Demography, demographic cycle and family planning methods

Demography, demographic cycle, family planning and family planning methods

1. Demography and
family planning
Dr. RameshBhandari
Assistant Professor,
Department of Pharmacy Practice,
KLE College of Pharmacy, Belgaum

2. DEMOGRAPHY
Demography is the scientific study
of human population.
It may be defined as the science
which deals with the study of all
aspects of population progress,
welfare, death in a family, birth in a
family, age and number of children
and their qualifications, deformities
in the family and sanitation etc.

3. It focuses on the following 3
observable human phenomenon:
-Changes in population size
-Composition of population
-Distribution of population in
space.

4. Demographic cycle
1.High Stationary Stage
2.Early Expanding Stage
3.Late Expanding Stage
4.Low Stationary Stage
5.Declining Stage

5. 1)High Stationary Stage
It is the first stage during which
population remains stationary
because there is a high birth
rate as well as high death rate
which cancel each other.

6. 2)Early Expanding Stage
It is the second stage during
which the death rate begins to
fall but the birth rate remains
unchanged so there is increase in
the population.
Most of the developing countries
like India fall in this stage.

7. 3)Late Expanding Stage
It is the third stage during
which the birth rate decreases
but still the population
continues to increase because
the birth rate is still higher than
the death rate.

8. 4)Low Stationary Stage
It is the fourth stage during
which population remains
almost stationary because
there is low birth rate as well as
low death rate.
Developed countries like
America fall in this stage.

9. 5)Declining Stage
It is the fifth stage during which
the population begins to
decrease because the birth
rate is lower than the death
rate.

10. Fertility
The ability to produce child is known as
fertility. Some demographers prefer
the word Natalityin place of fertility.
The reproductive period in women is
roughly from 15-45 years.
In order to control population growth
the fertility ratehave to be checked
by adoptingsome suitable methods of
family planning.

11. Fertility depending factors
1.Age at marriage
2.Duration of married life
3.Spacing of children
4.Education
5.Economic status
6.Caste and Religion
7.Nutrition
8.Family Planning

12. FAMILY PLANNING
Familyplanningisdefinedasthewayof
thinkingandlivingthatisadopted
voluntarily,upon thebasisof
knowledge,attitudeandresponsible
decisionsbyindividualsandcouplesin
ordertopromotethehealthand
welfareofthefamilygroupandthus
contributeeffectivelytothesocial
developmentofacountry.

13. Objectives:
To avoid unwanted births.
To bring about wanted births.
To regulate intervals between
pregnancies.
To determine the number of
children in the family.
To control the time at which births
occur in relation to the age of the
parents.

14. METHODS OF FAMILY PLANNING
1)TEMPORARY METHODS:
a)Natural Methods:
i.Sexual abstinence method
ii.Coitus interruptus(withdrawal method)
iii.Safe period (Rhythm method)
iv.Basal body temperature method
v.Cervical mucus method
vi.Prolonged lactation method
vii.Vaginal washing method
b)Spacing methods:
i.Barrier contraceptives (Mechanical methods)
Condom
Diaphragm
Intrauterine devices

15. ii.Chemical methods:
Foam tablets
Contraceptive creams and jellies
Oral contraceptive pills
2)PERMANENT METHODS:
a)Vasectomy
b)Tubectomy
c)Laparoscopy
d)Medical termination of pregnancy

17. i.Sexual Abstinence
Complete stoppage of sexual
contacts
Though completely effective method
of birth control
Not practicable for all married
couples
Mostly used on unhealthy conditions of
the partner

18. ii.Coitus Interruptus
It is also known as withdrawlmethods
Oldest method of birth control
practised by man
Penis is withdrawn form the vagina just
before ejaculation
Adv:No artificial device, no cost, used
at any time and at any place
Disadv:Disturbance in sexual pleasure,
Psychological disturbances, failure rate
is high.

19. iii.Safe period:
It is also known as Rhythm or calendar
method.
Based on the ovulation occurs from 12-
16
th
days before menstruation
Couple is advised to avoid intercourse
from 10
th
to 20
th
day of the menstrual
cycle.
Adv:No device, no cost
Disadv:reduces number of sexual
contacts, unsuitable for irregular periods
women, failure is high

20. iv.Basal Body temperature Method
The BBT shows 0.30C to 0.50C at the
time of ovulation due to increased
production of progesterone.
So the period when there is an
increase in BBT can be avoided for
intercourse.
Adv:No artificial devices and no cost
Disadv: Not reliable, not used in ill
health

21. v.Cervical mucus method
It is also known as Billing’s method
At the time of ovulation cervical
mucus becomes water clear, smooth,
slippery and profuse.
So this can be recognised and
intercourse can be avoided.
Adv:No artificial device.
Disadv:Require training of women to
identify changes in the cervical mucus
and failure rate is high.

22. vi.Lactationalamenorrhoea
method
vii.Vaginal washing method

23. Spacing Methods:
i.Barrier methods/Mechanical methods:
a)Condoms:
Condom is made up of rubber latex.
It is used by man on erect penis Before sexual
intercourse.
New condom should be used for every
intercourse and it should not be re-used.
Adv:Easily available, Easy to use, Free of cost,
no side effects, Protects from STDs like AIDS
Disadv: Interferes with sexual pleasure, new
condom for every intercourse, sometimes slip
off or tear during sexual intercourse.

24. b)Diaphragm:
It is dome shaped device made up of
rubber or latex fitted with spring in its rim.
Available in various diameter but most
commonly used is 70-80 mm size.
Inserted in the vagina before intercourse
where it covers the cervix and doesnot
allow sperm into the uterus.
Adv: not interfering with sexual pleasure,
can be placed by women herself
Disadv: doctor or nurse required for
proper use, Privacy is required, one size
doesnotfit to all

25. c)Intra uterine Devices (IUD):
LippesLoop:
It is a small double S shaped device
made of polyethylene.
These are attached with nylon threads
so that loop can be removed easily.
Available in different sizes but 27.5mm
length size is commonly used.
It is kept in the women’s uterus by
trained nurse or doctor.

26. Copper -T
It is made of polythene and a copper
wire is wrapped around the stem which
enhances contraceptive effect.
Tail of nylon thread is attached to these
devices so that it can be removed easily
After examination it is inserted in the
uterus by doctor or trained nurse.
It can be replaced every 3-5 years.
Time of insertion: 3-7 days of menstrual
cycle.

27. Adv:doesnotinterfere with the sexual
pleasure, safe and cheap, no
hospitalisation, provides protection from
pregnancy for longer period, reliable
method.
Disadv: may be painful, automatically
expelled, side effects like bleeding,
discomfort.

28. ii.Chemical methods:
a)Foam tablets:
These are the tablets which contains
spermicidal agents and are inserted deep in
the vagina after moistening with water before
5-10 minutes of the sexual intercourse.
It will produce foam and kills the sperms. Thus
they act as spermicidal agent or physical
barrier.
Adv:Easy to use, does not interfere with sexual
pleasure, no/minimal side effects.
Disadv: Sometimes side effects like irritation and
burning sensation may occurs.

29. b)Contraceptive creams and jellies:
These are chemical contraceptives
which are introduced in the vagina.
These will melt in body temperature and
provide thin layer of chemical around
the vagina.
This will destroy the sperms.
Adv:Easy to use, does not interfere with
sexual pleasure, no/minimal side effects.
Disadv: Sometimes side effects like
irritation and burning sensation may
occurs.

30. c)Oral contraceptive pills:
These pills contain oestrogen and a
progesterone.
Most effective method for young
couples below the age of 30 years.
It prevent pregnancy by inhibiting
ovulation from the ovaries.
Adv:does not interfere with sexual
pleasure, 100% effective if used regularly
Disadv: Sometimes side effects like
dizziness, headache, vomiting, bleeding
may occurs

31. Permanent Sterilization
i.Vasectomy
ii.Tubectomy
iii.Laparascopy
iv.Medical termination of Pregnancy

32. Vasecotmyand Tubectomy