diapositivas foundations and research.pptx

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1. What is data? Research data is data that is collected, observed, or created, for purposes of analysis to produce original research results. The word “data” is used throughout this site to refer to research data . Research data can be generated for different purposes and through different processes, and can be divided into different categories. Each category may require a different type of data management plan.

2.  What are the instruments to collect data? Explain 5 of them  Registration: registers and licences are particularly valuable for complete enumeration, but are limited to variables that change slowly, such as numbers of fishing vessels and their characteristics.· Questionnaires: forms which are completed and returned by respondents. An inexpensive method that is useful where literacy rates are high and respondents are co-operative. · Interviews: forms which are completed through an interview with the respondent. More expensive than questionnaires, but they are better for more complex questions, low literacy or less co-operation. · Direct observations: making direct measurements is the most accurate method for many variables, such as catch, but is often expensive. Many methods, such as observer programmes , are limited to industrial fisheries. · Reporting: the main alternative to making direct measurements is to require fishers and others to report their activities. Reporting requires literacy and co-operation, but can be backed up by a legal requirement and direct measurements.

3. INTERVIEW In interviews information is obtained through inquiry and recorded by enumerators. Structured interviews are performed by using survey forms, whereas open interviews are notes taken while talking with respondents. The notes are subsequently structured (interpreted) for further analysis. Open-ended interviews, which need to be interpreted and analyzed even during the interview, have to be carried out by well-trained observers and/or enumerators. As in preparing a questionnaire, it is important to pilot test forms designed for the interviews. The best attempt to clarify and focus by the designer cannot anticipate all possible respondent interpretations. A small-scale test prior to actual use for data collection will assure better data and avoid wasting time and money. Although structured interviews can be used to obtain almost any information, as with questionnaires, information is based on personal opinion. Data on variables such as catch or effort are potentially subject to large errors, due to poor estimates or intentional errors of sensitive information.

4. Case Studies A case study is usually an in-depth description of a process, experience, or structure at a single institution.  In order to answer a combination of ‘what’ and ‘why’ questions, case studies generally involve a mix of quantitative (i.e., surveys, usage statistics, etc.) and qualitative (i.e., interviews, focus groups, extant document analysis, etc.) data collection techniques.  Most often, the researcher will analyze quantitative data first and then use qualitative strategies to look deeper into the meaning of the trends identified in the numerical data.

5. Checklists Checklists structure a person’s observation or evaluation of a performance or artifact. They can be simple lists of criteria that can be marked as present or absent, or can provide space for observer comments. These tools can provide consistency over time or between observers. Checklists can be used for evaluating databases, virtual IM service, the use of library space, or for structuring peer observations of instruction sessions.

6. Observation                                                                                                                                                                                       Sometimes, the best way to collect data through observation. This can be done directly or indirectly with the subject knowing or unaware that you are observing them. You may choose to collect data through continuous observation or via set time periods depending on your project. You may interpret data you gather using the following mechanisms:

7. Surveys or Questionnaires Surveys or questionnaires are instruments used for collecting data in survey research.  They usually include a set of standardized questions that explore a specific topic and collect information about demographics, opinions, attitudes, or behaviors.

8. Action Research Give the explanation Give an example Is a generic term for a family of related mehods that share some important common principles . The most important tenet concerns the close link between research and teaching as well as the researcher and the teacher : action research is conducted by or in cooperation with teachers for the purpose of gaining a better understanding of their educational environment and improving the effectivenress of their teaching .