Differentiating-Mixtures-and-Compounds.pdf

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1. General Chemistry 1/2
Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Chemistry 8
Differentiating Mixtures
and Compounds

2. 2
Oftentimes, students confuse compounds with mixtures.
To further understand the difference between the two,
let’s look at the preparation of your morning coffee.
2

3. 3
Table sugar, or
sucrose, is a molecule
composed of two
monosaccharides,
glucose and fructose,
bound by a covalent
bond. Its molecular
formula is C
12H
22O
11.
It is an example of a
compound
3

4. 4
Compounds are always a
single pure substance. It is
comprised of only one type of
molecule, no matter how big
or complex that molecule is.
Table sugar is not a mixture,
because its constituents are
not physically combined but
chemically combined.

5. 5
Now, when table sugar is added and dissolved in your
hot coffee, you have a mixture.
5

6. From previous lessons, you have
learned that mixtures are combinations
of different substances—elements or
compounds—that retain their chemical
identity and properties. In mixtures,
combinations of substances are only
physical and not chemical.
6

7. 7
How do you differentiate
compounds and mixtures?

8. Learning Competency
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
8
Describe separation techniques for mixtures
and compounds (STEM_GC11MP -Ia-b-10).

9. Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to do the following:
9
●Demonstrate the different methods of preparing
compounds and mixtures.
●Demonstrate the different methods of separating
the components of mixtures.

10. 10
Matter is defined as anything which occupies space and
has mass. It can be classified into two:
●puresubstances
●mixtures
Matter

11. 11
Classification of Matter

12. 12
Pure Substances
A pure substance is any matter that has a fixed
composition having its own chemical identity and
properties. Pure substances can be further classified into
two:
●element
●compound
Classification of Matter

13. 13
Pure Substances
●An elementis the simplest form of matter.
●A compoundis a combination of elements formed by
chemical bonds.
Classification of Matter

14. 14
Mixtures
Mixtures are combinations of different substances.
●Each substance in a mixture retains its chemical
identity and properties.
●In contrast to a pure substance, the composition of a
mixture can vary.
Classification of Matter

15. 15
How do you differentiate
compounds and mixtures in
terms of composition?

16. 16
Compounds
Compounds are pure substances. Atoms of the elements
form bonds to combine and make up a molecule of a
compound.
Classification of Matter

17. 17
Compounds
A compound has a uniform distribution of these
molecules, and atoms of different elements are chemically
combined together in a fixed whole number ratio.
Classification of Matter

18. 18
Compounds
It is represented using its chemical formulathat
represents the symbols of its constituent elements and
the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of
the compound.
Classification of Matter
H
2OCO
2

19. 19
For example, water is
always made up of
two hydrogen atoms
and one oxygen
atom. Its chemical
formula is H
2O.
19

20. 20
Table sugar is always
composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen
atoms that are all
bonded together to
form one molecule of
sucrose (C
12H
22O
11).

21. 21
Mixtures
●The composition of mixtures can be varied as the ratio
of its constituent pure substances is not fixed.
●Mixtures are not represented by a certain formula,
unlike compounds.
●It is often possible to see the components of a mixture
and differentiate them visually.
Classification of Matter

22. Remember
22
A compound consists of atoms of
different elements that are chemically
combined together in a fixed ratio. A
mixture is a combination of two or
more substances where there is no
chemical combination or reaction.

23. 23
How do you differentiate
compounds and mixtures in
terms of chemical and physical
properties?

24. 24
Compounds
●A compound has its own specific physical and chemical
characteristics than its component elements.
●It is impossible to visualize the elements when you see
a compound.
●Properties of compounds rarely, if ever, reflect the
properties of its constituents.
Physical and Chemical Properties

25. 25
Compounds
●Chemical changesresult in the formation of
compounds with vastly different chemical and physical
properties from the elements that constitute them.
Physical and Chemical Properties
gas gas liquid

26. 26
Mixtures
●Mixtures do not have specific, consistent chemical and
physical properties of their own.
●They only reflect the properties of their constituent
substances.
Physical and Chemical Properties

27. 27
Sugar is sweet.
Coffee is dark and
bitter.
Water is liquid.
Mixing these
substances altogether
makes a sweet, black
coffee.

28. Remember
28
Compounds have their own specific
chemical and physical properties that
are distinct from their constituent
elements. Mixtures do not. They reflect
the properties of their constituent
substances, which retain their original
properties.

29. 29
How do you differentiate
compounds and mixtures in
terms of mass ratios?

30. 30
Compounds
●Compounds have definite mass ratios.
●The law of definite compositionstates that a given
chemical compound always contains its component
elements in a fixed ratio (by mass) and does not
depend on its source and method of preparation.
Mass Ratios

31. 31
The percent
composition of water,
by mass, is 11.19%
hydrogen and 88.81%
oxygen. This is true of
all water no matter
the sample size or the
source.
31

32. 32
Mixtures
●Mixtures can be composed of varying amounts of
substances.
●They have a variable mass ratio depending upon what
quantities of ingredients have been combined in the
mixture.
Mass Ratios

33. 33
Going back to the example of preparing your morning
coffee, the amounts of sugar, coffee powder, and milk
can be varied. It depends on how you like your coffee.
33

34. 34
How do you differentiate
compounds and mixtures in
terms of the preparation
process?

35. 35
Preparation of Compounds
●A chemical reactionis a process by which the atoms
of one or more substances are rearranged to form
different substances.
●These are signaled by observations like change in
coloror temperature, formation of insoluble solids,
and effervescence.
Preparation Process

36. 36
Preparation of Mixtures
Mixtures are prepared based on its type.
●A homogeneous mixture is a combination of two or
more substances that cannot be distinguished from
each other. It has uniform composition and properties.
●A heterogeneous mixtureis a combination of two or
more substances that can be distinguished from each
other. It has varying composition and properties.
Preparation Process

37. 37
Preparation of Solid-Solid Mixtures
●When solid substances are mechanically mixed
together, a solid-solid mixture is formed.
●Manual mixing and crushing are common techniques
to prepare homogeneous solid mixtures.
Preparation Process

38. 38
Preparation of Solid-Solid Mixtures
●Some solid homogeneous mixtures are prepared by
melting the components first before mixing them
together.
●Melting is the application of heat to a solid, so it
changes to a liquid above a temperature called the
melting point. Upon cooling, the solid solution is made.
Preparation Process

39. 39
Preparation of Liquid-Liquid Mixtures
●Liquid mixtures are prepared by mixing two different
liquid components. Homogeneous liquid mixtures
form liquid solutions.
●Aqueous solutionsare solutions where water is used
as a solvent.
●Heterogeneous liquid mixtures form colloids
specifically called emulsions.
Preparation Process

40. 40
Preparation of Liquid-Liquid Mixtures
●To prepare a liquid-liquid solution, a liquid solute is
simply added to a liquid solvent.
●Dilutionis the addition of water, or other solvents, to
reduce the concentration of a solution.
Preparation Process

41. 41
Preparation of Liquid-Liquid Mixtures
●An emulsion is prepared by mixing two immiscible
liquids.
●Emulsions rely on stabilizing agents, also called
emulsifiersso that they can mix together to form a
colloid.
Preparation Process

42. 42
Oil and water are immiscible.They form layers.
Preparation Process

43. 43
Adding soap stabilizes the mixture, disrupting the layers.
Preparation Process

44. 44
Preparation of Solid-Liquid Mixtures
●To prepare a solid-liquid mixture, mix solid
components with the liquids.
●Homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures form solutions
while nonuniform solid-liquid mixtures form
suspensions and colloids.
Preparation Process

45. 45
Preparation of Solid-Liquid Mixtures
●Stirringincreases the speed at which a solute
dissolves in a solvent. For example, powdered
chocolate drink dissolves faster in water when stirred.
Preparation Process

46. 46
Preparation of Solid-Liquid Mixtures
●Heatinginvolves raising the temperature of the
solvent to be able to extract the components of the
solute.
●It allows the solute to be better dissolved in it. One
example of this when you prepare brewed coffee or
tea.
Preparation Process

47. 47
Preparation of Solid-Liquid Mixtures
●Crushing, or reducing the particle size of a solid solute,
will also help increase the rate of dissolving of solids in
liquids.
●Smaller particle size will enable the solute to come into
contact more often with solvent particles, making it
easier for them to dissolve.
Preparation Process

48. Tips
48
To favor faster dissolution of solids in a
liquid solvent, you must perform the
following techniques:
●stirring, shaking, or agitating,
●heating the mixture, and
●reducing the particle size of the solid.

49. 49
Preparation of Solid-Liquid Mixtures
●Heterogeneous solid-liquid mixtures are formed when
the solid is naturally insoluble in the liquid and yet they
are mixed together.
●These heterogeneous mixtures either form a
suspensionor a colloid.
Preparation Process

50. 50
Preparation of Solid-Liquid Mixtures
●In a suspension, components separate over time and
two phases.
●Preparing colloidsrequires solid particle sizes to be
small enough to be dispersed, and stabilizing agents to
prevent separation of solids and the dispersing
medium.
Preparation Process

51. 51
How do we differentiate
compounds and mixtures in
terms of the separation process
of its components?

52. 52
Compounds
Since the constituent elements in compounds are
combined chemically, the only way to separate them is
through a chemical process as well.
Separation Process

53. 53
Compounds
●A decomposition reactionis a type of chemical
reaction in which a single compound breaks down into
two or more elements or new compounds.
●These reactions often involve an energy source such as
heator electricitythat breaks apart the bonds of
compounds.
Separation Process

54. 54
Compounds
●A reaction is also considered to be a decomposition
reaction even when one or more of the products are
still compounds.
●For example, carbonic acid decomposes spontaneously
at room temperature into carbon dioxide and water.
Separation Process

55. 55
Mixtures
●Homogeneous solid-liquid mixtures may be separated
by evaporation or by recrystallization.
●Homogeneous liquid-liquid mixtures may be separated
by distillation or by chromatography.
Separation Process

56. 56
Mixtures
●Some heterogeneous mixtures can be separated by
manual picking, sieving or by using a magnet.
●Other methods used to separate heterogeneous solid-
liquid mixtures are filtration, sedimentation,
decantation, and centrifugation.
Separation Process

57. 57
How will you produce molecular
hydrogen and oxygen from
water?

58. Check Your Understanding
58
Write mixture if the phrase or statement corresponds
to a mixture. Write compounds if it corresponds to a
compound.
1.atoms of different elements chemically combined
together in a fixed ratio
1.combination of two or more substances
1.substances combined together in varying ratio

59. Let’s Sum It Up!
59
●Compounds consist of atoms of different
elements that are chemically combined together
in a fixed ratio.
●Mixtures are combinations of two or more
substances where there is no chemical
combination or reaction.

60. Let’s Sum It Up!
60
●Compounds have their own specific chemical and
physical properties that are distinct from their
constituent elements.
●Mixtures do not. They reflect the properties of
their constituent substances, which retain their
original properties.

61. Let’s Sum It Up!
61
●Compounds have specific mass ratios. Mixtures
have variable mass ratios.
●Compounds are created by chemical reactions.
Mixtures are made by physically combining pure
substances whether they be solids, liquids or
gases. Mixtures can be homogeneous or
heterogeneous.

62. Let’s Sum It Up!
62
●Compounds can be separated into simpler
substances by chemical methods/reactions.
●Mixtures can be separated into simpler
substances by physical methods.

63. Challenge Yourself
6363
Explain why mixing soda ash in
muriatic acid results in a less
harmful, less irritant solution.

64. Bibliography
64
Brown,TheodoreL.2004.Chemistry:TheCentralScience(11thed).Singapore:PearsonEducation(Asia)
PteLtd.Print.
Chang,Raymond.2010.Chemistry(10thed).NewYork:McGraw-Hill.Print.
Petrucci,RalphH.GeneralChemistry:PrinciplesandModernApplications.Toronto,Ont.:Pearson
Canada,2011.Print.
Silberberg,MartinS.2009.Chemistry:TheMolecularNatureofMatterandChange(5thed).NewYork:
McGraw-Hill.
Whitten,KennethW.Chemistry(10thed).Boston:CengageLearning,2013.Print.