Design and Engineering Quality Index.pptx

Design and Engineering Quality

1. EST 200 DESIGN AND ENGINEERING: MODULE 2

2. Module 2 2

3. Introduction to Design Thinking Some of the world’s leading brands, such as Apple, Google, Samsung and GE, have rapidly adopted the design thinking approach. What’s more, design thinking is being taught at leading universities around the world. But what is design thinking? 3

4. Introduction to Design Thinking P u t s i m p l y , d es i g n t h i n k i n g i s a h u ma n - c en t e r e d approach to creative problem-solving. 4

5. Introduction to Design Thinking Formally defined as: Design thinking is an iterative process in which we seek to understand the user, challenge assumptions, and redefine problems in an attempt to identify alternative strategies and solutions that might not be instantly apparent with our initial level of understanding. 5

6. Introduction to Design Thinking Design Thinking: Why is it important? Go o d d es i g n i s c h a r ac te r i z e d b y b u tte r y user experience. sm o oth By thinking from the needs of the user, a design thinking approach helps designers bridge the gap between something that just works and something that solves a problem. 6

7. Introduction to Design Thinking Design Thinking: Why is it important? The ‘Norman Door’ phenomenon might just be the best illustration of why design thinking and a human-centred approach are important. ‘Norman Door’ is a figurative term for any product that is cumbersome to use and was designed poorly. A Norman Door has a handle that you can grab, so you think that you need to pull it. But when you pull you realize it’s actually a push. 7

8. Introduction to Design Thinking Design Thinking: Why is it important? While logically thinking, placing a handle on the door is perfectly normal, in the world of real people and real experiences, the handle is obsolete and confuses the user. 8

9. Introduction to Design Thinking Design thinking revolves around a deep interest in developing an understanding of the people for whom we’re designing the products or services. It helps us observe and develop empathy with the target user. Design thinking helps us in the process of questioning: questioning the problem, questioning the assumptions, and questioning the implications. 9

10. Introduction to Design Thinking D esi g n t h i nk i n g i s ext r eme l y u s e f u l i n ta c k l i n g problems that are ill defined framing the problem in human-centric o r u nkno w n , b y r e - ways, c r ea t i n g ma n y i d e a s i n b r a i n s to r m i n g sess i on s , a n d a d o p t i n g a h a n d s - o n a p p r o a c h i n p r o toty p i n g a n d on g o i n g test i n g , testing. Design thinking also involves e x p e r i me n ta t io n : s k et c h i n g , p r o toty p i n g , and trying out concepts and ideas. 10

11. Introduction to Design Thinking The 3 pillars of design thinking are: Empathy Ideation Experimentation 11

12. Introduction to Design Thinking Pillars of design thinking 1. Empathy Empathy is the foundation of design thinking. Unless you get into the wants and needs of people you are designing for, what you’re doing can’t be considered design thinking. 12

13. Introduction to Design Thinking Pillars of design thinking 2. Ideation I d eat i o n i s t h e c o r e o f d es i g n t h i nk i n g p r o c ess. c r ea t iv e a c t iv i t i e s i n t h e S i m p l y p u t , i t i s w h en m u lt i p l e i d e a s a r e p i tte d a g ai n s t ea c h ot h e r , w h e r e creativity is unleashed and innovation happens. 13

14. Introduction to Design Thinking Pillars of design thinking 3. Experimentation Are your assumptions correct? Did you hit the right spot with your product? What are users thinking about it? Don’t just guess – test it! 14

15. Design Thinking Phases Design thinking has five steps: Empathise – with your users D e f i n e – yo u r u s e r s ’ n e ed s , t h e i r p r oble m , a n d yo u r insights Ideate – by challenging assumptions and creating ideas for innovative solutions Prototype – to start creating solutions Test – solutions 15

16. Design Thinking Phases 16

17. Design Thinking Phases It is important to note that the five phases, stages, or modes are not always sequential. They do not have to follow any specific order. What’s more, they can often occur in parallel and repeat iteratively. As such, you should not envision the phases as a hierarchal or step-by-step process. 17

18. Design Thinking Phases: 1. Empathise The first stage of the Design Thinking process is to gain an empathic understanding of the problem you are trying to solve. This involves consulting experts to find out more about the area of concern through observing, engaging and empathizing with people to understand their experiences and motivations, as well as immersing yourself in the physical environment so you can gain a deeper personal understanding of the issues involved. 18

19. Design Thinking Phases: 1. Empathise Depending on time constraints, a substantial amount of information is gathered at this stage to use during the next stage and to develop the best possible understanding of the users, their needs, and the problems that underlie the development of that particular product. 19

20. Design Thinking Phases: 2. Define During the Define stage, you put together the information you have created and gathered during the Empathise stage. This is where you will analyse your observations and synthesise them in order to define the core problems that you and your team have identified up to this point. You should seek to define the problem as a problem statement in a human-centred manner. 20

21. Design Thinking Phases: 2. Define To illustrate, instead of defining the problem as your own wish or a need of the company such as, “We need to increase our food-product market share among young teenage girls by 5%,” a much better way to define the problem would be, “Teenage girls need to eat nutritious food in order to thrive, be healthy and grow.” 21

22. Design Thinking Phases: 2. Define T h e p e r f e c t p r ob l e m st a teme n t s h o u l d c l e a r l y answer the following questions: What are we trying to solve? For whom are we trying to solve it? W h a t a r e t h e d i f f e r en t w a y s w e ca n a p p r o ac h t h i s from? How can we act on it? 22

23. Design Thinking Phases: 3. Ideate During the third stage of the Design Thinking process, designers are ready to start generating ideas. You’ve grown to understand your users and their needs in the Empathise stage, and you’ve analysed and synthesised your observations in the Define stage, and ended up with a human-centered problem statement. 23

24. Design Thinking Phases: 3. Ideate I t i s i m p or ta n t t o g et so l u t i o n s a s p o s s i b le a s ma n y i d ea s or p r o b l em a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e Ideation phase. You should pick some other Ideation techniques by the end of the Ideation phase to help you investigate and test your ideas so you can find the best way to either solve a problem or provide the elements required to circumvent it. 24

25. Design Thinking Phases: 3. Ideate What are the techniques for ideation? Brainstorming Bodystorming Lightning Demos 4 Step Sketching 25

26. Design Thinking Phases: 4. Prototype The design team will now produce a number of inexpensive, scaled down versions of the product or specific features found within the product, so they can investigate the problem solutions generated in the previous stage. Prototypes may be shared and tested within the team itself, in other departments, or on a small group of people outside the design team. 26

27. Design Thinking Phases: 4. Prototype This is an experimental phase, and the aim is to identify the best possible solution for each of the problems identified during the first three stages. The solutions are implemented within the prototypes, and, one by one, they are investigated and either accepted, improved and re-examined, or rejected on the basis of the users’ experiences. 27

28. Design Thinking Phases: 4. Prototype By the end of this stage, the design team will have a better p r o d u ct i d e a o f t h e co n st r a i n t s i n h e r e n t t o t h e a n d t h e p r o b l em s t h a t a r e p r es e n t , a n d have a clearer view of how real users would behave, think, and feel when interacting with the end product. 28

29. Design Thinking Phases: 5. Test Designers or evaluators rigorously test the complete product using the best solutions identified during the prototyping phase. This is the final stage of the 5 stage-model, but in an iterative process, the results generated during the testing phase are often used to redefine one or more problems and inform the understanding of the users, the conditions of use, how people think, behave, and feel, and to empathise. 29

30. Design Thinking Phases: 5. Test Even during this phase, alterations and refinements are made in order to rule out problem solutions and derive as deep an understanding of the product and its users as possible. 30

31. Design Thinking Phases: Non-linear We may have outlined a direct and linear Design Thinking process in which one stage seemingly leads to the next with a logical conclusion at user testing. However, in practice, the process is carried out in a more flexible and non-linear fashion. 31

32. Design Thinking Phases: Non-linear For example, different groups within the design team may conduct more than one stage concurrently, or the designers may collect information and prototype during the entire project so as to enable them to bring their ideas to life and visualise the problem solutions. Also, results from the testing phase may reveal some insights about users, which in turn may lead to another brainstorming session (Ideate) or the development of new prototypes (Prototype). 32

33. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning D i v e r g e n t a n d c on v er g e n t complementary methods to t h i nk i n g a r e t w o ex p l o r e i d e a s , w or k challenges. In the towards goals, and address d es i g n w o r l d — w h e r e w e ’ r e co n sta n tl y e m p l o y i n g design thinking in our work—both approaches are necessary and lead to unique solutions for challenges that require exploration and creativity. 3

34. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning Divergent and convergent thinking are both methods of thinking that are so deeply integrated into what we do, we often don’t stop to think about the theories behind them. We often rail against tired concepts like “think outside the box,” yet we still try to capture what that phrase meant before it became a cliché. 4

35. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning What is Divergent Thinking? Divergent thinking is taking a challenge and attempting to identify all the possible drivers of that challenge, then listing all of the ways those drivers can be addressed. 5

36. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning What is Divergent Thinking? D i v e r g e n t t h i n k i n g t y p i c a l l y h a pp e n s i n o p e n , f r e e- flowing, spontaneous environments where multiple creative ideas can be shared and considered. Typically, this means that everyone involved in this type of thinking will look for unexpected combinations and connections between remote associations. Divergent thinking sparks creativity specifically because of its spontaneous, non- linear nature. 6

37. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning Divergent Thinking Examples Designers practice divergent thinking in a few ways. We use divergent thinking in the initial stages of ideation on a project or task—when we have a challenge to solve and we need to brainstorm or iterate on creative solutions. We’ll also employ divergent thinking in the process of thinking through, at a high level, how to help make a client’s website, app, or digital tool more competitive or innovative in the market. 7

38. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning What is Convergent Thinking? Convergent thinking, on the other hand, is known as the practice of selecting the optimal solution from a finite set of ideas collected from different sources in order to solve a discrete challenge quickly and efficiently. 8

39. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning What is Convergent Thinking? Convergent thinking is best practiced at times when you need an answer and you believe you have access to the data and information you need to guide a decision or solution. Convergent thinking typically calls for speed, accuracy, and knowledge on a subject, so it’s best used when the team has access to experts and relevant data. The team will analyze and bring that information together into an educated decision. 9

40. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning 10

41. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning The design thinking process is ultimately a divergent and convergent thinking process. To find the right problem, design thinkers conduct a series of studies to understand people and their problems, and then translate all kinds of findings into one or a few problem statements. 11

42. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning To find the best solution, a cross-disciplinary group of design thinkers first brainstorm a variety of potential solutions. Through the exercises of evaluation, comparison, and consolidation, a limited number of solutions are selected for prototyping and testing. The final solution sometimes merges the merits of several alternatives. 12

43. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning - Assignment Construct a number of possible designs and then refine them to narrow down to the best design for a drug trolley used in hospitals. Show how the divergent-convergent thinking helps in the process. Provide your rationale for each step by using hand sketches only. 13

44. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning - Example drug trolleys are used in hospitals and care homes to help staff deal with the distribution of medicines. 14

45. Design Thinking as Divergent- Convergent Questioning - Example 15