Developmental psychology slide 111-1.pptx

A concise slide on developmental psychology in nursing.

1. Scientific methods in developmental psychology NSC 206

2. Learning objectives; At the end of the lecture, the students should be able to Define psychological research Define research and research process List the steps in research process Classify research and their examples

3. Introduction Psychology is about people’s thought, behaviors and feelings Earlier authors emphasized the training a child has influences his or her behavior as an adult(proverbs 26:22). Early years lay foundation for a man(Wordsworth 1850) A bad handled child may not get the damage repaired in few days(Watson, 1958) The task of the developmental psychologist however is to try to understand how all these different influences(social and biological clocks) may shape human development.

4. What is psychological research? This refers to research that psychologists conduct for systematic study and for analysis of the experiences and behaviors of individuals or groups. The goals of psychological studies are to describe, explain, predict and perhaps influence mental processes or behaviors. In other to do this, psychologists utilize scientific methods to conduct psychological research

5. Research It is a deliberate, systematic and diligent inquiry or investigation It is used to investigate theory and develop new theory. Theory uses research to perpetuate itself. Research uses theory, reasoning and knowledge. Actually all these four are interwoven.

6. The Research Process Understanding the research process is basic to conducting research. The steps in the process basically depends on the type of research being conducted The steps outlined below with some minor modifications apply to most researches.

7. Steps in the research process 1. Background to the study 2. Review of literature 3. Method 4. Results or findings 5. Discussion of findings

8. Background or Introduction It describes the study and set the stage for what to study Problem statement Need for the study Objectives Research questions Definition of terms Limitation/delimitation Hypotheses

9. Literature review This is the second step in the process It helps to solidify the topic of study Uses literature to streamline the study by aligning present study to what others have done on the subject Conceptual and/or theoretical frameworks are indicated with application to the present study clearly shown.

10. Method This is where the actual study takes place research design is stated Setting is identified Population and target population sample selection, Instrument identification Validity and reliability of instrument Ethical consideration

11. Findings or Results This is where the research states what was found in the study May use tables, charts and graphs to depict findings Tables and graphs must be explicit without needing explanation Tested hypotheses must be shown clearly with their parameters.

12. Discussion of findings Interpretation is done here. What do the findings mean and what knowledge has been contributed by the study findings Implications for nursing are stated Recommendation for both for further studies and for nursing practice are so stated Limitations to the findings are also indicated Summary and conclusions must be stated

13. Ways of classifying research There are many ways to classify research These various ways will be highlighted in the following slides

14. Classifying according to purpose Two types under this classification Basic research Applied research The purpose of basic research to discover knowledge purely for its own sake while the purpose of applied research is to obtain knowledge that can be put into practical use

15. According to level of control There are also two types here Experimental research Non-experimental research In the experimental type, the researcher has maximum control to manipulate variables while in the non-experimental type, the researcher’s control is minimal.

16. According to time dimension There are four types in this category Retrospective Prospective Cross-sectional Longitudinal In retrospective, the data is located in the past, while in the prospective it is now and in the near future. In the cross-sectional, the study occurs at a point I in time while in the longitudinal is over a period of time

17. According to approach/design Three types exist here Quantitative Qualitative Outcome In quantitative research, the study is directed at discovery of relationships or cause/effect based on the use of the scientific method. In qualitative research, the study is directed at discovery of meaning rather than cause/effect relationships. In outcome research, we look at effectiveness of health care services

18. Key concepts in quantitative Subject Constructs Study participant Variables Respondent Theory Researcher Theoretical framework Investigator Conceptual models Scientist Conceptual framework Concepts Data (numeric values) Relationships

19. Key concepts in qualitative Informants Researcher Investigator Study participants Phenomena Topics Concepts Patterns of association Theory Data (narratives)

20. Ethical issues in research Voluntariness: there is voluntary participation and also freedom to withdraw from the study any time. Justice: the participants have equal chance of been selected. Confidentiality: there is privacy of participants, serial numbers and codes will be used. Beneficence: the participant, the community and the country at large should benefit from the research work. Non-maleficence: there should be no harm to the participants.

21. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING