Diseases of nail and their treatment

Diseases of nail and their treatment

1. Nail Presented By: Pathan Mahewash A .

2. Contents: Definition Functions of nail Structure Parts of nail Growth of nails Nail disorders Care of nails Conclusion 2

3. Nail Nail is a plate of keratin that lines on the tips of the fingers and toes & produced by living skin cells in the finger. OR A nail is a horn-like envelope covering the tips of the fingers and toes in most primates and a few other mammals. It is composed largely of keratin, a hardened protein. The average growth rate for nails is 0.1 mm each day. 3

4. Functions of nails Protection enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip extended precision grip cutting or scraping actions 4

5. Structure of nail 5

6. Parts of nail L anula: The whitish half moon at the base of the nail. 2. Cuticle: The cuticle is the semi-circular layer of non-living, almost invisible dead skin cells that "ride out on” and cover the back of the visible nail plate Overlapping epidermis around the nail. 6

7. 3. Free edge: The portion of the nail that extends past the end of the matrix bed. 4. Nail plate: The actual nail, made of translucent keratin. 100 layers of nail cells. 7

8. 5. Matrix ( matrix unguis, keratogenous membrane, nail matrix, or onychostroma ) The hidden part of the nail unit under the cuticle. Produces keratin cells that make up the nail plate. Contains nerves, lymph and blood vessels. The width and thickness of the nail plate is determined by the size, length, and thickness of the matrix. 8

9. 6. The nail sinus ( sinus unguis ) is where the nail root is i.e. the base of the nail underneath the skin. It originates from the actively growing tissue below the matrix. 7. Hyponychium is slightly thickened layer of skin underneath free edge. 8.The onychodermal band is the seal between the nail plate and the hyponychium. It is just under the free edge, in that portion of the nail where the nail bed ends. 9.Together, the eponychium and the cuticle form a protective seal. 10.The nail wall ( vallum unguis) is the cutaneous fold overlapping the sides and proximal end of the nail. 9

10. 11. Nail bed: skin underneath the nail plate. Deeper dermis & epidermis, attached by tiny longitudinal grooves called matrix crests. 12. Specialized ligaments. 10

11. Growth of nails Fingernails require three to six months to re-grow completely, and toenails require twelve to eighteen months . Actual growth rate is dependent upon age, sex, season , exercise level, diet, and hereditary factors. The growing part of the nail is under the skin at the nail's proximal end under the epidermis , which is the only living part of a nail . Rate increases dramatically in last trimester of pregnancy. 11

12. Nail disorders onychatrophia: It is an atrophy or wasting away of the nail plate which causes it to lose its luster, become smaller & sometimes shed entirely. Can caused by injury to the nail matrix or by internal disease. 12

13. 2. Leuconychia or white spots: Caused by tiny bubbles of air that are trapped in the nail plate layers due to trauma. This condition may be hereditary & no treatment is required. 13

14. 3. Pterygium: It is an outgrowth of the cuticle which sticks to the surface of nail plate. 14

15. 4. Brittle nails : A vertical splitting or separation of the nail plate layers at the free edge of the nail plate. Caused due to over exposure to water & chemical solvents. 15

16. 5 . Bruised nails: Condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate, forming a dark purplish spot. 16

17. 6. Eggshell nails: Noticeably thin, white nail plate is more flexible than normal. 17

18. Care of nails The care of nails is referred to as Manicuring . Manicure preparations include: Nail lacquer/enamel/paint/varnish Enamel remover Powder polish Nail cream Nail bleach Cuticle remover Cuticle softener 18

19. NAIL LACQUERS : “Nail lacquers are viscous preparations intended to decorate nails for fingers and toes”. ENAMEL REMOVERS Nail removers / nail cleansers are defined as the mixture of solvents containing small amounts of fat intended to remove the nail enamel. 19

20. Pharmaceutical nail lacquer Rehydrating nail hardener Nail strengthener Nail rebuilder Almond cuticle extract with ginseng extract 20

21. The best way to care for nails is to trim them regularly. Nails can dry out, just like skin. They can also peel, break, and be infected. Toe infections , for instance, can be caused or exacerbated by dirty socks, specific types of aggressive exercise ( long distance running ), tight footwear, and walking unprotected in an unclean environment. Common organisms causing nail infections include yeasts and molds ( particularly dermatophytes). Nail tools used by different people may transmit infections . Standard hygiene and sanitation procedures avoid transmission . In some cases, gel and cream cuticle removers can be used instead of cuticle scissors. 21

22. Different types of nails according to their shapes: 22

23. Conclusion: Nails even serve as defense to the fingers and toes from any mechanical injury hence nail care by using manicures is utmost important. It is vital to maintain well hydrated and moisturized nails. Oil based nail conditioners should be used which improves flexibility & reduce water loss. 23

24. THANK YOU 24