Dilip kumar chapdi presentation on polymer from RITEE COLLEGE OF Pharmacy.pptx

Polymer classification and functions

1. RITEE COLLEGE OF PHARMACY TOPIC - POLYMER Presented by:- Name- Dilip kumar chapdi Class- B.pharmacy 7 th sem. Roll no. 311304119015 Guided by:- Miss. Perada Shalini Assistant professor RITCOP

2. Contents:- Introduction Definition Degree of polymerization Classifications Utility Some common Polymers used for CDD. Application and properties

3. Introduction:- The word “polymer” is derived from the Greek word Where “poly”means many and “meros” means units or parts. Each small unit is called as monomer . Herman staudinger received Nobel prize in 1953 for coining the term “MACROMOLECULES” used it in referance to the Polymer (1922).

4. Definition:- Polymer are macromolecules comprising of repeating units of small molecules called monomers. *Due to high molecular weight they can only exist as solid or liquids. MONOMER :-Small molecules that combine with other molecules of same or different types to form a polymer. Types of monomers on the basis of structure:- Olefinic:- containing double or triple bond. Eg.-ethynene. Functional:- Containing reactive functional groups. eg.- Hexamethylene diamine .

5. Degree of polymerization:- Refers to the number of monomers in a chain:- Dimer – 2 monomeric units present Trimer – 3 monomeric units Tetramer – 4 monomeric units. Pentamer – 5 monomeric units. Oligomer – 30-100 monomeric units. Polymer- more than 200 monomeric units.

6. Classification of polymer:- Based on source:- Natural polymers :- These polymer are found in nature,like plants and animals. Eg. Starch, gelatin and chitin. Semi-synthetic polymers:- the polymers obtain by simple chemical treatment of natural polymers to change their physical properties like HPMC, starch derivatives. Synthetic polymers :-synthesuzed in lab or man made polymer.eg.- PLGA,PEG, Polyacrylates etc.

7. Classification of polymer:- Based on the structure of polymers:- Linear polymer :- monomers are linked with each other and form a long straight Chain. * Molecules are closely packed and have high density , tensile strength.Eg :- Polyethene, PVC,etc. Branched chain polymer :- straight long chain with different side chains.Their molecules are irregularly packed hence they have low density,tensile, strength. Eg.:-Polypropylene,amylopecting and glycogen. Crosslinked or network polymers :-formed by combination of bi-functional and tri-function monomers or by cross linking between different polymer.eg.-vulcanized rubber , formaldehyde resins.

8. Classification of polymer:- Based on mode of polymerization:- Addition polymers :- Polymers formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules possessing double or triple bonds, without removal of by products. Process is called as free radical polymerization or chain polymerization. Eg.-The formation of polythene from Ethane and polypropylene from propene. Condensation polymers :- Formed by the combination of two or more monomer carrying different reactive functional groups accompanied by the release of small molecules like water, alcohol or NH3. Eg.:- polyamide (gel).

9. Classification of polymer:- Based on molecular forces:- Mechanical properties of polymers like tensile, strength,toughness, elasticity depend upon intermolecular forces like van-der waals forces and hydrogen bonding on the basis of these forces they are classified as:- Elastomers:- Rubber like solid with elastic properties. the polymer chain are held together by the weakest intermolecular force. Weak binding forces permit the polymer to be stretched. Eg- buna-s ,buna-n, neoprene,etc. 2. Fibers :- The thread forming solids which possess high tensile strength and high modules. These characteristics can be attributed to the strong intermolecular forces like hydrogen bonding. Eg.:- polyamide (nylone 6,6), polyesters etc.

10. Classification of polymer:- Based on thermal response:- Thermoplastic polymers:- can be softened on heating and hardened on cooling to room temperature. May be linear or branched chain polymers. Can be recyled many times. Eg :- polyesters, pvc, polystrene. 2. Thermosetting polymers :- These are not soften on heating. Can resist mechanical deformation and solvent attack. Cannot be reused or recyled. Eg.- bakelite, epoxy resins,etc.

11. Classification of polymer:- Based on the types of monomer:- Homopolymers :- containing a single type of repeated units. (single monomeric species) like – (A-A-A-A-A)n. eg:- polystyrene. 2. Heteropolymer/(copolymer) :- Made up of two different monomers. Like- ( A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B )n. Eg:- butadiene styrene rubber.

12. Classification of polymer:- Based on morphology :- Crystalline polymer :- polymers don’t form perfect crystalline materials but instead are semi-crystalline with both crystalline and amorphous regions. The crystalline phase of such polymers are characterized by their melting temperature. 2. Amorphous polymers :- Characterized by their glass transition temperature. The temperature at which they transform abruptly from the glass state(hard) to the rubbery state(soft).

13. Classification of polymer:- Based on the end use :- The polymer can divided into three classes:- Rubbers :- Dimensionally unstable characterized by long-range elasticity. The rubbery polymers are characterized by low-molecular cohesion. Their mechanical properties are poor Their tensile strength ranges between 300-1000psi 2. Plastics :- much stronger than rubbers. Tensile strength ranges between 4000-13000psi some plastics are hard ,stiff and Dimensionally stable and some are soft and flexible. 3. Fibres :- strongest of the three different types of polymers. Tensile strength ranges between 20,000-15,0000 psi.

14. Classification of polymer:- Based on the interaction with water :- Non-biodegradable hydrophobic polymers :- Eg:- Polyvinyl chloride. 2. Soluble Polymer :- eg:- HPMC, peg . 3. Hydro-gels :- eg:- polyvinyl pyrollidone Based on bio- stability :- Bio-degradable :- eg. PLGA ,proteins ,carbohydrates, etc Non-biodegradable :- eg. Ethyl-cellulose ,HPMC ,acrylic polymer.

15. # Utility of polymer :- polymers have been extensively applied in pharmaceutical & biomedical fields such as:- Developing scaffolds in tissue engineering. Implantation of medical devices and artificial organs prosthesis. Ophthalmology, dentistry, bone repair, and many other medical fields. Advances in polymer science have lead to the development of several novel drug delivery system. Polymers have been used as a main tool to control the drug release rate from the formulations. Extensive biodegradable polymers have been widely used in biomedical applications because of their Biocompatibility and biodegradability. Versatile component of packaging.

16. Some common Polymers used for CDD Methyl cellulose :- it is use as a viscosity modifier in oral and topical products, and coating of control release tablets. Ethyl cellulose :- this polymer is non irritant ,non- toxic and hydrophobic nature. Insoluble in water , it use in taste masking. Hydroxy propyle cellulose :- it is use as a binder , Film coating agent for tablet Viscosity modifier and topical preparation. 4. Hydroxy propyle ethyle cellulose :- it is use as a binder. Film coating and viscosity modifier and it is also use instead of capsule cell. 5. Cellulose acetate thylate :- it is used as a interic coating, It is acid resistance. 6. Polyvinyl alcohol :- Topical and opthalmic preparation. 7. Polyethylic acids :- are also known as carbomers or carbopols. Opthalmic drop preparation the drop transform liquid to gel form at eye pH. 8. Mucoadition :- it can added to mucus surface. It is important to CDDS. 9. Polyesters :- it comes under Class of Biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Mostly they use oral & topical. 10. Polyactic acid :- it is suitable for DDS , it is degrade very slow , and it is biodegradable.

17. Application and properties. Category Adhesive & coating Property Thickness & adhesiveness Applications Polyvinyl acetate, acrylate esters ethyl cellulose Silicon rubber Inert with no affinity for any material Implants in biomedical applications Plastic Impact resistant, solvent resistant Packaging, engineering applications Hydrogel Hydrophilicity , ability to retain water, swelling ability Super absorbent diapers and superdisintegrants .

18. Reference:- https://youtu.be/RmIhaIMFnIU Nk Jain , controlled and noval drug delivery, CBS publishers & distributors, new Delhi, first edition 1997.