DNA repair pathways or cellular repair mechanisms.pdf.file

DNA repair pathways are crucial mechanisms that maintain genomic stability by identifying and correcting various types of DNA damage. Different pathways address specific types of damage. **Base Excision Repair (BER)** fixes small, non-helix-distorting base lesions caused by oxidation or alkylation. **Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER)** removes bulky DNA adducts and UV-induced pyrimidine dimers. **Mismatch Repair (MMR)** corrects replication errors, such as mismatched bases or insertion-deletion loops. **Homologous Recombination (HR)** and **Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ)** are the primary pathways for repairing double-strand breaks (DSBs); HR is error-free and uses a sister chromatid as a template, while NHEJ directly joins broken ends, often introducing mutations. Additionally, specialized mechanisms, like **Direct Reversal Repair**, reverse specific types of damage, such as alkylation. These pathways work in concert to preserve genetic information and prevent diseases such as cancer, which can arise from impaired DNA repair mechanisms.

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