Davana breeding ( Breeding of aromatics).pptx

Davana (Artemisia pallens), a fragrant, aromatic herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, is prized for its essential oil, used in perfumes, flavoring, and traditional medicine. Native to southern India, particularly the states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, davana thrives in tropical and subtropical climates with well-drained, sandy-loam soils. Its cultivation and breeding practices are crucial for enhancing productivity, oil yield, and resistance to pests and diseases.The primary objectives of davana breeding include improving essential oil content and quality, developing high-yielding and disease-resistant varieties, and enhancing adaptability to varying climatic conditions. Breeders also focus on preserving the plant's unique aroma, which is highly valued in the fragrance industry. Davana is an annual herb typically propagated through seeds. The breeding process involves the following steps:

Selection of Parent Plants: High-yielding, aromatic plants with desirable traits such as disease resistance and robust growth are selected as parents.
Hybridization: Controlled pollination is carried out between selected parent plants to create hybrids that combine the best traits of both.
Mass Selection: Superior plants from the hybrid population are identified based on their performance and essential oil yield.
Clonal Propagation: Promising genotypes are multiplied through vegetative propagation to maintain genetic uniformity.
Mutation Breeding: Inducing genetic variation through physical or chemical mutagens helps develop new traits, such as enhanced oil quality or resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Agronomic Practices
Davana requires well-prepared soil with organic manure and fertilizers to support optimal growth. Irrigation is crucial during its growth stages, especially in dry regions. Pest and disease management strategies, such as crop rotation and the use of biocontrol agents, play an integral role in maintaining healthy plants.

Challenges and Future Prospects
Davana breeding faces challenges like limited genetic variability and susceptibility to pests such as aphids. Advanced biotechnological tools, including molecular markers and genetic engineering, offer new opportunities to overcome these challenges. Integrating traditional breeding methods with modern technologies can accelerate the development of superior davana varieties.

In conclusion, systematic breeding efforts in davana not only ensure sustainable production but also contribute to the growing global demand for high-quality essential oils, benefiting both farmers and the fragrance industry.

1. WELCOME Breeding of Davana 1

2. INTRODUCTION Scientific name : Artemisia pallens Wall. Chromosome no . : 2n=16 Family : Asteraceae Origin : India Economic part : Leaves and flower tops 2

3. Distribution When Arabian traders came to India in about 800 A.D. especially to Gujarat and Malabar coastal region, they started colonizing these places and brought their own Greco-Arabic system of medicine (Unani system of medicine) for their own treatment then they introduced this plant species ti India . The plant grows wild in the temperate Himalayas. It is common in the Kashmir valley, Shimla and Nainital Hills. Source- Production Technology of Spices, Aromatic, Medicinal and Plantation Crops, S Prasad and R.L. Bhardwaj 3

4. Davana is being commercially cultivated in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh in area of about 1000 ha with the Annual production of 8 tonnes davana oil. In Tamil Nadu, it is grown in Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri , Cumbum , Bodi regions. India has the monopoly of production and export of davana oil in the world. Area and production 4

5. Percentage of oil content in different plant parts Plant part % of oil content ( 2 days – air dried basis) Flower heads 0.53 Herbage (leaves + stem) 0.14 Whole plant 0.29 The oil of davana contains hydrocarbons (20 %), esters (65 %) and oxygenated compounds (15 %). It is reported that a new sesquiterpene ketone called cis- davanone in the oil is responsible for its characteristic odour . Other constituents are artemone , davanafurans , isodavanone . COMPOSITION OF OIL 5

6. Davana is an important annual aromatic herb, much prized in India for its delicate fragrance. The davana springs are commonly used in garlands , bouquets, fresh or dry flower arrangements and religious offering ( Lord Shiva ) in most part of the year. The leaves and flowers contain essential oil which is used in high grade perfumes and cosmetics . When davana oil is applied on skin, it smells different on different person. This peculiar property is highly valued in high class perfumery to create fragrances with truly individual notes. The essential oil of davana which is a brown viscous liquid with rich fruity odour has acquired considerable reputation in the international trade particularly in USA and Japan where it is being used for flavouring cakes, pastries and beverages . IMPORTANCE 6

7. There are total 470 species and in that 2 important species are; Artemisia pallens - Aromatic herb Artemisia annua - medicinal herb A. annua ( sweet wormwood) In India, it was introduced by CIMAP in 1986 and adopted for cultivation in Kashmir valley. It is an annual short-day plant having erect brownish or violet brown stem. The plant itself is hairy (trichomes) and naturally grows from 30 to 100 cm tall. The leaves of  A. annua  have a length of 3-5 cm and are divided by deep cuts into two or three small leaflets. The artemisinin content in dried leaves is in between 0.5% -1.2%. Artemisinin is the most effective malaria drug and is the WHO currently recommended medicine in treating malaria. 7

8. It is an aromatic, erect herb about 60 cm tall with much divided leaves and small yellow flowers. The stem and leaves are covered with greyish white tomentum (hairy) . Leaves are alternate, petiolate and lobed. Botany of A. pallens 8

9. Inflorescence is capitulate which are peduncled to sessile, axillary or forming lax recemes , simple heterogamous having bisexual disc florets in the centre and few pistillate ray florets on the periphery. Outer florets are glabrous except for a few cottony hairs, tubular, generally 3-lobed. Stigma generally 2-lobed rarely-3 -lobed. Stamens with 5 free epipetalous filament and style bifid. Floral biology 9

10. Anthesis starts : 7.30 am to 12.30 pm Stigma become receptive : after anthesis and it is maximum at 7 am. Pollen grains had about 35% fertility. Seeds loose viability rapidly. One gram seed contain 1600 seeds . Seeds mixed with sand 1:9 ratio and broadcasted. 10

11. Objectives High herb yield (12-13 t/ha) and oil recovery (>0.2%). Produce high oil yielding varieties (12-13 kg/ha). Develop high artemisinin content varieties. ( A methodology for introgression of artemisinin enhancing loci from wild species to the cultivated germplasm should be developed). Develop photo-insensitive variety( A. annua ). Evolve variety resistant to damping off and leaf eating caterpillar. Develop variety which give more harvest per year. 11

12. Breeding for increasing artemisinin content of A. annua Conventional breeding programs Mutation breeding Molecular breeding approaches Conventional breeding program The scientific studies have shown that artemisinin content can vary widely among different genotypes of A. annua from different origins. The genetic basis of this variation is additive genetic components were predominant, resulting in a high narrow-sense heritability estimate. There are 4 major breeding targets that may result in improved artemisinin yield are increasing leaf yield potential, increasing number of branches, increasing artemisinin content and improving number of trichome in plants. Source- New cultivation approaches of Artemisia annua L. for a sustainable production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin, Jelodar et al ., 2014 12

13. 3. Molecular breeding approaches In A. annua , there are many attempts to employ markers linked to leaf artemisinin content , trichome density and flowering delay . Only a very small fraction of the available A. annua germplasm has been assayed for alleles that might improve artemisinin content. A. annua from many areas regarded as a wild plant and such plants have rarely been used as parents in QTL mapping studies . A more extensive survey of artemisinin content of A. annua germplasm will lead to the identification of lines carrying major genes conferring high artemisinin content. 2. Mutation breeding The mutagenesis approach is an alternate method for enhancement of artimisinin in vivo as well as in vitro . The results of many studies showed that mutation breeding has the capacity to release mutants with high artemisinin content (Rekha and Langer, 2007). 13

14. Selection In 5 accessions, maximum oil content of flower heads ranged from 0.24 to 0.37% . Oil content in the herbage ranged from 0.09 to 0.11%. Wide ranges were recorded for number of flower heads, yield and dry weight of both flower heads and herbage. There was only significant genetic variation among the genotypes for plant height and oil content in the herbage with 52.8 % and 90.7 % estimated heritability respectively. Hence intra-genotypic variations could be exploited for the improvement of davana through pure line or mass selection. Source- Genetic variability in davana (Artemisia pallens Walls.) , Farooqi et al., 1990 Breeding methods of A. pallens 14

15. Induction and assessment of morpho-biochemical mutants in Artemisia pallens Bess., Kanti Rekha and Anima Langer, 2007. Dry and viable seeds (moisture content 8%) of homozygous pure breeding lines were subjected to 150-500 Gy doses of gamma rays and 0.01–0.1% ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) for 8 hours . Desirable qualitative mutants were recovered from segregating M2 generation raised as single plant progenies. The spectrum of morphological mutants included late and early flowering types ; bushy and high yielding types ; tall and more capitula-producing types and high oil and davanone yielding types. Out of 15 different types selected in M2, only 11 types bred true to their characteristic variability. Davanone , the main component of oil showed the maximum increase ( 64.22% against 54.64% in control) in mutant ‘S–5’ recovered from exposure with 250 Gy gamma-rays and yields higher oil per unit area than the parental control. 2. Mutation techniques 15

16. Varieties of A. annua From CIMAP, Lucknow 1. Asha Developed through mass selection and this variety is recommended for cultivation. 2. CIM- Jeevanraksha (1999) Developed through selection. Herb yield is 42 q/ha. Artemisinin content: 0.5-0.6 % 3. CIM- Arogya (2005) Developed through marker assisted breeding. Herb yield: 45-47.5 q/ha, Artemisinin content: 0.8 -1.0% Erect, sympodial branching with 280-305 cm height. 16

17. PKM 1 Improved variety released from TNAU. Highly fragrant in nature. Herbage yield is about 17 t/ha (28% over Nilakottai local). It has field tolerance to aphids and damping off Early harvest is obtained 45 days after planting, total crop duration of 145 to 150 days. Local Varieties of Tamil Nadu Nilakottai Local Thevaram Local Thovalai Local. 17

18. 18 Prasad, S and Bhardwaj, R. L., 2016, Production Technology of Spices, Aromatic, Medicinal and Plantation Crops. Jelodar et al. , 2014, New cultivation approaches of Artemisia annua L. for a sustainable production of the antimalarial drug artemisinin. Journal of medicinal plant research , 8(10): 441-447. Rekha and Langer., 2007, Induction and assessment of morpho-biochemical mutants in Artemisia pallens Bess. Genet Resour Crop Evol , 54: 437-443. REFERENCES Farooqi,A.A ., Rao, N.D.D., Devaiah , K,A., Kumar, R. L. R., 1990, genetic variability in davana . Indian Perfumer , 34(1): 42-43.