Detection of β decay- with the proper introduction and experiments .pptx

beta decay slides................................................................................................................................................................................................................

1. Detection of β decay Arghya Dutta DCmp&Ms , tifr Instructor: prof. R. palit https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/1155550/view/geiger-muller-tube-with-beta-radiation-illustration

2. What is β decay Beta decay of radionuclides is caused by weak interactions. The equation is The energy spectrum of electrons and positrons emitted in beta decay is continuous up to a maximum energy Example : Sr-90 disintegrate to the ground state of Y-90 via beta minus decay. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/beta-decay

3. Interaction with matter Beta radiation consists of free electrons or positrons at relativistic speeds. Beta particles can travel several meters in the air. Beta particles transfer energy by : Excitation. The charged particle can transfer energy to the atom, raising electrons to higher energy levels. Ionization. Ionization can occur when the charged particles are creating ion pair has enough energy to remove an electron, creating ion pairs in surrounding matter https://www.nuclear-power.com/nuclear-engineering/radiation-detection/scintillation-counter-scintillation-detector/

4. Detection methods Using Geiger-Müller tube (GM tube) Using Organic Scintillators detector Using Superconducting nanowire single photon detector Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. ISBN-13: 978-0470131480

5. Distinguish β particles https://www.sensaweb.com.au/2022/05/20/alpha-beta-gamma/ , https://radiologykey.com/nuclear-transformations/ Deflection on Magnetic field Penetration of various radiation

6. Using GM tube It's a gas ionization detector that uses the Townsend avalanche phenomenon to produce a detectable electronic pulse from a single ionizing event caused by radiation. The wall of this GM tube is a thin metal cylinder (cathode) surrounding a center electrode (anode) Tubes are filled with 90% Ar and 10% methane/isobutane . https://www.imagesco.com/geiger/geiger-counter-tube.html

7. Using GM tube When beta particles enter the tube, they ionize the gas atoms. The electrons and positive ions experienced a high electric field. Electrons are accelerated with very high velocity to the anode tube. High speed electrons create a cascade of electron-ion pairs. Resulting avalanche of ionization is detected as a measurable electrical pulse. There is a dead time (200 μ S ). [ good for low counting rates ] https://www.imagesco.com/geiger/geiger-counter-tube.html

8. Using Plastic Scintillation Detector These detectors harness the principle of scintillation , where ionizing radiation interacts with organic materials to generate excited states that emit detectable light. The emitted light is then captured by a photodetector , which converts it into an electrical signal. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillation_counter#/media/File:PhotoMultiplierTubeAndScintillator.svg

9. Using Plastic Scintillation Detector Scintillator material atoms excitedly de-excite and emit visible/near-visible light photons rapidly [ depends upon the energy of particle]. Here we generally use Plastic Scintillator (polymer of styrene, vinyl toluene, vinyl xylene ... ). ( high light output, fast decay time ) The light created in the scintillator strikes the photocathode of a photomultiplier tube, releasing at most one photoelectron per photon. The released electron is accelerated by an electric field within the PMT, causing it to strike a series of dynodes. The electrons are collected by the anode and they induce a current or a pulse in the output circuit, representing the amplified signal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2019.11.013 - Distinguish alpha and beta decay by a plastic detector

10. Using Superconducting nanowire single photon detector Quantum detection by superconducting films / nano wires ---------- Always kept at below Tc Absorb photon breaks cooper pairs, make hotspot. Nano wires are 200 nm wide, micro meter long.   https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4534(00)01637-3 https://www.hamamatsu.com/us/en/resources/webinars/detectors/single-photon-detectors-and-detection.html

11. Using Superconducting nanowire single photon detector https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4740074 But we have to use relatively good beta source.

12. Acknowledgement I like to thanks prof. R. Palit to motivate me in that term paper and also for the help to Understand the physics of detector from the first semester of my coursework.

13. References Superconducting single-photon detectors in the mid-infrared for physical chemistry and spectroscopy, Chemical Society Reviews 52(3) Single-photon detectors and detection: SiPM , SPAD, SNSPD, PMT, TES, and photon-resolving camera technologies Organic scintillator-based alpha/beta detector for radiological decontamination Efficient single particle detection with a superconducting nanowire. Hatim Azzouz ; Sander N. Dorenbos; Daniel De Vries; Esteban Bermúdez Ureña ; Valery Zwiller Q uantum detection by current carrying superconducting film. Alex D. Semenov et. al Radiation Detection and Measurement, G F Knoll https://www.imagesco.com/geiger/about-geiger-counters.html https://www.wikipedia.org/ and Google

14. Thanks

15. Organic scintillator to distinguish β and (Extra slide)   They developed a prototype alpha/beta particle detector using a pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capable organic scintillator, a silicon photomultiplier, and a waveform digitizer. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900219304735?ref=pdf_download&fr=RR-2&rr=7d426e7e0bb68a24