Dileep kumar banjare ; biopolymers

Basic Knowledge of Biopolymer

1. DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY BIOSENSOR T0PIC:- BIOPOLYMERS Submitted to Dr. R.P. SINGH Submitted By DILEEP KUMAR BANJARE 17120006

2. BIOPOLYMERS Biopolymers are polymers produced by living organisms; in other words, they are polymeric biomolecules . Since they are polymers, biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger structures.

3. Types of BIopolymers There are three types of BIOPOLYMERS according to their monomeric units used and the structure of biopolymer formed. 1. BIORENEWABLE 2. BIODEGRADABALE 3. BIOCOMATERIALS

4. 1.BIORENEWABLE BIOPOLYMERS Polymers of Biological O rigin Biorenewable Biopolymers are that polymers which are obtained from natural resource such as carbohydrates, nucleic acid, proteins and lipids.

5. NUCLEIC ACID Large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer genetic information in the cell. • Types of nucleic acids i . DNA =deoxyribonucleic acid ii. RNA = Ribonucleic acid

6. BUILDING BLOCKS OF NUCLEIC ACID Monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides • Components of a nucleotide – nitrogen base sugar phosphate

7. DEOXYRIBOSE NUCLEIC ACID • Double helix • Found in the nucleus • Stores hereditary information

8. RIBONUCLEIC ACID • Is a single helix Can be found in the nucleus and the cytoplasm of the cell Helps build proteins Can act as an enzyme

9. PROTEINS Polymers of amino acids covalently linked through peptide bonds • Natural organic molecules….C, H, O, N • Monomers…….amino acids

10. LIPIDS Large, nonpolar organic molecules LIPIDS do NOT Dissolve in Water! Have a higher ratio of carbon and hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms than carbohydrates Lipids store more energy per gram than other organic compounds

11. 2. BIODEGRADABLE BIOPOLYMERS Biodegradable polymers are a special class of polymers that breaks down after its intended purpose by bacterial decomposition process to result in natural byproducts such as gases (CO2 , N2 ), water , biomass, and inorganic salts.

12. Based on biodegradability polymers are classified as: 1. Biodegradable polymers eg : collagen, poly glycolic acid etc., 2 . Non biodegradable polymers eg : poly vinyl chloride, polyethylene e

13. Classification of biodegradable polymers based on the source 1. Synthetic biodegradable polymers : eg : Polycaprolactone Aliphatic poly(esters) Polyanhydrides 2) Natural biodegradable polymers : eg : Albumin Collagen Dextran Pectin, starch

14. POLYCAPROLACTONE Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a biodegradable polyester. It has a low melting point of around 60 C. It has a glass transition temperature of about −60 C. slower degradation rate than PLA. It remains active as long as a year for drug delivery. Applications: Drug delivery applications of PCL includes: - Cyclosporin in the form of nanoparticles – Ciprofloxacin in the form of dental implants

15. NATURAL BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS Natural polymers are an attractive class of biodegradable polymers as they are: Derived from natural sources Easily available Relatively cheap eg : Albumin Collagen

16. CALLOGEN Collagen is the most widely found protein in mammals and is the major provider of strength to tissue. The number of biomedical applications in which collagen have been utilized is too high; it not only has been explored for use in various types of surgery, cosmetics, and drug delivery, but also in bioprosthetic implants and tissue engineering of multiple organs as well. It is used as sutures ,Dressings, etc. Disadvantages Poor dimensional stability. Variability in drug release kinetics. Poor mechanical strength. Applications: Majorly used in ocular drug delivery system

17. ALBUMINS It is a major plasma protein component. It accounts for more than 55% of total protein in human plasma. It is used to design particulate drug delivery systems. Applications: Albumin micro-spheres are used to deliver drugs like Insulin, Sulphadiazene , 5-fluorouracil, Prednisolone etc. It is mainly used in chemotherapy, to achieve high local drug concentration for relatively longer time

18. FACTORS AFFECTING BIODEGRADATION OF POLYMERS Morphological factors Shape & size Variation of diffusion coefficient and mechanical stresses Chemical factors Chemical structure & composition Presence of ionic group and configuration structure Molecular weight and presence of low molecular weight compounds Physical fact P ors rocessing condition Sterilization process

19. ADVANTAGES OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS Localized delivery of drug Sustained delivery of drug Stabilization of drug Decrease in dosing frequency Reduce side effects Improved patient compliance Controllable degradation rate

20. APPLICATIONS OF BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS Polymer system for gene therapy. Biodegradable polymer for ocular, tissue engineering, vascular, orthopedic, skin adhesive & surgical glues. Bio degradable drug system for therapeutic agents such as anti tumor, antipsychotic agent, anti-inflammatory agent. Polymeric materials are used in and on soil to improve aeration, and promote plant growth and health. Many biomaterials, especially heart valve replacements and blood vessels, are made of polymers like Dacron, Teflon and polyurethane.

21. 3. BIOMATERIALS BIOPOLYMERS The Materials Which are used for structural applications in the fields of medicine are know as biomaterials These materials are used to make devices to replace damaged or diseased body parts in human and animal bodies A variety of devices and materials are used in the treatment of disease or injury. Commonplace examples include suture needles, plates, teeth fillings, etc

22. Classification Of Biomaterial Based on the application in the medical field biomaterial are classified into : Metals and alloys biomaterials Ceramics biomaterials Polymer biomaterials Composite biomaterials

23. Metal And alloys Metals and alloys are used as biomaterials due to their excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and mechanical properties Types of Metal and alloys are cobalt based alloys, titanium, stainless steel , protosal from cast alloy, conducting metals such as platinum The advantage of metal High strength, Fatigue resistance, Relatively good wear resistance, Easy fabrication ,Easy to sterilize ,Shape memory ( NiTi-Nitinol ) Disadvantages are High elastic modulus, Corrosion , Metal ion sensitivity and toxicity Low wetting

24. Applications of Metal and alloy Metals and alloys biomaterials are used in implant and orthopedic application Stainless steel Predominant implant alloy Protosal from cast alloy of Co ,Cr ,Mo used for implant hip Endo prosthesis and advance version of this protosal are widely used in hip joints ASTMF-136 used in dental application for making screws wires artificial teeth Ni –Ti shape memory alloy used in dental arch wire, micro surgical instrument, blood clot filtes.etc

25. Ceramics Ceramics are used as biomaterials due to their high mechanical strength and biocompatibility Types of Bio-ceramic materials are tri calcium phosphate, Metals oxides such as Al2O3 and SiO2 ,Apatite ceramics, Porous ceramics, Carbon and Alumina Advantage - High compression strength, Wear & Corrosion resistance ,Can be highly polished Disadvantage -High E modulus (stress shielding) Brittle -Low fracture toughness Difficult to fabricate

26. Applications of Ceramics Al2O3 and SiO2 - used to make femoral head Tri calcium Phosphate - bone repairs Alumina used in orthopedic ,Porous alumina used in teeth roots Apatite ceramics - bio active ceramics-used as synthetic bone Carbon good biocompatibility, wide application in heart valves Percutaneous carbon – stimulation of cochlea and visual cortex for artificial hearing and aid the blind respectively.

27. BIOPOLYMERS Biopolymers are macromolecules (protein, nuclei ,acids and polysaccharides) formed in nature during the growth cycles of all organism Easy to make complicated items Tailor able physical & mechanical properties Surface modification Biodegradable Leachable compounds Absorb water & proteins etc. Surface contamination Wear & breakdown Biodegradation (hydrolytically, enigmatically) Difficult to sterilize.

28. APPLICATION OF BIOPOLYMERS Synthetic polymeric materials have been widely used in medical disposable supplies, prosthetic materials, dental materials, implants, dressings, extracorporeal devices, encapsulates, polymeric drug delivery systems, tissue engineered products The main advantages of the polymeric biomaterials compared to metal or ceramic materials are ease of manufacturability to produce various shapes (latex, film, sheet, fibers, etc.)

29. COMPOSITE BIOMATERIALS The term “composite” is usually reserved for those materials in which the distinct phases are separated on a scale larger than the APPLICATION dental filling composites reinforced methyl methacrylate bone cement and ultra- highmolecular -weight polyethylene, and orthopedic implants with porous surfaces. atomic

30. Biomaterial in ophthalmology and Dental OPHTHALMOLOGY Used to improve vision, eye implants, to restore cornea, lens when they are damaged Contact lens, eye shield , vitreous replacement, correction of corneal curvature

31. DENTAL Polymers ,composites ceramic materials and metals alloys are four main groups of materials used for dental applications Ex: stainless steal, Co-Cr-Mo alloy PMMA , proplast and deacon

32. THANK YOU