Data Collection Method.pptx

data collection techniques

1. Data Collection Method Dr. Vicky Kasundra (MPT Neuro)

2. Data Collection It is the process by which the researcher collects the information needed to answer the research problem. It begins after a research problem has been defined & research design plan is out. In collecting data researcher must decide which data to collect? How to collect data? Who will collect data? When to collect the data?

3. Types of Data Primary data Secondary data Collected fresh data & first time Data collected by someone else and already passed through statistical process Original data Published or not original data Expensive Cheaper Required more effort and time Less time and money effort Collected from respondents Collected from internal and external sources Processed and analyzed before used Used directly without processing

4. Primary Data Collection Observations Interviews Questionnaires Schedules Experiments Surveys

5. 1. Observational Method Definition Data are collected with the help of observation by observer or by personally going to the field. Steps Determine what should be observed? Select participants randomly / non-randomly Conduct the observation (venue, duration, recording materials, take photographs) Assemble collected data Analyze & interpret collected data

6. Classification Structured / Unstructured Observation Structured observation Unstructured observation Before observation observer specified the detail what should be observed and how the measurement record Before observation observer can't specified the detail what should be observed and how the measurement record

7. Participant / non-participants observation Participants observation Non-participants observation When observer is member of group which he is observing then its called When observer is not a member of group which he is observing then its called Observer is part of other group

8. Uncontrolled / Controlled observation Uncontrolled observation Controlled observation Observation place in natural condition Observation place in pre arranged plans (i.e. laboratory)

9. Produce large quantities of data This technique stopped and began at any time Only give information that is currently happen Active co-operation of respondents not needed Subjective biased is eliminated if done accurately Advantage Disadvantages Gives limited information Expensive method Extensive training needed for observation unforeseen factor may interfere

10. 2. Interview method Definition In this interviewer ask the questions (which are needed to get information) to respondent. It involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in oral-verbal responses. Steps Prepare interview schedule (interviewer selection) Select subjects/key respondents Conduct the interview Analyze & interpret collected data

11. Classification Strcured Structured interview Used the pre-decided set of questions & highly slandered techniques of recording Unstructured interview Not Used the pre-decided set of questions & highly slandered techniques of recording Focused interview Focused on the given experiences of respondents & its effect Clinical interview Concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivation or with the course of individuals life experience Group interview Group of 6-8 individuals Qualitative & Quantitative interview Divided based on subject matter : i.e. qualitative or quantitative Individual interview Single individuals Selection interview Selection of people for certain job

12. Advantage More information obtained at greater depth Interviewer can overcome resistant by own skill Personal information can be obtained Greater flexibility to reconduct the questions by interviewer Avoided the misinterpretation question Disadvantage Expensive method Interviewer / respondent bias Systematic error more Time consuming

13. Telephone Interview Disadvantages Advantages More flexible compare to mailing method Quick way to obtain information Cheaper than interview method Recall is easy via callbacks or recording No field staff is required Higher rate of response than other method Little time given to respondents for answers Restricted to respondents who have telephone facilities Extensive geographical coverage may get restricted by cost Interviewer bias more Questions have to be short to the point

14. 3. Questionnaire Method Definition In this method questionnaire is sent to the persons concerned with a request to answer the questions and return the questionnaire. The number of questions printed in a definite order on a form. Steps Prepare questionnaire (types of questions, order, copies) Select participants randomly/ non-randomly Administer the questionnaire (date, venue, time) Assemble the collected data Analyze & interpret collected data

15. Classification of Questions Open-ended questions Respondents are free to write anything in their own words Close-ended questions Respondents have to choose one of the given options Dichotomous questions Questions have only two possible answers. E.g. are you a smoker? (Yes/ no)

16. Polytomies questions / multiple questions/categories Questions have more than two answers E.g. which year of BPT are you studying? (1 st /2 nd /3 rd /4 th ) In this, respondents mark more than one options E.g. where is your pain? (arm/knee/hand/back) Ranking questions Respondents have to answer the questions in order sequence E.g. preference of food? Pizza 1. pizza Dosa 2. Chinese Chinese 3. sandwich Sandwich 4. dosa

17. Characteristics of good questionnaire It should not be too large or too short It should be easily understood by respondents Sequence of questions maintained: easy to difficult level Vague questions should be avoided Provide adequate space for answers in questionnaire It should address the purpose of your research Physical appearance – quality of paper, color should be good Sequence must be clear It should use a scientific measurement scale It should be an analytic Avoid too many open-ended questions

18. Advantages low cost even when the universe is large and is widely spread free from interviewer bias Respondents have adequate time to think for answers. Respondents, who are not easily approachable, can also be reached conveniently. Large samples can be use then the results can be made more dependable and reliable. Disadvantages Time consuming Respondents need to be educated & co-operative Possibility of unclear reply Respondents error is high

19. 4. Schedule method Its similar to questionnaire method the only difference is that a schedule filled by enumerator who is specially appointed for the purpose. Here the enumerator goes to respondents ask & explained the questions in order manner and record the respondent ans3wer into form. Enumerator must be trained for administering the schedule.

20. Questionnaire Schedule Its send through mail so no further assistance required Its filled by enumerator so assistance required Cheaper method Expensive Non response is high Non response is low Incomplete & wrong Complete & accurate information Only applicable when respondents is literate & cooperative Applicable when respondents is illiterate or literate both the case It can be Send in wide dispersed area Difficult to sent enumerator in wider dispersed area

21. Other methods Warranty card Content analysis Distribution or store audits Pantry audits Consumer panel Use of mechanical devices Depth interview

22. Projective techniques Word association tests Sentence completion test Story completion tests Thematic apperception test (TAT) Verbal projection tests Cartoon balloon

23. Collection of Secondary Data Publication of central, state, local government Technical & trade journals Books, magazine & newspaper Reports, & publication of industry, bank, stock exchange Public record Reports prepared by research scholars, universities, economist Publication of foreign governments or international bodies & organization

24. Before using secondary data researcher should check Reliability of data Adequacy of data Suitability of data

25. Reliability of data Finding out following questions Who collect data ? What time data were collect? What were sources of data? Was there any bias of the complier? What level of accuracy is desired

26. Suitability of data Researcher only collect the data that is suitable for research problem Adequacy of data Adequate data should be collected based on research problem.

27. Selection of appropriate method for data collection Nature & scope of the enquiry - it should be based on research problem Availability of funds Time factor Precision

28. References Research methodology by CR Kothari Research methodology by Ranjit Kumar

29. Thank you