Custard apple by pooja

Production technology of delicious Custard apple

1. welcome

2. PRESENTATION ON CUSTARD APPLE

3. INTODUCTION 1 . BOTANICAL DISCRIPTION OF CUSTARD APPLE 2 . USES & COMPOSITION 3 . DIFFERENT SPEACIES OF CUSTARD APPLE 4 . PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 5 . POST HARVEST HANDLING 6 . PHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS 7 . DISEASES 8 . INSECT PESTS 9 . RESEARCH ARTICLES

4. BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION & GENERAL INFORMATION OF CUSTARD APPLE KING DOME – PLANTAE ORDER – FAMILY - Annonaceae GENUS – Annona SPECIES – squamosa Cr NUMBER – 2n = 2x = 14 ORIGIN – Tropical america BEARINGHABIT – Axillary growth on old season growth LEADING PRODUSER - A.P. EDIBLE PART - Pericarp

5. BOTANICALLY FRUIT – ETARIO OF BERRY TYPE OF POLLINATION – CROSS POLLINATION MODE OF POLLINNATION – WIND DICHOGAMY – PROTOGYNY SEEDLESSNESS – OVULE STERILITY LARGEST FRUIT BEARING - A. muricata OTHER NAMES – SUGAR APPLE SWWET SOP ALKALOID – ANNONINE IN BARKS

6. USES AND COMPOSITION Stahl (1953) reported that : 28.6% to 36.9% edible portion Sugar – 12.4% to 16.6 % Acid – 0.26 % to 0.65% OPPENHEIMER reported that : Proteins – 1.2 % to 1.6% Moisture – 73.2 to 73.5 % Glucose – 14.5 %

7. Sucrose – 17.7 % FAT – 0.3% Carbohydrates – 23. 9% MINERALS - 0.7% Ca – 0.4% Fe – 6% 100 g edible portion – 105 k cal

8. USES 1. ROOTS – Drastic purgative 2. LEAVES – made into paste and applied to unhealthy ulcers powdered leaves kill lice in cattle. 3. KERNAL : Powdered kernel controlling head lice and store grain pests . Oven dried kernel seeds contain 30 % oil which is used for making soaps & cake is used as manure . 4. SEED : seed extract & seed oil have insecticidal properties.

9. TYPES OF CUSTARD APPLE TWO TYPES OF CUSTARD APPLES ARE FOUND 1. green with greenish yellow surface 2. red fruited (A. squamosal var rubra)with dark pinkflesh

10. DIFFERERENT SPECIES OF CUSTARD APPLE

11. Annona squamosa COMMON NAMES : Sitaphal , Custard apple , Sweet pop , Sugar apple , Sharifa atakatal . Common cultivated spp of India . ;

12. Annona muricata COMMON NAMES : Ramaphal , sour sop , prickly custard apple , mundla seetaphal . 2 .Moist humid condition evergreen tree , heart shaped fruit , largest Annona in the world .

13. Annona atemoya COMMON NAMES : It is also known as Lakshmanphal or Atemoya .

14. Annona reticulata COMMON NAMES : Bullocks heart / bulls heart /west Indian custard apple . 1 . More common in south India . 2 . Late season crop.

15. Annona cherimola : COMMON NAMES : Hanumanphal /cherimoya 2 . Subtropical climate in tropics mostly grown in Assam .

16. Annona diversifolia COMMON NAME : Illama . 1 . Fruit pulp like apricot flavour

17. Annona glabra COMMON NAME : Pond apple 2 .Drought tolerant coloured flesh .

18. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF CUSTARD APPLE

19. 1. SOIL : not particular about soil Loamy soils with good water holding capacity for better growth ph =5.5 to 6.5 Tolerant to lime soils (50%). 2. CLIMATE : hot dry climate during flowering & high humidity at the time of flowering Chandler opines that fruits do not ripe & become hard at temperature < 15 d.c.

20. VARIETIES : Propagation by seeds There fore plants differ in their seed number & quality due to genetic and agro- climatic effects . Promising selections : red Seetha phal , sindhan local , mammoth , Washington PI 107005, washington 98787 & balanagar have been made at FRS , Sangareddy .

21. COPARATIVE PERORMANCE OF ANNONA SPECEIS name custard cherimoya atemoya 1. M ean weight of fruits in grams 206 287 269 2. % of pulp weight to the total weight 42.4 61.2 66.4 3.Number of seeds /100 grams of pulp 54 20 15 4. T otal TSS % 24 24 26 5. F lavour , aroma , quality Good excellent Excellent

22. PROPAGATION : 1. Seed 2. Budding 3. Grafting 4. Cutting SEXUAL PROPAGATION : sugar apple & sour sop being genetically less variable unlike A.cherimoya & Annona hybrids are commercially propagated by seed .how ever seed propagation is not desirable.

23. SEED GERMINATION : After extraction have to undergo after ripening to emerge from dormancy . Sowing of freshly extracted seed took 45 days to germinate . The dormancy period in cherimoya , a. glabra , a. reticulata was respe ctively 99 , 74 ,49.

24. RAISING OF SEEDLINGS : the seedlings can be raised in polythene bags during the rainy season & planted in the field when they attain a height of about 20 -25cm . Some times seeds are also directly sown in field at the onset of rainy season . Treatment of scarified seeds with 500ppm GA- 3 resulted in high % of germination . BANKER could enhance germination from 30% in control to 60% by treatment of seeds with 160ppm GA-3.

25. SOWING : 2- 2 ½ cm in well prepared beds or polythenebags are filled with 2: 1 ratio of soil & compost . FOR BREAKING THE DORMANCY soaking the seeds in water for 3-4 days Soaking the seeds in 400ppm GA solution for 24 days Scarified seeds are treated with 500ppm GA3 COMPATABILITY B/W GRAFTS : A.Squamosa & A.squmosa - compatable A.Squmosa & A. reticulata - compatable A. muricata & A. palustris –incompatable ( died in 8months )

26. ASEXUAL PROPAGATION CUTTINGS STOOL LAYERING BUDDING GRAFTING MICROPROPAGATION

27. PLANTING : rainy season from July to mid September Grafted & budded plants – spacing of 4 – 5 in well manured pits of 606060 TRAINING & PRUNING : it is slow growing plant & has a bushy nature , branches are spreading & sometimes particularly in grafted trees drop. pruning is done with start of new growth in Feb – March . Pruning early age is harmful Pruning at old age is done to boost up production

28. Such grafted & budded plants are trained to single stem up to 1m height . In seedling plants pruning is not done generally except to develop the well spaced branches through shearing off crowded & undesirable branches . MANURES & FERTILISERS : 250 G : 125 G : 125 G of N : P : K / tree / yr.

29. IRRIGATION : for Indian conditions & 2 to 3 irrigations during summer at the time of flowering & fruits set & 1 irrigation at the time of maturity after rainy season improve the fruit quality & yield. WATER SCARCITY : some times causes the development of stone fruits which remain on the tree even after defoliation in winter. Deficiency of excess moisture causes fruit cracking which can be overcome by regulating water management.

30. INTERCULTURAL OPERATIONS : weed control : 1 harrowing during Aug _ Sep check the growth of weeds & also conserve the moisture . INTERCROPING : generally not practiced in custard apple orchards. However , growing of legumes as intercrops , up to the period of development of plant canopy , help in improving the soil texture & fertility , it directly effect the plant growth & productivity crops like groundnut black gram etc. . In rainy season & gram pea etc. in winter season can successfully grown as intercrops .

31. FLORAL DIAGRAM OF CUSTARD APPLE Floral Formulae : Br , Ebrl , k3 , c6 , A , G

32. FLOWERING , POLLIINATION & FRUIT SET : it has short juvenile phase . Seedlings or vegetative propagules begin flowering with in 4 years . Annona spp bear hermaphrodite flower either solitary or in cluster on the current season growth . FLOWER COLOR – greenish yellow or often brown or dark yellow in colour

33. FLOWERING period of custard apple is very long from march - April to July – Aug. PEAK FLOWERING – April – May . It takes 27 to 35 day from flower initiation. FLOWER OPEN TAKES PLACE IN 3 DIFFERENT PHASES Pre female phase Female phase Male phase – 26 to 27 hrs .

34. PRE – FEMALE PHASE : petals begins to separate , which continue for 6 – 15 hrs . FEMALE PHASE : The petals start opening & allow small insects to visit the stigma . This phase last for 26 – 27 hrs from 1pm - 3pm on the day to 4pm – 6pm the following day . Stigma remains receptive throughout the period except for last 3hrs.

35. MALE PHASE : petals unfold complete coinciding with ripening of anthers .the step from step from female to male phase always takes in the afternoon from 4pm -6pm PROTOGYNOUS nature of flower favours cross pollination Flower begin to appear in late summer set in rainy season & fruit become mature in winter Setting of fruit early in the season is important because , the immature fruits become inedible & turn into stone fruits.

36. Fruit set is low ranging hypogyny , poor pollen germination & death of insect pollinators are main limiting factor for fruit set in Annona spp , especially in a. atemoya suggested need of hand pollination . FRUIT SET : a custard apple tree may bear 1500 – 2000 flowers but hardly 2 – 3 % fruit . Low fruit set due to dichogamy High temperature Low humidity Lack of pollinating agents

37. HOW TO IMPROVE FLOWERING ? By growth regulators Flowers dipped in 50ppm GA for 1 min & noted reduction in seed number also . PRAMANIK & BOSE ( 1968 ) recorded a significant effect of 100ppm of GA & NOA solution on fruit set .

38. HARVESTING & YEILD SEEDLINGS GRAFTED & BUDDED GENERALLY 4-5 years 3-4 years Cherimoya 15 years 5-6 years

39. HARVESTING & YEILD Custard apple is a climacteric fruit & harvesting at maturity stage when the fruit start to change colour from green to creamy yellow. Fruit left unharvested on the tree start cracking & rot. Immature fruits neither ripe properly nor the proper sweetness & aroma develop. On an average a well developed tree give about 50 – 100 or more fruits with the average weight of 125 – 200 grams.

40. POST HARVET HANDLIND OF CUSTARD APPLE

41. Custard apple is perishable fruit & mature fruits they still hard are transported for distant market , while for local market fruits are ripen on straw at room temperature . In Gujarat fruits are harvested stalk instinct with few leaves , graded into A, B, C & packed in bamboo baskets in which leaves are used as cushion material . It does not withstand the cold storage due to the chilling injury to the hard fruits at the temperatures bellow 15.5 D . C .

42. IN GUJARAT ….

43. STORAGE Smitananda at maturity the best storage temperature are about 5 dc to 7.2 dc . Rajaput opines that the ripe fruits can be kept for 6 weeks at 4.4 dc , althrough the skin becomes brown & unattractive & looses market value . Firm mature fruits can easily be stored in polythene bags for 7 days with wt. loss of only 6.13 % if dipped for 2 hrs . In 8 % wax emulsion + 400 ppm 2 ,4 – D as compared to 15.5 % wt. in untreated fruits.

44. Packed in bamboo baskets …….

45. Packed in perforated polythene bags

46. DISORDERS OF CUSTARD APPLE

47. FRUIT CRACKING WHAT IS FRUIT CRACKING ? It is longitudinal / radial reasons , sudden & high fluctuations in the water supply . Heavy rainfall or irrigation after prolonged dry spell . CONTROL : appropriate irrigation scheduling .Evenly distributed irrigation . Harvest at proper maturity .

48. STONE FRUIT WHAT IS STONE FRUIT ? In custard apple , some fruits instead of attaining full size , remain very small & become brown . These are known as stone fruits Which retain on the tree for long period even after harvesting normal fruits & also during dormancy & initiation of new growth

49. CAUSES : Neglected orchards . under moisture stress conditions coupled . With normal deficiencies . CONTROL : Clean cultivation Adequate manuring & timely irrigation . Better management of plants so that can flower & their mature in time before the plants enter dormancy without formation of stone fruits .

50. DECLINE WHAT IS DECLINE : trees shrivel & drying of old branches takes place resulting in sudden tree death REASONS : Water logging in sandy / rocky soils . CONTROL : Avoid water logging . Heavy soils with poor irrigation ,sub soils with hard pan.

51. DISEASES OF CUSTARD APPLE

52. ANTHACNOSE

53. BLACK CANCKER

54. DIPLODIA FRUIT ROT

55. LEAF SPOT

56. INSECT PESTS OF CUSTARD APPLE

57. YELLOW PEACH MOTH

58. SPIRALLING WHITE FLY

59. ANY DOUBTS…..????

60. THANKYOU

61. REFERENCES : 1. FRUIT CROPS : Dr . T . Radha and Mathew , 2. INSTANT HORTICULTURE : S .N. Gupta , 3 . WWW google . Comin..

62. Submitted by : Yaddanaudi Pooja , RHM/17 – 28 , ON : 13 /12 / 20017 .