Cultivation oF jack fruit

Full Cultivation of Jack Fruit

1. Presentation on Jack Fruit Davinder Handa M.Sc . Agri (Fruit Science )

2. JACK FRUIT Botanical Name :- Artocarpus heterophyllus Family :- Moraceae Chromosome No . :- 2n= 56 Fruit Type :- Sorosis Origin :- India Comman Name :- Kathal

3. Introduction It is a national fruit of Bangladesh. It prefers humid tropical climate. World's largest tree borne fruit . (30-40 kg weight) It is a rich source of beta- carotene . Mode of pollination:- wind Type of pollination:- cross Male and female inflorescence present in same plant.

4. Composition of Jack Fruit Composition of Jack Fruit (Per 100 gm of edible portion)   Tender Ripe Seed Moisture (%) 84 77.2 64.5 Carbohydrate (gm) 9.4 18.9 25.8 Protein (gm) 2.6 1.9 6.6 Fat (gm) 0.3 0.1 0.4 Fibre (gm) - 1.1 - Total mineral matter (gm) 0.9 0.8 1.2 Calcium (mg) 50 20 21 Phosphorus (mg) 97 30 28 Iron (mg) 1.5 500 - Potassium (mg) 246 - - Vitamin A (I .U.) - 540 17 Vitamin C (mg) 11 - - Source : Extension Bulletin No. 22, IIHR. Bangalore .

5. Distribution In World :- It is commonly grown in Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Brazil, Jamaica, Myanmar, Singapore and India. In India :- It grows in a wild and semi-wild state in Assam, W.B, Tripura, Bihar, UP and Western Ghats.

6. Area and Production Area under jackfruits in India is 150 thousand ha and production is 1694 thousand MT . (Source- NHB 2016-17 )

7. General uses Pickles Jams Jelly Candy Chips Cattle Feed

8. Soil :- It can be grown under wide range of soils rich deep and well-drained soil is good for its cultivation. It tolerates a variety of soils, a deep rich alluvial or open textured loamy soil with slightly acidic condition (pH 6.0 – 6.5 ). Climate :- A temperature range of 22-35º C will be ideal. It can bot tolerate frost as well as drought. Under low humidity the bearing is poor and the fruits also do not develop and taste. The West coast plains with high humidity are found to be very well suited. Climatic and soil requirements

9. Species The A. hetrophyllus previously known as A. integnifolia . The other related jack fruit species are :- A . altilis - bread fruit- small sized round fruit, found in TN, Assam, Mah & Kerala. A . lakoocha - Monkey Jack- Small edible fruits- it grows wild in Assam, WB, UP. A . hirsute - is a semi-wild edible species, native to India. A . champeden - edible fruit with strong odour like durian.

10. Species Artocarpus integer Artocarpus hetrophyllus Artocarpus altilis

11. Varieties GKVK-1 and Swarna variety with superior quality fruits were released from Karnataka Singapore (or) Ceylon jack :- It was introduced in Tamil Nadu from Sri Lanka. Fruits are medium in size each weighing 7-10 kg. The carpels are crisp, sweet, yellow with strong pleasant aroma. The fruit contain about 80 seeds. Burliar – 1 (T Nagar selection ) :- It was developed at Fruit Research Station, Burliar . The trees are medium in height and prolific in bearing . Hybrid jack :- It is a cross between Singapore jack x Veliappala developed at Fruit Research Station, Kallar . Trees are precocious in bearing; carpels are bigger in size sweeter than the parents.

12. Varieties GKVK-1 Ceylon Jack

13. Swarna

14. Propagation It is propagated by seeds, softwood grafting, patch budding and a ir layering. Seeds :- In India most of the plantations are still raised by seeds. The seedlings can be raised in pots/poly bags which are ready for transplanting after one year. The freshly extracted seeds are sown for higher % of germination. Soft wood grafting (cleft method) on 1 ½ months old seedlings with scion of 3-4 months old also was found to be successful.

15. Patch budding on 3-5 months old rootstock seedlings done during January-February and October-November was found to be very successful. In this method the budded plants are ready for planting in 8 months. Air layering is the earliest vegetative propagation, pretreatment of stock plant with ethrel (250ppm) 15 days before the air layers preparation and treating the layers with 1BA at 3000 or 5000ppm at the time of air layering caused 100% rooting.

16. Soft wood grafting

17. Patch budding Air layering

18. Planting Planting Time :- June – September Spacing 10x10 m is followed. Pits of 1m 3 is prepare. 20-30 kg FYM, ½ kg SSP and phorate granules (10-20gm) are filled in pits. During summer supplementary irrigation should be provided.

19. Cultural practices Irrigation:- Generally jackfruit is grown under rain fed conditions . There is no specific schedule of irrigation but jackfruit plant needs watering regularly during the initial 2 to 3 years . Weed control:- General weeding and mulching should be carried for proper plant growth . Training:- Trees should be trained to a single stem and remove early side branches for uniform smooth trunk development for a height of 1.5-2m.

20. Manure and Fertilizer Manure / Nutrients 1 year after planting Annual increase 5 th year FYM 10 10 50 N 0.150 0.150 0.750 P 0.080 0.080 0.400 K 0.100 0.100 0.500 Quantity (Kg / plant)

21. Intercroping Jack Fruit intercropped with vegetables like:- Chillies Okra Brinjal P ulses

22. Flowering Flowering starts in December and continues up to March. It is monoecious plant with spike type of inflorescence. Male and female inflorescence present in same plant . A multiple fruit, known as sorosis develops following pollination and fertilization. The pericarp around the seed and the fleshy perianth are edible. The fruits takes about 90-110 days after appearance of the spike, mature in June-July and are available almost throughout the year in Assam & South India.

23. Deficiency Boron Deficiency Symptoms Fruits show splitting or cracking with characteristic reddish purple colour . Leaves show chlorosis and brittleness. Terminal shoot poorly developed. Correction Measure Soil application of borax 25 g/tree/year.

24. Boron deficiency

25. Magnesium Deficiency Symptoms Yellowing of older leaves between lateral veins on either side of midrib. Chlorosis spreads from margin towards midrib. Correction Measure Soil application of dolomite 5 kg/tree/year.

26. Magnesium Deficiency

27. Iron Deficiency Symptoms Young leaves show interveinal chlorosis. Veins remain green . In severe cases entire leaf becomes yellow. The midrib remain green with stunted growth. Correction Measure Soil application of FeSO4 0.5 kg/tree/year.

28. Iron Deficiency

29. Manganese Deficiency Symptoms Leaves become yellow in color; veins remain green in color Correction Measure Soil application of MnSO4

30. Manganese Deficiency

31. Plant protection Pests Shoot and fruit borer - Margaronia caesalis Wlk . Bionomics The adult moth is brown with grey elliptical patterns on the wings. It lays eggs on tender shoot and flower buds. The caterpillar is pink with black wart and bright hairs. It pupates inside the tunnel. The pupae are reddish brown. The total life cycle is about 4-5 weeks

32. Fruit borer

33. Damage The larva bore into tender shoots, flower buds and developing fruits. As a result of attack, wilting of affected shoot, buds dries up and drop down while the fruit start rotting. The fallen fruits due to borer damage also serve as a source of the pathogen entry.

34. Management Remove and destroy the affected shoots, flower buds and fruits in the initial stage of the attack. Cover the fruits with perforated alkathene bags of convenient size. Spray Monocrotophos 36 WSC 2ml/ litre or carbaryl 50 WP 0.1 %,4gms. Spray copper oxychloride at 0.25 % to check if there is fruit rot incidence.

35. 2. Spittle bugs - Cosmoscarta relata D. Biology: Eggs : Pine spittlebugs overwinter as eggs inserted in dead twigs or slits cut into the bark of living stems. The eggs hatch in early May and the young nymphs migrate to the tender one-year-old growth. Nymphs: The nymphs begin to produce the frothy spittle from their anus. The spittle apparently protects the nymphs from predators, parasites and dry weather. As the spittle drops onto lower branches, black sooty mold may cover the needles. The young nymphs are yellowish with black markings; older nymphs become more brown. Several nymphs may join together in one large spittle mass and the nymphs constantly abandon old masses to make new ones. The nymphs mature by July and soon leave the spittle in order to molt into the winged adult. Adults: The adults do not form spittle masses but quickly jump and fly if disturbed. The adults are mottled gray with two faint parallel lines running across the wings.

36. Life cycle:

37. Damage symptoms: Nymphs feeds on twigs of the tree. The nymphs cover the branches with its frothy secretion causing yellowing and drying of terminal shoots . Management Spray methyl parathion 50 EC 2 ml/1ml / litre . Dust methyl parathion 2 % or quinalphos 1.5 % at 5 kg per medium sized tree.

38. 3. Mealy bug Biology: Eggs: Females lay their eggs directly on the host in a fluted ovisac that is attached to the body of the adult female . Inseminated eggs produce hermaphrodites and uninseminated eggs produce males. Nymphs: The first instar nymphs are also called as crawlers, which are mobile. They settle on the plants, start sucking the sap and form the colonies Adults: Females actually are hermaphrodites that frequently inseminate themselves. Adult males mate with females, but it is not clear if their sperm are used for reproduction.

39. Life cycle

40. Damage symptoms The adult bugs are covered with whitish powder and colonize between bark of tree trunk, young shoots and panicles The nymphs’ ascent the trees and settle on inflorescence causing flower drop, affecting fruit set. They also excrete honey dew, a sticky substance, which facilitates development of sooty mould .

41. Mealy bug

42. Management Biological control: Raking of soil around tree trunk to expose the eggs to natural enemies and sun, removal of weeds and releasing 10-15 grubs Releasing 10-15 grubs of cocinellid predator, C. montrozieri per tree .

43. 4 . Aphid Biology: Eggs : Eggs are white in colour and laid along the veins of leaves. Nymphs : There are four nymphal stages (instars). The general appearance of each stage is similar except for increase in size during subsequent instars. The first, second, third and fourth nymphal stages last 1-2, 2, 2, and 3 days respectfully. Adults : Aphids are small, soft-bodied, pear-shaped insects that have a pair of cornicles (wax-secreting tubes) projecting out from the fifth or sixth abdominal segment.Wingless , female, aphids are yellowish green, gray green or olive green with a white waxy bloom covering the body. The winged, female, adult aphids have a dusky green abdomen with dark lateral stripes separating the body segments and dusky wing veins.Male aphids are olive-green to brown in color. The aphid attacks generally during 2nd and 3rd week of December and continues till March.

44. Life cycle

45. Damage symptoms Both nymph and adults suck the sap from leaves, buds and pods. Curling may occur for infested leaves and at advanced stage plants may wither and die. Plants remain stunted and sooty molds grow on the honey dew excreted by the insects. Management Physical control: Collect and destroy the damaged plant parts along with nymphs and adults Biological control: Release coccinellid predators.

46. Natural Enemies of Jackfruit Insect Pest Parasitoids Egg parasitoids

47. Larval parasitoids

48. Nymphal and adult parasitoids

49. Predators

50. DISEASES 1) Soft rot or fruit rot: Rhizopus artocarpi Disease symptoms: Young fruits and male inflorescences are badly attacked by the fungus and only a small percentage of the fruits reach maturity. Female inflorescence and matured fruits are not usually attacked. The disease is a soft rot. A large number of the affected fruits falls off early. In the first stage of attack ·the fungus appears as greyish growth with abundant mycelia which gradually becomes denser forming a black growth. Survival and spread: The fungus gradually advances until the whole fruit or the entire inflorescence rots and falls off.

51. Fruit rot

52. Favourable conditions: Warm , humid, rainy conditions favour the development of rot. Wind, rain and insects dislodge and spread the tiny Management Spray 1 % Bordeaux mixture or Copper oxychloride 2.5 g/lit. Three sprays must be given at 15 days interval.

53. 2. Dieback ( Botryodiplodia theobromae ) Disease symptoms: The most of die-back becomes evident by discolouration and darkening of the bark some distance from the tip. The dark area advances and young green twigs start withering first at the base and then extending outwards along the veins of leaf edges. The affected leaves turn brown and their margins roll upwards. At this stage, the twig or branch dies, shrivels and falls. There may be exudation of gum from affected branches. Such branches are often affected by shoot borers. Infected twigs show internal discolouration .

54. Dieback

55. Survival and spread: Infected twigs may cause the spreading of die back. Favourable conditions: Relative humidity above 80 percent and temperature of 25-31°C and rains.

56. Management: Pruning of infected twigs followed by spraying of carbendazim 0.1% or thiophonate methyl 0.2 % or chlorothaloni 0.2% is recommended. Controlling shoot borer, & shot hole borers by suitable insecticides is also important in reducing die back disease.

57. 3. Leaf spot: Phyllosticta artocarina Disease symptoms: Produces dark brick red spots on both the surface of leaf which upon maturity become greyish studed with dark colour , pin headed fruiting bodies of the fungus. Survival and spread: The fungus overwinters on old leaves . Young rapidly expanding leaves are infected. Favourable conditions : Temperature of 25°C and Relative Humidity 95-97 %.

58. Leaf spot

59. Management: The disease is effectively controlled by spraying Carbendazim 0.1% or Thiophanate methyl 0.2% or Difolatan 0.2%.

60. Harvesting It is a climacteric fruit; harvesting is done by cutting the fruit along with stalk after developing sweet and good flavour . Tender jackfruits are harvested for use as vegetables during early spring and summer until the seeds harden. The fruit matures towards the end of summer in June. Period of fruit development is February to June . Change in fruit colour from green to light yellow, harvesting is done by cutting off the stalk carrying the fruits.

61. Yield An 15 year old tree yields about 250 fruits, the individual fruit may weight from 1kg to about 20 kg.

62. Storage Fruits are stored for 2-3 months at 5ºC with 85-90% relative humidity and 1 week under room temperature.  

63. THANKS YOU HAVE A NICE DAY