Data-Presentation-and-Interpretation-in-Tabular-Graphical.pptx

Research

1. Data Presentation and Interpretation in Tabular & Graphical Forms Rellie D. Castro, RN, LPT

2. Introduction Data processing is a fundamental step done in analyzing gathered data in study. In research, data is manipulated to produce results that lead to answers to specific problems for the improvement of an existing situation. The data may be presented through diagram, graph (line, bar, pie, etc.), table or figure.

3. Data Processing It is important to process the data collected carefully. The essence of data processing in research is data reduction. Data reduction involves winnowing out the irrelevant from the relevant data and establishing order from chaos and giving shape to a mass of data.

4. Methods of Data Processing Data Processing is concerned with; editing, classifying, tabulating and charting, diagramming of research data.

5. Editing of Data Editing is the process of examining the data collected to detect errors and omissions and to see that they are corrected, and ready for tabulation. The researcher must see to it that data are accurate, relevant, consistent, complete, and acceptable.

6. Classification of Data Data must be classified or categorized in the statistical data under various understandable homogeneous groups for the purpose of convenient interpretation. A uniformity of attributes is the basic criterion for classification; and the grouping of data is made according to similarity.

7. Tabulation of Data Tabulation is the process of summarizing raw data and displaying it in compact form for further analysis. Therefore, preparing tables is a very important step.

8. Tabulation of Data Title of Table . The table should be first given a brief, simple, and clear title which may express the basis of classification based on the purpose of the study. Columns and Rows . Each table should be prepared in just adequate number of columns and rows. Captions . The columns and rows should be given simple and clear captions so the ordinary reader can understand the data.

9. Tabulation of Data Unit of measurement . The unit should be noted below the lines. Footnotes . this may be given below the table. Total . totals of each column and grand total should be in one line.

10. Data Interpretation After gathering the data, they must be tabulated and computed so the researcher can analyze and interpret the result. Research interpretation is defined as adequate exposition of the true meaning of the material presented in terms of the purpose of the study

11. Data Interpretation Results in discussions should be systematic , logical , and comprehensive . The decision should blend the findings in relation to those identified in the literature review and placed within the context of the theoretical framework underpinning the study.

12. Example:

13. Sample Interpretation: The table presents Certain reasons why teacher want to change shift career. As gleaned from the data, 20% of the teacher – respondents admits that oftentimes teacher salaries are not released on time hence they are prompted to borrow a certain amount of money from the loan sharks with a sizable amount of interest rate. As revealed by the respondents, the teacher’s salary is not so high. married ones expressed that sometimes they experience sending promissory notes to the school of their children for the permission to take major examination. Further during the interview, 19% noted that they have little opportunity for promotion. 15% of the teacher respondents are not motivated to teach because of the low salary and not enough instructional materials in the classroom. trainings are available but 14% of the respondents assert that the training is not offered to all of them. In addition, 13% revealed that the environment is not conductive for learning.

14. Presentation of Data To be able to create and present an organized picture of information from a research report, it is important to use certain techniques to communicate findings and interpretations of research studies into visual forms. The common techniques being used to display data results are tabular , textual , and graphical methods.

15. A. Textual Presentation of Data Textual presentations use words, statements or paragraphs with numerals, numbers, or measurements to describe data. They can be used independently to describe the data when there are very few quantities or numbers. They can also be used to compare data using paragraphs for the discussion.

16. B. Tabular Presentation of Data Tables present clear and organized data. A table must be clear and simple but complete. A good table should include the following parts: Table Number and Title – These are placed above the table. The title is usually written right after the table number. Caption Subhead – This refers to columns and rows. Body – It contains all the data under each subhead. Source – It indicates if the data is secondary and it should be acknowledged.

17. Tabular Presentation with Textual Analysis Tabular Presentation with Textual Analysis has similar parts to the Tabular Presentation of Data, but it has a textual analysis below the table.

18. C. Graphical Methods of Presenting Data A graph or chart portrays the visual presentation of data using symbols such as lines, dots, bars, or slices. It depicts a certain set of measurements or shows comparison between two or more sets of data or quantities.

19. C. Graphical Methods of Presenting Data Charts and graphs are very useful in simplifying the presentation of research reports. It helps researchers and readers understand data quickly and interestingly.

20. C. Graphical Methods of Presenting Data A good graph or chart shows that the X and Y axis has a heading and units are included. The figure number and title are usually placed below the figure. The known value is plotted on the X-axis and the measured value is plotted on the Y-axis.

21. Line Graph A line graph is a graphical presentation of data that shows a continuous change or trend it may show ascending or descending trend.

22. Double Line Graph A double line graph has two lines connecting points to show continuous change in the data overtime. Like a single line graph, the lines can ascend or descend in a double line graph.

23. Bar Graph or Bar Chart A bar graph uses bars to compare categories of data. It may be drawn vertically or horizontally. A vertical bar graph is best to use when comparing means or percentage between distinct categories.

24. Pictographs A pictogram is a special type of bar graph. Instead of using an axis with numbers, it uses pictures / icons to represent a number of items. The use of icons can sometimes help overcome differences in language, culture, and education. Icons can also give a more representational view of the data.

25. Pie Charts or Circle Graphs A pie chart is usually used to show how parts of a whole compared to each other and to the whole. The entire circle represents the total, and the parts are proportional to the amount of the total they represent.

26. Pie Charts or Circle Graphs The amount going to each part is expressed as a percentage; then, a circle is divided into pieces proportional to the percentage of each category. It is done by multiplying the percentage share by 360 degrees.

27. THANK YOU