Diversity of Animals PP slides(vertebrates and invertebrates).pptx

Animal diversity refers to the vast array of animal life forms that inhabit Earth, ranging from simple invertebrates like sponges and insects to complex vertebrates such as mammals and birds. This diversity is organized into major phyla based on characteristics like body symmetry, presence of a backbone, and developmental layers such as ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Despite their varied appearances, most animals share a few fundamental body plans, and their adaptations—such as specialized limbs, sensory organs, and reproductive strategies—enable them to thrive in diverse ecological niches. Studying animal diversity helps us understand evolutionary relationships, ecological roles, and the importance of conservation for maintaining ecosystem health.

1. UNIT 4: BIODIVERSITY OF ANIMALS: INVERTEBRATES

2. EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS

3. EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS

4. EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS

5. EARLY EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS

6. Zoologists sometimes categorize animals according to a body plan. A body plan is a set of morphological & developmental traits , integrated into a functional whole living animal. 2. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY PLAN AND GROUPING OF ANIMALS IN PHYLA

7. CHARACTERISTICS WHICH EXPLAIN BODY PLAN

8. 1. SYMMETRY Animals categorized according to symmetry of their bodies. 3 Types of symmetry Asymmetrical (no symmetry) Example: Sponges (Phylum: Porifera) Radial symmetry (Cut in 2 halves from top to bottom, in axis – right and left side identical) Example: Hydra (Phylum: Cnidaria) Bilateral symmetry (Cut along one axis only to get 2 identical halves (Phylum: Arthropoda)

9. RADIAL SYMMETRY Example: Hydra Phylum: Cnidaria BILATERAL SYMMETRY Example: Lobster Phylum: Arthropoda

10. Bilateral ly symmetrical animals have:

11. 2. Cephalization Cephalization is the development of a specialized sensory cells in one end of the body e.g head (brain)

12. C. Tissues and development of embryonic layers

13. C. Tissues and development of embryonic layers Some animals only have an ectoderm and endoderm they are diploblastic . E.g. Phylum Cnidaria Most animals have and ectoderm, mesoderm , and Endoderm – they are Triploblastic (they are also bilateral symmetrical) E.g. Phylum: Annelida

14. 4. Body cavities A body cavity or coelom is a fluid-filled space between the digestive tract and outer body wall.

15. Animals with no coelom are referred to as Acoelomates An organism with a true coelom is completely lined by tissues derived from mesoderm, and is known as Eucoelomates An organism with a coelom derived from mesoderm and endoderm are referred to as Pseudocoelomates and have a Pseudocoelom.

16. 5. Protostome and Deuterostome development

17. Kingdom: Animalia Branch: Eumetazoa Branch: Parazoa Branch: Mesozoa Classification of the Animal kingdom

18. Kingdom: Animalia Branch: Eumetazoa Branch: Parazoa Branch: Mesozoa Fish parasites

19. Kingdom: Animalia Branch: Eumetazoa Branch: Parazoa Branch: Mesozoa E.g. Fish parasites 1. Phylum: Porifera E.g. sponges - Cellular level of organization

20. Kingdom: Animalia Branch: Eumetazoa Branch: Parazoa Branch: Mesozoa E.g. Fish parasites 1. Phylum: Porifera E.g. sponges - Cellular level of organization Multicellular Grade: Radiata Grade: Bilateria Radial symmetry Tissue level 2. Phylum: Cnidaria E.g. Hydra Coral Sea anemone Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization

21. Kingdom: Animalia Branch: Eumetazoa Branch: Parazoa Branch: Mesozoa E.g. Fish parasites 1. Phylum: Porifera E.g. sponges - Cellular level of organization Multicellular Grade: Radiata Grade: Bilateria Radial symmetry Tissue level 2. Phylum: Cnidaria E.g. Hydra Coral Sea anemone Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization Division: Protostomia Division: Deuterostomia

22. Grade: Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization Division: Protostomia Division: Deuterostomia Group: Acoelomata Group: Pseudocoelomata Group: Eucoelomata 3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes 4. Phylum: Nematoda 5. Phylum: Annelida 6. Phylum: Arthropoda 7. Phylum: Mollusca (Flatworms)

23. Grade: Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization Division: Protostomia Division: Deuterostomia Group: Acoelomata Group: Pseudocoelomata Group: Eucoelomata 3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes 4. Phylum: Nematoda 5. Phylum: Annelida 6. Phylum: Arthropoda 7. Phylum: Mollusca (Flatworms) (Round worms)

24. Grade: Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization Division: Protostomia Division: Deuterostomia Group: Acoelomata Group: Pseudocoelomata Group: Eucoelomata 3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes 4. Phylum: Nematoda 5. Phylum: Annelida 6. Phylum: Arthropoda 7. Phylum: Mollusca (Flatworms) (Round worms) Metamerism E.g. Earthworms, leeches

25. Grade: Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization Division: Protostomia Division: Deuterostomia Group: Acoelomata Group: Pseudocoelomata Group: Eucoelomata 3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes 4. Phylum: Nematoda 5. Phylum: Annelida 6. Phylum: Arthropoda 7. Phylum: Mollusca (Flatworms) (Round worms) Metamerism E.g. Earthworms, leeches Tagmatisation E.g. Insects, Crabs, scorpions

26. Grade: Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization Division: Protostomia Division: Deuterostomia Group: Acoelomata Group: Pseudocoelomata Group: Eucoelomata 3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes 4. Phylum: Nematoda 5. Phylum: Annelida 6. Phylum: Arthropoda 7. Phylum: Mollusca (Flatworms) (Round worms) Metamerism E.g. Earthworms, leeches Tagmatisation E.g. Insects, Crabs, scorpions E.g. Snails, slugs, octopus

27. Grade: Bilateria Bilateral symmetry Organ level Cephalization Division: Protostomia Division: Deuterostomia Group: Acoelomata Group: Pseudocoelomata Group: Eucoelomata 3. Phylum: Platyhelminthes 4. Phylum: Nematoda 5. Phylum: Annelida 6. Phylum: Arthropoda 7. Phylum: Mollusca (Flatworms) (Round worms) 8. Phylum: Echinodermata 8. Phylum: Vertebrata

28. SUMMARY OF PHYLA Phylum: Porifera (sponges) Phylum: Cnidaria (Hydra, sea anemones) Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flat worms) Phylum: Nematoda (round worms) Phylum: Annelida (earthworms, leeches) Phylum: Arthropoda (crabs, insects) Phylum: Mollusca (slugs, snails) Phylum: Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins) Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates)

29. Phylum: Porifera (sponges) Sedentary animals (fixed in one position) They live in both fresh and marine waters Cellular level of development Lack true tissues and organs Asymmetrical

30. Phylum: Cnidaria ( Hydra , sea anemones ) True tissue – Eumetazoa Both sessile and motile forms including jellies, corals, and hydras Diploblastic body plan Radial symmetry The basic body plan of a cnidarian is a sac with a central digestive compartment, the gastrovascular cavity A single opening functions as mouth and anus Carnivores that use tentacles to capture prey The tentacles are armed with cnidocytes , unique cells that function in defense and capture of prey Nematocysts are specialized organelles within cnidocytes that eject a stinging thread ( toxins to paralyze prey ).

31. Phylum: Platyhelminthes (flat worms – e.g. tapeworm) Live in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats. Triploblastic development Acoelomates Flattened dorsoventrally and have a gastrovascular cavity Gas exchange takes place across the surface Protonephridia regulate the osmotic balance – like a kidney

32. Phylum: Nematoda (round worms) Found in most aquatic habitats, in the soil, in moist tissues of plants, and in body fluids and tissues of animals They have a digestive tract , but lack a circulatory system Some species are parasites of plants and animals.

33. Phylum: Annelida (earthworms, leeches) Bodies composed of a series of fused rings or compartments – Metamerism Has a true coelom Has a Nervous system that includes a simple brain and ventral nerve cord, and Has a closed circulatory system

34. Phylum: Arthropoda (crabs, insects) Found in nearly all habitats of the biosphere The arthropod body plan consists of a segmented body - tagmatization , hard exoskeleton ( made of layers of protein and the polysaccharide chitin jointed appendages The body is completely covered by the cuticle When it grows, it molts its exoskeleton. Have an open circulatory system Includes : insects, crabs, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, mites…

35. Phylum: Mollusca (slugs, snails) Includes snails and slugs, oysters and clams, and octopuses and squids Most are marine, some inhabit fresh water and some are terrestrial Soft bodied animals, but most are protected by a hard shell . They feed with a rasping radula , used to scrape up food.

36. Phylum: Echinodermata (sea stars, sea urchins) First Deuterostome developmental phylum Radial cleavage The blastopore of the gastrula becomes the of the mouth of the embryo Echinoderms have a unique water vascular system , a network of hydraulic canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion, feeding, and gas exchange

37. Phylum: Chordata (vertebrates) Phylum Chordata consists of two subphyla of invertebrates as well as hagfishes and vertebrates Vertebrates are a subphylum within the phylum Chordata Chordates are bilaterian animals and are the second phylum that belongs to the Deuterostomia. All chordates share a set of derived characters Some species have some of these traits only during embryonic development

38. Four key derived characteristics of chordates Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Muscular, post-anal tail