits /sec) lines and regular telephone dial-up lines. The two big issues here are: WANs may have a mix of networking and communication protocols. WAN has a variety of speeds at various parts of it where it communicates. Protocol Layering: Layering helps to isolate the network from the application. Layering of protocols started with the release of the ISO model.

58. Distribution : Storage : Multimedia data is often stored in distributed systems, where it may be divided into smaller chunks and distributed across multiple servers or storage devices. This distribution allows for better scalability, fault tolerance, and load balancing. Transmission : To deliver multimedia content to users, data must be transmitted over a network. Distribution mechanisms such as content delivery networks (CDNs) or peer-to-peer (P2P) networks may be employed to optimize data transmission and improve the user experience. CDNs cache multimedia content on servers located closer to users, reducing  latency  and improving access speed.

59. Processing : Encoding and Compression : Multimedia data is often encoded and compressed to reduce file size and transmission bandwidth while maintaining acceptable quality. Compression techniques such as JPEG for images, MP3 for audio, and H.264 for video are commonly used. Decoding and Decompression : Upon receiving multimedia data, clients or servers decode and decompress the data to reconstruct the original content. This process involves reversing the encoding and compression techniques applied during transmission.

60. Manipulation and Enhancement : Multimedia data may undergo various processing operations to manipulate or enhance its quality. This includes tasks such as resizing images, adding special effects to videos, or filtering audio signals. Synchronization : In multimedia applications where multiple types of content (e.g., audio and video) are presented together, synchronization is crucial to ensure that different media elements are played back or displayed simultaneously. Synchronization mechanisms synchronize the timing and presentation of multimedia components to maintain coherence and enhance the user experience.

61. Multimedia metadata Metadata is simply called as data about the data, it is used to organize the information, manage the information and understand the information. Metadata was found in different contexts, including digital files, libraries, websites and databases. It plays a major role in management the data, retrieving the information, organization of the content with different domains.

62. Types of Metadata There are mainly five types of metadata as shown below.

63. 1. Preservation Metadata Preservation metadata is nothing but it is the type of the metadata which is designed to be the long term accessibility of the digital assets. It is served as a comprehensive record for the necessary information for the preservation and management of digital collections, most of the context of digital libraries, museums and other cultural institutions. Preservation metadata is used to stores the information in long time with digital assets. It includes the information about the authentications and preserve actions taken on the content. This metadata preserved the necessary information for the long-term preservation and manages the digital assets, ensuring their integrity and usability over time.

64. Example:  This metadata includes the information about the formats of the file, migration strategies, schemas of the metadata and preservation actions for maintaining the data accessibility. It supports the activity related to the digital preservation like migration of the data and risk management.

65. 2. Descriptive Metadata Descriptive metadata described about the detailed information of the content and the characteristics of the particular piece of the data, enables the users to the understand the meaning of the content and context of the content. This metadata plays a main role for enabling users to the discover and understand the digital resources effectively. Descriptive metadata is used to describes the content and providing the information such as author of the content, title of the content, summary of the content, theme of the content, dates, key points of the content. It is helped to the users for better understanding the content.

66. Example:   This metadata type consists of attributes like title, author, subjects, keywords, abstracts and other description parts of the document what the data describe about. In the digital context like documents, descriptive metadata also includes the details of the documentation such as location, creation date, format and size of the file. 3. Technical Metadata It provide the detailed information about technical characteristics and properties of the digital asset. It served a main role of the facilitate the management, processing and interoperability of the digital resources across the different platforms and the environments.

67. Technical metadata is used to describe about the technical words of the content i.e. specifications of the hardware, encoding, formats of the file, resolution of the file, software used in the content etc., Example:  This metadata tells about the format of the file, size of the file, color space, method of compression, software is used to create and manipulates the data. Technical metadata can be includes the Exchangeable Image File Format (EXIF) data contains the settings of the camera and other technical information.

68. 4. Structural Metadata In structural metadata, it provides the information about organization, about arrangements and relationships with the digital asset. It helps to the users to navigate and understand the internal structure and the hierarchical components. It is worked for interact with the content and accessing the content, it enables the users to navigate with the difficult information architectures and receive the data efficiently. The purpose of structural metadata is to provide details about the organization and relationships within the content or dataset. Example:  In structural metadata, it can be include about the chapters, about the sections, about the headings, about paragraphs and the page sequences. This multimedia includes the multimedia files such as videos and records, it includes timestamp, markers and pointers.

69. 5. Administrative Metadata Administrative metadata is nothing but it gives the information about the management, about the administration and governance of the digital assets with its lifecycle. It served as a foundation for the resource management, traceability and compliance with the organizational policies and its standards.  Administrative metadata is used to data provides the administration of the content and management. This metadata might be include the ownership of the data, right to the access, update/create the date and formats of the files. Example:  This metadata can include the details like author, date of the creation, access permissions, history and restrictions of the  Digital Rights Management  (DRM). It also describe about the storage of the data, strategies for the preservation.

70. Functions of Metadata

71. Management :  Metadata can supports the content management and content administration entire its lifecycle, with the tasks i.e. control of the version, control of the access, rights of the management. It supports the different management tasks and different tasks and the activities, data resources are properly controlled and maintained with an organisation. Metadata enabled the data management practices and accessibility of the digital resources of the entire lifecycle. Identification:  Metadata can helps the identify uniquely and shows the differences of individual content or information. can be assigned and managed the unique identifiers or tags for the each data asset and it enabling the efficient identification and retrieve entire the various platforms. By provide these unique identifiers and establishing the conventions, metadata enabled the perfect identification, retrieves the management of the data assets and supports the wide range of organizational processes.

72. Preservation:  This metadata provides that certain information used for long-term preservation and captured the digital assets and maintained the management of digital assets. Preservation metadata captured the information about the technical, administrative,  decision making  actions. The capturing and manages the preserving metadata, organization that can be integrity, reliability and the usability of its digital collections, ensuring the accessibility for future generations. Discovery:   In Discovery, descriptive metadata utilize the discovery of content by searching the keywords, searching the subjects or other attributes. Metadata can be served as the discovering the related information or data by provide the attributes, relatable keywords that helped that the user can easily locate the resource and access the resources.

73. Navigation :  Navigation is nothing but structural metadata is understand the structure of difficult content or dataset and organise the complex datasets into easily understandable to the users. It plays a major role to enabling the users to explore and access the data resources with the repositories or collections of the soft copy. Interoperability :  Metadata standards can enable the interoperability between the different platforms and systems, allowing to the exchange and  data integration . Metadata can play the main role for promote the interoperability by provides the standard formats, structures and vocabularies for the attributes of the representing data and relationship along with the different environments.

74. Importance of Metadata Metadata is important to “ Data Discovery “. It is helps to the users to find the relative data by giving information about the content, characteristics, context, etc., Metadata can easily “Understanding the data” .  Metadata can implement the understanding the meaning and significance of the content, including the its source, its format, and its structure. Metadata can be improved the “quality of the data”   by giving information related to the completeness of the content and consistency of the content. It can be manage the data, organize the data, divide into the categories within in the organization. Metadata can be involves the “interoperability” by containing description of the content that allows the different systems to utilize the understand the data exchanging the data.

75. Multimedia Database It is the collection of interrelated multimedia data that includes text, graphics (sketches, drawings), images, animations, video, audio etc and have vast amounts of multisource multimedia data. The framework that manages different types of multimedia data which can be stored, delivered and utilized in different ways is known as multimedia database management system. There are three classes of the multimedia database which includes static media, dynamic media and dimensional media.

76. Content of Multimedia Database management system : Media data –  The actual data representing an object. Media format data –  Information such as sampling rate, resolution, encoding scheme etc. about the format of the media data after it goes through the acquisition, processing and encoding phase. Media keyword data –  Keywords description relating to the generation of data. It is also known as content descriptive data. Example: date, time and place of recording. Media feature data –  Content dependent data such as the distribution of colors , kinds of texture and different shapes present in data.

77. Types of multimedia applications based on data management characteristic are : Repository applications –  A Large amount of multimedia data as well as meta-data(Media format date, Media keyword data, Media feature data) that is stored for retrieval purpose, e.g., Repository of satellite images, engineering drawings, radiology scanned pictures. Presentation applications –  They involve delivery of multimedia data subject to temporal constraint. Optimal viewing or listening requires DBMS to deliver data at certain rate offering the quality of service above a certain threshold. Here data is processed as it is delivered. Example: Annotating of video and audio data, real-time editing analysis. Collaborative work using multimedia information –  It involves executing a complex task by merging drawings, changing notifications. Example: Intelligent healthcare network.

78. challenges to multimedia databases, some of which are : Modelling –  Working in this area can improve database versus information retrieval techniques thus, documents constitute a specialized area and deserve special consideration. Design –  The conceptual, logical and physical design of multimedia databases has not yet been addressed fully as performance and tuning issues at each level are far more complex as they consist of a variety of formats like JPEG, GIF, PNG, MPEG which is not easy to convert from one form to another. Storage –  Storage of multimedia database on any standard disk presents the problem of representation, compression, mapping to device hierarchies, archiving and buffering during input-output operation. In DBMS, a ”BLOB”(Binary Large Object) facility allows untyped bitmaps to be stored and retrieved.

79. Performance –  For an application involving video playback or audio-video synchronization, physical limitations dominate. use of parallel processing may alleviate some problems but such techniques are not yet fully developed. Apart from this multimedia database consume a lot of processing time as well as bandwidth. Queries and retrieval – For multimedia data like images, video, audio accessing data through query opens up many issues like efficient query formulation, query execution and optimization which need to be worked upon.

80. Areas where multimedia database is applied are : Documents and record management :  Industries and businesses that keep detailed records and variety of documents. Example: Insurance claim record. Knowledge dissemination :  Multimedia database is a very effective tool for knowledge dissemination in terms of providing several resources. Example: Electronic books. Education and training :  Computer-aided learning materials can be designed using multimedia sources which are nowadays very popular sources of learning. Example: Digital libraries. Marketing, advertising, retailing, entertainment and travel. Example: a virtual tour of cities. Real-time control and monitoring :  Coupled with active database technology, multimedia presentation of information can be very effective means for monitoring and controlling complex tasks Example: Manufacturing operation control.

81. Several issues must be addressed if multimedia data are to be stored in a database: The database must support large objects, since multimedia data such as videos can occupy up to a few gigabytes of storage. Many database systems do not support objects larger than a few gigabytes. Larger objects could be split into smaller pieces and stored in the database. Alternatively, the multimedia object may be stored in a file system, but the database may contain a pointer to the object; the pointer would typically be a file name. The SQL/MED standard (MED stands for Management of External Data) allows external data, such as files, to be treated as if they are part of the database. With SQL/MED, the object would appear to be part of the database, but can be stored externally.

82. The retrieval of some types of data, such as audio and video, has the requirement that data delivery must proceed at a guaranteed steady rate. Such data are sometimes called isochronous data, or continuous-media data. For example, if audio data are not supplied in time, there will be gaps in the sound. If the data are supplied too fast, system buffers may overflow, resulting in loss of data. Similarity-based retrieval is needed in many multimedia database applications. For example, in a database that stores fingerprint images, a query fingerprint image is provided, and fingerprints in the database that are similar to the query fingerprint must be retrieved. Index structures such as B+- trees and R-trees cannot be used for this purpose; special index structures need to be created.

83. Hypermedia Hypermedia is the next generation of hypertext, containing a variety of media such as images, text, audio, video, and moving visuals. Both hypermedia and hypertext have a structure that is comparable. Hypermedia includes much more sophisticated capabilities such as webpage clickable connections. The most frequent hypermedia link is an image link that leads to another website. Hypermedia has a wide range of applications from problem solving and qualitative research to electronic studying and sophisticated learning. The Aspen Movie Map was, perhaps, the first hypermedia creation. HyperCard by Bill Atkinson popularized hypermedia writing, and a number of literary hypertext and hypertext works, both fiction and nonfiction, illustrated the promise of connections. The majority of current hypermedia is provided via electronic pages from a wide range of technologies, including media players, web browsers, and standalone programs.

84. multimedia learning What is multimedia learning? Multimedia learning  can be defined as a form of computer-aided instruction that uses two modalities concurrently. This means learning through the combined use of visuals (through pictures, animations, text, and videos) and audio (through narrated voiceover).

85. Model of MMLT

86. Concepts As can be seen in Figure 1, there are two channels used to process information, the auditory and visual channels.  The auditory channel processes information in the form of sounds, and the visual channel processes visible objects.  In MMLT, these two channels combine to process the incoming multimedia information.

87. Constructs Visual and auditory information is taken in and transferred to sensory memory (short term memory). Mayer (2002) explains that short term memory is the first place where information is processed. After that, all the information (sounds and pictures) is transferred to the working memory.  The working memory is where learners actively select the materials and organize them. The purpose of the selecting and organizing process is to dynamically produce logical mental constructs.  The two memories have similar functions, however, the sensory memory process information temporarily until it reaches long-term memory.  Mayer also stated that integrating the information with prior knowledge is significant to successfully transfer the knowledge.   

88. Proposition The theory proposes that, by combining information from the two channels, the information is transferred from short-term to working memory to be processed in-depth with the help of prior knowledge, and that processing helps the information stay in the learners’ long-term memory ( Yue et al., 2013). key idea of the theory is that students can learn more effectively when they are given two or more media and are engaged in processes of selecting the most relevant materials, organizing them into cognitive mental representations, and finally integrating them with their prior knowledge .  In short, multimedia learning occurs when people build mental representations from words (such as spoken text or printed text) and pictures (such as illustrations, photos, animation, or video) to process information and integrate them with prior knowledge. This process improves the possibility that the information will go to long-term memory

89. Conclusion To sum up, MMLT suggests a way that can help students learn more effectively as they are more engaged in processing information. It will also create more fun in the learning activities as they find the materials interesting and engaging.