Diet during pregnancy

Diet during pregnancy

1. Diet during Pregnancy 1

2. Objectives - Identify nutritional needs during pregnancy and lactation . - Modify the normal diet to meet the needs of pregnant and lactating women . 2

3. Diet during Pregnancy * Positive nutritional support of pregnancy promotes a successful outcome and increased health of both mothers and infants.* 3

4. Nutritional Needs during Pregnancy - The protein requirement is increased by 20% for the pregnant woman over age 25. - No need to increase vitamin A ; excess vitamin A can cause birth defects . 4

5. - Vitamin D requirement is 10  g. - Vitamin E requirement is 5 g . - Vitamin K requirement is 75–90 g depending upon age . 5

6. Protein Is necessary for tissue growth including: 1- Fetal growth 2- Enlargement of the uterus, mammary glands and placenta 6

7. 3- Increase in maternal circulating blood volume 4- Formation of amniotic fluid 5- Storage reserves for labor, delivery, and lactation 7

8. Fat - Adequate supply of essential fatty acids is also vital for development of cell membranes in nerve and brain tissue Carbohydrate - Carbohydrate intake should be at least 175/g day for an adequate supply of glucose and energy. Low carbohydrate diets are not recommended 8

9. - Requirements for all water-soluble vitamins are increased . - Requirements for calcium, iron, zinc, iodine, and selenium are all increased. - Iron supplements are commonly prescribed . 9

10. To ensure that nutritional needs are met the needs of pregnant, women are encouraged to: 1- To consume a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, and whole grains 2- To take a daily vitamin and mineral supplement to guarantee adequate intake of iron and folic acid. 10

11. 3- To maximizing nutrient intake 4- T o completely avoid alcohol and limit intake of caffeine 11

12. Concerns during Pregnancy - Nausea - Constipation - Heartburn - Excessive weight gain - Pregnancy induced hypertension - Pica - Anemia - Alcohol , caffeine, drugs, and tobacco 12

13. Nausea - “ Morning sickness” occurs most commonly in first trimester. - 50 % of women experience this, especially with the first pregnancy 13

14. Dietary management: - Eat dry crackers or dry toast before rising - Eat small, frequent meals - Avoid food with offensive odors - Avoid liquids at mealtime 14

15. Hyperemesis Gravidarum - Occurs when the nausea becomes so severe that it is life-threatening - Can result in severe alteration in fluids and electrolytes, weight loss and nutritional deficits - May require hospitalization and parenteral nutrition 15

16. Constipation - Caused by relaxed gastrointestinal tract due to progesterone Dietary management: - Eat a high-fiber diet. - Participate in daily exercise. - Drink eight glasses of water per day . 16

17. Heartburn - Caused by pressure on the stomach by the growing fetus and relaxation of the cardiac sphincter. Dietary management: - Eat small, frequent meals . 17

18. - Avoid spicy or greasy foods. -Avoid liquids with meals. - Wait at least 1 hour after eating to lie down - And 2 hours before exercising . 18

19. Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension - Formerly called pre- eclampsia or toxemia - Characterized by high blood pressure, presence of protein in the urine, and edema in third trimester - May progress into the eclamptic stage with convulsions, coma, and possible death of the mother and infant 19

20. - Higher incidence during first pregnancy, multifetal pregnancies, morbidly obese mothers, or those with inadequate diets, especially protein deficient 20

21. Anemia - Anemia is a condition caused by an insufficiency of red blood cells, hemoglobin , or blood volume. - Causes weakness, fatigue, poor appetite, and pallor 21

22. - Iron-deficiency anemia is the most common form. - Folate deficiency may lead to megaloblastic anemia and is prevented by folate supplement . 22

23. Diet for the Pregnant woman with Diabetes - The nutrient requirements of the pregnant woman with diabetes are the same as for the nondiabetic pregnant woman. - But the dietitian should plan the diet depending on the type and number of insulin injections required . 23

24. - Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and disappears after the infant is born. - Routine screening for gestational diabetes is part of prenatal care. - Insulin is used during pregnancy to control any type of diabetes . 24

25. - Oral hypoglycemic agents have not been used during pregnancy. - Artificial sweeteners have been found to be safe during pregnancy . 25

26. Pregnancy during Adolescence - Nutrition must meet the needs of her growing body and the needs of the fetus. - High risk for pregnancy-induced hypertension and premature delivery 26

27. - Inadequate nutrition of the mother is related to both mental and physical birth defects. - Much counseling and emotional support is needed . 27

28. Factors determining n utritional n eeds of pregnancy: - Age : teenage pregnancies require more nutrients - Health status - Number of pregnancies ( gravida ) - Number of viable offspring (parity) - Perinatal nutritional state 28

29. Thank 29