Diabetes mellitus

Presentation
Diabetes mellitus
by : almuataz bellah ahmad almujber
Under supervision : Dr.Samah

1. Diabetes mellitus

2. Definition Diabetes mellitus, disorder carbohydrate   metabolism characterized by impaired ability of the body to produce or respond to  insulin   .. proper levels of  sugar  ( glucose ) in the blood characterised by high blood glucose levels (Hyperglycemia) . 

3. Types

4. 1. Type I DM : It is due to insulin deficiency and is formerly known as. Type I Insulin Dependent DM (IDDM) Juvenile onset DM Type 1 diabetes accounts for about 5 to 10 percent of cases of diabetes. Most cases of type 1 diabetes develop in children or adolescents, but about 20 percent of new patients are adults. Type 1 diabetes is usually caused by autoimmune destruction of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas.

5. 2. Type II DM : It is a combined insulin resistance and relative deficiency in insulin secretion and is frequently known as. Type II Noninsulin Dependent DM (NIDDM) Adult onset DM Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1 diabetes, accounting for about 90 percent of all cases. Most patients with type 2 diabetes are adults, often older adults, but it can also occur in children and adolescents. Many patients with type 2 diabetes are asymptomatic, and they are often diagnosed with type 2 diabetes when routine measurements reveal high blood glucose concentrations. Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity and is a result of insulin resistance and insulin deficiency.

6. 3- Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes is a temporary condition associated with pregnancy. In this situation, blood glucose levels increase during pregnancy but usually return to normal after delivery.

7. 4. Other types: Secondary DM

8. symptoms

9. symptoms polyuria polydypsia polyphagia weight loss

10. symptoms Many people are unaware that they have diabetes. The disease is usually discovered when there are typical symptoms of increased thirst and urination and a clearly elevated blood sugar level.

11. Treatment

12. Treatment General approaches Medications Dietary and exercise modification Regular complication monitoring Self monitoring of blood glucose Control of BP and lipid level

13. Treatment Treatment for diabetes mellitus is aimed at reducing blood glucose concentrations to normal levels. All diabetes patients are put on diets designed to help them reach and maintain normal body weight they often are encouraged to exercise regularly, which enhances the movement of glucose into muscle cells and blunts the rise in blood glucose that follows carbohydrate ingestion.

14. Diabetics who are unable to produce insulin in their bodies require insulin therapy. Traditional insulin therapy entails regular injections of the hormone, which are often customized according to individual and variable requirements. Research into other areas of insulin therapy include pancreas transplantation, beta cell transplantation, implantable mechanical insulin infusion systems,

15. Drugs used to control blood  glucose  levels There are several classes of oral drugs used to control blood glucose levels, including sulfonylureas, biguanides , and thiazolidinediones . Sulfonylureas, such as glipizide and glimepiride, are considered hypoglycemic agents because they stimulate the release of insulin from beta cells in the pancreas, thus reducing blood glucose levels.

16. Complications

17. 1. Diabetes nephropathy 30-40 % of all type 1 DM patients develop nephropathy in 20 years 15-20 % of type 2 DM patients develop nephropathy Manifested as: Microalbuminuria Progressive diabetic nephropathy leading to end-stage renal disease ACE-inhibitors are recommended to decrease the progression of nephropathy

18. 2- Diabetic Retinopathy It is characterized initially by retinal capillary microaneurysms (background retinopathy) and later by neovascularization There are no early symptoms or signs .

19. 3-Cardiomyopathy Diabetic cardiomyopathy is thought to result from many factors, including epicardial atherosclerosis, hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy, microvascular disease, endothelial and autonomic dysfunction, obesity, and metabolic disturbances.

20. .. Thanks

21. by : Almuataz-Bellah Ahmad . . Jamil Tarek Al-Abdullah