Cultivation methods.pptx.pdf#pharmacogno

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1. CULTIVATION OF CRUDE
DRUGS
Mrs. G.Nidhya
Assistant Professor
Department of Pharmacognosy

2. CULTIVATION OF CRUDE DRUGS
•Cultivation of medicinal plants requires intensive
care and management.
•The conditions and duration of cultivation
required vary depending on the quality of
medicinal plant materials required.

3. ADVANTAGES OF CULTIVATION
•It ensures quality and purity of medicinal plants.
•Collection of crude drugs from cultivated plants gives a
better yield and therapeutic quality.
•Cultivation ensures regular supply of a crude drug.
•The cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants also leads
to industrialization to a greater extent.
•Cultivation permits application of modern technological
aspects such as mutation, polyploidy and hybridization.

4. DISADVANTAGES OF CULTIVATION
•The high cost of cultivated drugs as compared to wild
source.
•Losses due to ecological imbalance such as stroms,
earthquakes, floods, droughts etc.,

5. Methods of Propagation

6. Asexual Method (Vegetative Propagation)
•Vegetative propagation can be defined as regeneration or formation
of a new individual from any vegetative part of the plant body.
•The method of vegetative propagation involves separation of a plant
body which develops into a new plant.
They are two types of vegetative propagation:
•Natural methods of vegetative propagation
•Artificial methods of vegetative propagation

7. Natural methods of vegetative propagation
It is done by sowing various parts of the plants in well prepared soil.

10. Artificial methods of vegetative propagation
The method by which plantlets or seedlings are produced from
vegetative part of the plant by using some technique or process is
known as artificial method of vegetative.
Following methods are used:
1.Cutting
2.Layering
3.Grafting
4.Micropropagation

11. •These are the parts of the plant (Stem, root or leaf) which, if
grown under suitable conditions, develop new plants.
•Stem cutting are generally used to obtained new plants.
•Examples: Sugarcane,rose etc.,
1. Cutting

12. 2. Layering
•Roots are induced on the stem while it is still attached to the parent plant.
•This part of stem is later detached from the parent plant and grow into a
new plant.

13. 3. Grafting
•New varieties are produced by joining parts of two different plants.
•The rooted shoot of one plant, called stock, is joined with a piece of shoot of another
plant known as scion.
Examples: Rose, citrus and rubber etc.,

14. 4. Micropropagation
•This method consists of growing cell,
tissue and organ in culture.
•Small pieces of plant organs or tissues
are grown in a container with suitable
nutrient medium, under sterilized
conditions.
•The tissue grows into a mass of
undifferentiated cells called callus
which later differentiates into plantlets.
•These are then transferred into pots or
nursery beds and allowed to grow into
full plants.

15. Importance of Asexual propagation
•It is a cheaper, easier and rapid method of multiplication.
•Many fruit trees usually require 4-5 years to bear the fruits when developed from
seeds. The plants developed by vegetative methods, take only a year to bear fruits.
•Plants like roses and crysanthemum etc, do not form viable seeds. Thus, vegetative
propagation is the only method of propagation is the only method of reproduction an
continuation of species in such plants.
•All the plants developed by these methods will be general similar to the parent plant.
•Micropropagation is useful in raising disease free plants.

16. Sexual method (Seed Propagation)
•Incase of sexual reproduction, the plants are raised from seeds
and such plants are known as seedlings.
•For propagations the seeds must be of good quality.

17. METHODS OF SOWING SEEDS
Numerous methods of sowing seeds are in practice. Few of them are
1.BROADCASTING
2.DIBBLING
3.MISCELLANEOUS

18. BROADCASTING

•In this method the seeds are scattered freely inwell prepared soil for
cultivation.
•The seeds only need raking.
•If they are sown deep or covered by soil, necessary thinning of the
seedlings is done by keeping a specific distance.
Eg. Isapgol, linseeds, sesame.

19. BROADCASTING

20. DIBBLING

•When the seeds of advantage size and weight are available.
•They are sown by placing in holes.
•Number of seeds to be put in holes vary from 3 to 5 depending upon the
vitality.

21. DIBBLING

22. MISCELLANEOUS
•Many a times the seeds are sown in nursery beds.
•The seedlings thus produced are transplanted to farms for
further growth.
•Such as cinchona, cardamom,
clove etc.,

23. Pre-germination seed Treatments to improve
germination rate
1.Chemical (Acid scarification)
2.Mechanical (Scarification)
3.Boiled Water treatment
4.Soaking in Water
5.Moist Chilling

24. Chemical (Acid scarification)
The purpose is to modify hard or impermeable seed covering
by soaking seed in concentrated sulphuric acid
The time of treatment may vary from 10 minutes to 6 hours
according to species.

25. Mechanical (Scarification)

•Seeds of a few species with impermeable seed coat. i.e. hard seed
coat can be rendered permeable to water and gases.
•Their germination is greatly improved by mechanical scarification in
taking care that seeds should be injured (not be injured heavily)
•This can be achieved by
1. Placing the seeds between two sand Paper
2. Passing seeds through machine that scratches the surface
3. Filling and notching to make the seed coat permeable to water.

26. Mechanical (Scarification)

27. Boiled Water treatment
Pouring boiled water over seeds and getting
it to cool gradually for about 12 hours to
soften hard shelled seeds. Eg. Coffee.

28. Soaking in water
•The purpose of soaking in water is to modify hard seed coats to
remove growth inhibitors, to soften and to reduce the time of
germination.
•The time of soaking seeds in cold water depend upon the hardness of
the seed coat. Eg. Beans
Moist Chilling:
•Seed of many woody trees or shrubs are exposed to low temperature
to bring about prompt and uniform germination

29. Moist Chilling:

30. Advantages of Sexual propagation