Decarbonising cities.pptx

Cities, globally have been recognised as the major promoters of global warming, climate change and increasing carbon footprints. Within cities, it is the built environment and transportation, which are primarily responsible for making them unsustainable. Majority of problems related to urban sustainability are the outcome of the manner in which buildings are planned , designed , constructed and operated. Buildings, as definers of character and fabric of any city, are known for their positivity, negativities, dualities and contradictions. Consuming nearly half of the global energy, majority of resources and generating large carbon emissions, buildings are largely responsible for making cities unsustainable. This call for making buildings energy efficient and least consumers of resources. Sustainable Development Goals also mandate the critical role of buildings in promoting global sustainability. However, majority of buildings are designed and constructed , without any concern for energy, resources and environment. Making buildings minimum consumers of energy and resources would require changing the traditional approach to designing the buildings; making building green; considering relevance of climate,site and orientation, ; life-cycle assessment ;energy ,water efficiency and; building materials.

1. Decarbonising Cities --Through Green& Energy Efficient Buildings Jit Kumar Gupta , former Director, College of Architecture; IET Bhaddal , Punjab Email---- [email protected] , Mob- 90410-26414

2. Cities and their Context Cities have been part of human history. - Cities- known to command power and authority Cities -- known for their dualities and contradictions. Cities- known for both -- positivity and negativities Cities -- known to be areas of concentration of population/ activities, infrastructures, services, healthcare, education Cities -- known to be Engines of economic growth-70% Cities - generators of employment , wealth and prosperity , -- Cities – also known for their negativities, – where rich and poor rub shoulders- Cities – large consumers of resources/energy / land Cities- generators of 70% waste Cities – consuming 60% global energy generating 70% of carbon footprints- largely responsible for global warming-

3. Cities and their Context Cities- remain a manmade , mechanical environment Cities- destroy natural habitat-anti-thesis to bio-diversity Cities- known to be creator of best/ worst living conditions- housing both rich and poor Cities- home to large migrants Cities- home to slums Cities- remain in crisis- natural and manmade Crisis of population, poverty, pollution Cities – ever evolving and devolving Cities – shall remain dominant in future Cities- drivers of nation’s future However Cities needs rationalization Made more-- bio-diverse; productive, effective, efficient, humane, livable, sustainable, Healthy place to live /work

4. Global Context of Cities

5. Indian Urbanization 250 million in 1919 1210 million in 2011 (10 yrs. Later) 2050- Indian population- 1600 mil. -- 50% in Urban India. Metropolitan Centres -5 (1951)- -53 (2011)-68(2031) 10 m plus- nil (1951)- 3 (2011) -7 (2031)-9 (2051) During last 100 years, India witnessed— -Urbanization level going up by 3 times --Urban settlements growing merely 4 times --Total Population multiplying 5 times -Urban population increasing 15 times and -Rural population increasing 3.5 times Heading to be the most populated country on this planet-2036

6. URBAN INDIA- 2030- Mckinsey Global Inst- India Urban Awakening :Building Inclusive Cities-Report- April, 2010 -- by 2030 : 590 m to live in Urban India- twice US population 70% GDP generated by cities 80% Revenue generated by cities 4 fold increase in per capita income 5 times the number by which GDP would multiply 270 million net increase in working age group 70% of new jobs(170 mil) generated in cities 91 M urban households will be middle class-- up from 22 M 68 Cities will be Metropolises-Europe has 35 only $ 1.2T capital needed to meet projected infrastructure demand 700-900 million Sqmts of residential/ commercial area needed annually- a new Chicago to be created 2.5 b Sqmts roads paved-20times created in last decade 7400km (350-400 km/year) of metro needed -20times created in last decade 200 million Rural Indians to benefit-living close to top 70 cities 75%urban India to live in bottom segment -earning Rs 80 per day

7. Urbanization-issues Cities – consuming 60% global energy generating 70% of carbon footprints - largely responsible for global warming- Poorly designed buildings & large travel Cities-Poorly planned, developed managed and governed. Unable to meet challenges of urban dynamism Haphazard /Unplanned pattern of development. Enormous growth of slums Poor quality of life largely unhealthy-Housing large polluting gases of NO, O3, Co2,SO2 suspended particulate -98% cities in low& low/middle countries / 56% in high income economies do not meet air quality –WHO norms 6 million people died -due to air pollution-2019-20

8. Urbanization-issues --water stressed-prone to disasters- natural / manmade --Acute shortage of green spaces--Create large heat island- Perpetually suffering from problems of traffic/ transportation Remain unsustainable- dependent on rural hinterland Remain large consumer of energy and resources Remain polluter of environment and destroyer of bio-diversity Cities -- Remain water stressed Unable to meet basic needs of -Shelter --Services , --Sanitation Indian Urbanization rightly called : Urbanization of Population Urbanization of Poverty Urbanization of Pollution

9. Urbanization-issues

10. Making cities Sustainable

11. SDG 11- Make cities and human settlements inclusive ,safe, resilient and sustainable

12. Making cities Great Places to Live Smart Visioning Promoting State of art Planned Development Weaving nature with development Making cities Compact --Making cities Inclusive--Making Cities Safe Designing energy efficient Buildings - Minimizing Travel- promoting pedestrianization/cycling --Leveraging Technology Making cities Green/blue - Leveraging landscape/water -Leveraging Culture, Heritage, Art / Architecture -Creating Quality Public Spaces --Making cities community/people centric -Creating ownership for city Reconnecting cities to food productivity - integrating agriculture into cities through holistic architecture- Making Cities Spongy- keeping large area open/ promote water harvesting--ground water charging/reducing flooding Making informal sector- integral part of planning/develop.

13. Context of Buildings- Resources/environment

14. Buildings- Role and Importance Buildings-- integral part of human history, growth and development since inception Buildings -- would continue to define future journey of human growth Buildings-- constitute manmade environment- Buildings-- remain vital for human growth Buildings – are living organism Buildings – cater to all human activities Buildings- full of dualities and contradictions Buildings -- largest consumers of energy Buildings - largest consumers of resources Buildings – largest generators of waste Buildings- largest polluter of environment /ecology Buildings --- responsible for largest carbon footprints Buildings -- responsible for global warming Buildings -- major determinant of global sustainability

15. Buildings- Role and Importance Buildings– providers of optimum/worst living conditions Buildings -- make people healthy/sick Buildings --critical for human living- 80% human life spent in buildings Buildings --critical for Global sustainability and decarbinisation - 50% energy used by buildings Buildings -- vital to overcome human/ ecological concerns Making Buildings Sustainable-- essential to make value addition to resources, environment ,ecology Studies revealed — A Green School-- makes learning easy and more meaningful A Green House--- makes people happy and healthy A Green Hospital-- cures patients quickly A Green Shopping Mall-- can increase sale / profits

16. BUILDINGS AS CONSUMERS OF RESOURCES Built environment impact environment / consumption of resources: 16% of world’s fresh water withdrawal. 25% of wood harvested. 30% of consumption of raw material. 50% of global energy consumption. 35% of world's CO2 emission 40% of Municipal solid waste. 50% of Ozone depleting CFC’s still in use. 30% of the residents having sick building syndrome ( Roodman and Lenssen , 1995) 70% global warming--outcome of buildings / transportation Existing buildings--low concern for energy conservation. With annual addition of- 700-900msqmts- energy/ environment implications can be critical. Buildings need to be designed /constructed / operated with utmost care for considerations--- energy/ sustainability/resources

17. Changing construction perceptions

18. Designing Built Environment

19. Green Buildings- definition, cost, benefits

20. Defining- Green Buildings

21. Green Building – The Definition A green building is one which Uses less Water Optimizes Energy Efficiency Conserves natural resources Generates less waste Provides healthier spaces

22. Advantages of Green Buildings

23. Tangible Benefits Reduce operating costs Optimize life cycle economic performance Sustained savings Energy savings: up to 50 % Water savings: up to 40 % HPCL-Admin Building, Vizag

24. In-tangible Benefits of Green Design Environmental benefits Reduce impact on environment-- Reduce destruction of natural areas, habitats, biodiversity Health and Safety benefits Enhance occupant comfort-- Improve Productivity of occupants ISRO-NRSC, Shadnagar, Hyderabad

25. Rediscovery of the Indian ethos 5 elements of Nature ( Panchabhutas ) Prithvi (Earth) Site Selection and Planning Jal (Water) Water Conservation Agni (Fire) Energy Efficiency Vayu (Air) Indoor Environmental Quality Akash (Sky) Daylight, Night Sky Pollution Daylighting Views Water Body Local materials

26. Green Buildings- life cycle costs Operating Cost 89% Maintenance/ Consumables 1% Initial Cost 10%

27. Building Year awarded Built-in Area ( sq.ft ) Rating Achieved % Increase in cost Payback (Yrs) CII-Godrej GBC, Hyderabad 2003 20,000 Platinum 18 % 7 years ITC Green Centre, Gurgaon 2004 1,70,000 Platinum 15 % 6 years Wipro, Gurgaon 2005 1,75,000 Platinum 8 % 5 years Technopolis, Kolkata 2006 72,000 Gold 6% 3 years Spectral Services Consultants Office, Noida 2007 15,000 Platinum 8% 4 years Kalpataru Square 2008 3,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years Suzlon One Earth, Pune 2010 8,00,000 Platinum 2% 2 years Cost of Green Buildings-Indian Experience Cost showing a decreasing trend over the years Incremental Cost lower-- if base design has already factored normal Green features

28. Designing Green Buildings

29. Sun- Source of Heat and light

30. Tower of Shadow- Chandigarh

31. Designing Traditional Buildings Vs Green Buildings 1 TB-Involvement of project members --limited to their trade/ specialization GB- Project members involved-- right from beginning to help design/ planning process TB- Project gets more intensive-- as it progresses-Less time spent in beginning GB-Project starts intensively --with more time spent in beginning 3. TB– Decisions made by few stakeholders individually-- Owner, Architect, Engineers, Contractor GB—Decisions made by team -- based on research, discussions, brainstorming sessions

32. Designing Traditional Buildings Vs Green Buildings 4 TB- Linear process GB— Integrated approach 5. TB- Focus to reduce upfront capital cost GB- Focus to reduce long term O&M costs– life cycle costs 6. TB— All systems considered in isolation --leading often to under/over -designing/ sizing GB- Building performance assessed based on impact of each system individually/collectively to create optimum design 7. TB- Project members undertake limited responsibilities GB-Members share equal responsibilities /work jointly 8. TB-Linear process ends-- when construction of project completed GB- --Design approach emphasizes-- performance of buildings/user’s satisfaction through post- evaluation surveys /energy audit

33. Designing Green Buildings 1--Adopting integrated approach to building design 2.--Design based on Climate Macro Climate – Regional climate ; Meso Climate– local climate Micro Climate- -Site climate -- based on site characteristics, 3.--Orientation -- to optimize natural light and heat gain/heat loss 4-- Sun movement- - to maximizes use of solar energy for heating /lighting 5.--Wind direction- --using movement of air for ventilation/ cooling 6. --Planning of Building- - to optimize the size/shape of building, planning spaces, allocating uses, placing of rooms, circulation, promoting building efficiency, promoting natural sunlight, air and ventilation 7. --Designing Building Envelop- -–positioning of openings and projections, planning for shading devices, determining height/ shape of building, natural lighting and ventilations etc 8.--Materials- Materials used for buildings- low embodied materials locally available / in natural form, lightweight – reduce self load 9.--Technology - cost- effective, material efficient, speedier construction, energy efficient 10.-Indoor Air Quality- Creating optimum living conditions for residents --

34. Integrated APPPROACH- Designing Green Buildings

35. Designing Green Buildings- Climate, Site

36. INDIAN CLIMATIC ZONES

37. Integrated Design Process Five Climatic Zones In India- Hot and Dry Warm and Humid Moderate / Temperate Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Composite All green buildings cannot be same All zones have specific requirements regarding: --light, --heat, --ventilation and --thermal comfort Different zones require different design strategies regarding --building envelop, --HVAC, -- lighting , -- fenestration, -- performance standards

38. Hot and Dry Climate Zone- Comfort requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation Reduce Heat Gain Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building Increase thermal resistance Insulation of building envelope/roof/walls Increase thermal capacity (Time lag) Massive structure Decrease air exchange rate (ventilation during the day) Smaller windows openings, night ventilation Increase buffer spaces Create Air locks/lobbies/balconies/verandahs Increase shading Protect External surfaces by- Overhangs, Fins and Trees Increase surface reflectivity Use Pale Colour , glazed china mosaic tiles etc. Reduce solar heat gain Use glazing with Lower Solar Heat Gain Co-efficient-SHGC and provide shading for windows. Minimize glazing in East and West Promote Heat Loss Increase air exchange rate (ventilation during night-time) Courtyards/wind tower/arrangement of openings Increase humidity levels Trees, water ponds, evaporative cooling

39. Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate Zone- Comfort requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings Thermal Requirements Physical Manifestation Reduce Heat Loss Decrease exposed surface area Orientation and shape of building. Use of trees as wind barriers. Increase thermal resistance Roof insulation, wall insulation and double glazing Increase thermal capacity (Time Lag) Thicker walls Increase buffer spaces Air locks/Lobbies Decrease air exchange rate Weather stripping and reducing air leakage. Increase surface absorption Darker colours Promote Heat Gain Reduce shading Wall and glass surfaces Trapping heat Sun spaces/green houses/ trombe walls etc.

40. Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate Zone- Comfort requirements and Physical manifestations in Buildings

41. Cold (Cloudy/Sunny) Climate Zone

42. TROMBE WALL

43. Site Analysis Site Planning

44. Site Analysis- Factors considered i ) Understanding Site Location Orientation Wind direction Soil conditions Topography Vegetation &Natural Features Hydrology and Precipitation Infrastructures Surrounding Land uses & Buildings Vision / Visual Linkages

45. MANAGING SITE- MIN. CUTTING &FILLING

46. Planning for spaces in buildings

47. Impact of Buildings- minimizing Building Footprints

48. CONTEXT OF GREEN ROOFS IN REDUCING CARBON FOOTPRINTS

49. Minimising Heat Gain/Heat Loss

50. Defining Green Roof Green roof— Roof typology used as an option -- for promoting sustainability in buildings Green roof defined as a- -- space on the roof --comprising of collection of greenery, -- planted on top of a man-made structure. --used as a solution to manage the temperature within buildings / -- bringing nature into cities, G reen roof  or  living roof -  Roof of a building  - that is partially / completely covered -- with vegetation and a growing medium, -- planted over a waterproofing membrane. -- may also include additional layers -- a root barrier and drainage / irrigation systems -

51. Benefits of Green Roofs in cities Green roofs provide— -- physical, social, economic, environmental benefits – for building environment, people, communities, city, climate, human livability, in terms of ; reducing carbon-footprints;   Decreasing storm water Run off Reducing air pollution Increasing oxygen production; Improving air quality-- purifying air encouraging biodiversity,  minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, removing air particulates; improving property value / marketability; promoting economy, generating employment .

52. Low Impact Design

53. Godrej IGBC Building- Hyderabad

54. Cost effective strategy for energy efficiency Least cost impact Some cost impact Highest cost impact Climate responsive architectural design Efficient building envelope Daylight harvesting Integration of natural sources for cooling & heating in building design. Offset energy demand from the grid by installing on-site renewable energy Energy efficient equipment Lights Fans Air- conditioners Efficient building Operation & Maintenance through BMS (Building Management System) & Smart Metering

55. Retro- Fitting of Existing Buildings For Decarbonising cities- new buildings – to be made green / energy efficient -- also Retrofitting existing buildings Singapore – Prepared master plan -- for making existing buildings green -- through collaborative policy framework -- involving residents, property owners/ government. Retrofitting of Empire State Building - New York led to achieving; -- reduction of electricity load by 3.5 MW -- green house gas by 1,00,000 tonnes over 15 years P ayback/recovery period -- for $13.1 million spent 3.5 years - by S aving in energy, lighting, air conditioning etc. -- Retrofitting needs promotion on large scale for decarbonising cities

56. Sun pipe- Day Light Harvesting Sun Pipes used to lit basement, Avani Residence Viswa Syamalam, IGBC Platinum

57. Indoor Air Quality Good Indoor air quality --essential for work places -- to foster better health Good Indoor environmental quality– -- reduces respiratory disease, allergy, asthma, eliminates sick building syndrome -- enhance worker performance .   When people themselves are main source of emission . --Carbon dioxide concentration / indoor air quality in interiors important  indicator for determining whether quality of indoor air is bad/good Poor indoor air quality leads to tiredness, -- lack of concentration and ---- can even bring about illnesses.

58. Causes of Poor indoor air Quality Poor ventilation Outdoor air quality/impurities Poorly insulated Building Envelop Smoking Use of toxic building material Use of High VOC compound based paints for walls Dampness/water intrusion- microbial contamination Use of VOC based cleaning agents Poor Lighting x. Furniture Floor Coverings- Carpets, Carpeting of floor Poor pollution controls-- during construction Damaging existing vegetation/trees Poor site planning/management Using pesticides

59. Promoting health and wellbeing Promoting health and wellbeing by; Bringing fresh air inside / Delivering good indoor air quality- - through ventilation-- avoiding materials / chemicals -- creating harmful /toxic emissions. Incorporating natural light / views--to ensure building users’ comfort /enjoyment of surroundings/ reducing lighting energy needs . Designing for ears/ eyes – through Acoustics /sound insulation-- for promoting concentration, recuperation/ peaceful enjoyment of a building-- in educational, health /residential buildings. Ensuring Environment comfort --through right indoor temperature Passive design/ using plants Building management and monitoring systems

60. Best air purifying plants for general air cleanliness Areca Palm Snake Plant Best Air Purifier Money Plant Removes Nitrogen Oxides & absorbs formaldehydes Improving Indoor Air Quality through Plants – Air Purifiers

61. Changing Paradigm of Construction/ Material Technologies

62. Future Typologies of Buildings

63. Future Cities-Conceptual Ultima Tower- 2Mile High Sky City Location: Any densely populated urban environment -Date: 1991 -Cost: $150,000,000,000 Population: 1,000,000 Exterior surface area of building: 150,000,000 sft Enclosed volume: 53,000,000,000 cubic feet Total enclosed acreage: 39,000 acres - 156 Chandigarh Sectors Elevator speed:-- 20 feet per second (13 miles per hour) -- 9 minutes and 40 seconds to reach top floor from ground floor. Dimensions: Height--10,560 feet; Diameter at the base--6000 feet; Number of stories--500;

64. PEARL RIVER TOWER- GUANGZHOU, CHINA NET ZERO ENERGY BUILDING YEAR OF COMPLETION- 2011 SITE AREA-10635SQ.M. PROJECT AREA- 214,100SQ.M. (2.3MILLION SQ.FT.) NO. OF STORIES- 71 HEIGHT OF BUILDING-309 M ENERGY EFFICIENCY ACHIEVED THROUGH SOLAR PANELS PHOTO VOLTAIC CELLS WIND TURBINES DAY LIGHT HARVESTING DOUBLE SKIN CURTAIN WALLS CHILLED CEILING WATER UNDER FLOOR VENTILATION

65. Rating/Evaluating Buildings

66. ‘ A Green building makes you Happy, Healthy and More Productive Provides highest quality of indoor environment Optimizes Resources, , Reduces Waste, Reduces/ minimises Carbon Footprints makes building operations cost effective and energy efficient - create win-win situation for occupants/owner/tenants – ‘Natural Capitalism’

67. Go Green! Should be your mantra for life / Visit www. igbc .in Stay Healthy Stay Safe [email protected]