Dharma in Indian Philosophy - An Overview

while the specifics of dharma may differ between philosophical systems, it universally emphasizes ethical conduct, social responsibility, spiritual growth and alignment with the cosmic order. It serves as a guiding principle for individuals seeking to live a virtuous and meaningful life.

1. Dharma in Indian Philosophy Roshan Boodnah Department of Philosophy Mahatma Gandhi Institute "Dharma in Indian Philosophy"  by  Roshan Boodnah ,  Mahatma Gandhi Institute  is licensed under  CC BY 4.0

2. Definition of Dharma Dharma is a foundational concept in Indian philosophy, encompassing notions of duty, righteousness and the cosmic order. Dharma is a key concept in Hinduism meaning duty, righteousness, and moral law. It serves as a guiding principle for individual and societal conduct, shaping the moral and ethical framework of Hinduism, Buddhism and other Indic traditions. Derived from the Sanskrit root " Dhṛ ," meaning "to hold" or "to support.“ Encompasses the ethical and moral principles governing individual and societal behaviour .

3. Historical Context Dharma's origins trace back to ancient Vedic scriptures. Foundational texts include the Vedas, Upanishads, and later scriptures like the Mahabharata and Ramayana. Evolved from ritualistic practices to a broader moral and philosophical framework.

4. Vedas and Upanishads In the Vedas and Upanishads, the history of the concept of dharma is elaborated. The evolution of dharma began in the Vedas and progressed through the Upanishads and subsequent ancient Hindu scriptures. In the Upanishads, dharma is portrayed as a universal principle encompassing law, order, harmony and truth, serving as the guiding moral force of the Universe.

5. Mīmāṁsā & Dharma Mīmāṁsā , which developed through extensive commentaries on foundational texts like the Mīmāṁsā Sutras attributed to Jaimini, centers on "the desire to know dharma " as its primary focus. It defines dharma as the connection between a person and the highest good , which is always something to be achieved. Unlike other schools that link dharma to existence after death, Mimamsakas emphasize the ongoing renewal and realization of a ritualistic world by adhering to Vedic commands.

6. Dharma in the Epics The Ramayana depicts Rama as the epitome of Dharma. Rama's life and actions serve as a model for righteous living and adherence to duty. The Mahabharata, especially the Bhagavad Gita, explores Dharma extensively. Arjuna's moral dilemma and Krishna's guidance highlight the complexity of Dharma. Emphasizes duty over personal desires and moral integrity.

7. Dharma in Dharmashastra Codification of laws and ethical guidelines in texts like Manusmriti . Guidelines for personal, social and legal conduct. Role in maintaining social order and justice.

8. Yoga and Dharma Patanjali suggests that dharma is integral to yoga, with the elements of Hindu dharma being attributes, qualities, and aspects of yoga. He explains dharma through two categories: yamas (restraints) and niyamas (observances). Yamas (restraints) Ahiṃsā Non-violence / Non-Killing (Respect to all creatures) Satya - Not lying (Truthfulness) Asteya - Not stealing Brahmacharya - sexual restraint (Chastity) Aparigraha - Non-avarice, non-possessiveness Niyamas (observances Shaucha : external (the body) and internal (the mind) purity. Santosha : contentment; disinterest in acquiring more than one's needs of life. Tapas : austerity, self-discipline, persistent meditation and perseverance. Svādhyāya : study of sacred scriptures for one's liberation. Īśvarapranidhāna : offering all of one's activities to Supreme/God ( Īśvara )

9. Types of Dharma Svadharma - Personal duty specific to an individual's nature and role. Sadharana Dharma - General duties applicable to all, such as truthfulness and non-violence. Varnashrama Dharma - Duties based on one's caste (varna) and stage of life (ashrama).

10. Svadharma Definition - Personal duty specific to an individual's nature, role and circumstances. Refers to one's own duty based on personal attributes and societal role Importance - Emphasized in the Bhagavad Gita; fulfilling one's own duty is paramount. Encourages individuals to perform their own duties without imitating others. Example - Arjuna's duty as a warrior in the Mahabharata.

11. Sadharana Dharma Definition - Universal duties that apply to all individuals regardless of their specific roles. Universal moral principles that apply to everyone. Principles - Includes values like honesty, respect, non-violence (ahimsa), truthfulness and compassion. Example: The duty to speak the truth and uphold justice. Forms the ethical foundation of individual and social conduct.

12. Varnashrama Dharma Duties according to caste (varna) and stage of life (ashrama). Four varnas: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors), Vaishyas (traders), Shudras (labourers). Four ashramas: Brahmacharya (student), Grihastha (householder), Vanaprastha (forest dweller), Sannyasa (renunciate).

13. Sanatana Dharma Definition: The eternal and universal law that governs all beings. Principles: Encompasses timeless values like truth, compassion and righteousness. Significance: Represents the overarching moral order and cosmic law.

14. Stri Dharma Definition: Duties and responsibilities traditionally associated with women. Principles: Includes roles within the family and society, such as nurturing and maintaining household harmony. Example: The ideal of Sita in the Ramayana as an example of Stri Dharma.

15. Contemporary Perspectives on Dharma How traditional concepts of Dharma are interpreted and practised in modern times. Balancing traditional duties with contemporary roles and expectations. Dharma in modern professions, social responsibilities and personal relationships. Relevance of Dharma in modern ethical and moral dilemmas. Adaptation in contemporary society, law, and personal conduct. Influence on global ethical frameworks.

16. Challenges to Dharma Modern conflicts and ethical dilemmas. Balancing traditional principles with contemporary values. Strategies for resolving conflicts while adhering to Dharma.

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