DNA Technology 2 genetic engineering notes

DNA Technology

1. DNA Technology 2 Genetic Engineering ppt. by Robin D. Seamon HOOK VIDEO: Nova: Cracking your genetic code 55 minutes

2. VIDEO: Genetic Engineering will Change Everything Forever: CRISPR (14 min) VIDEO

3. All living things use the same 4 nucleotide bases of DNA (A-T, C-G) & ribosomes THEREFORE, DNA from different organisms can be joined or ‘spliced’ together… GENETIC ENGINEERING 3

4. G E N E T I C E N G I N E E R I N G Recombinant DNA technology Gene manipulation 1. genes are engineered by scientists into organisms such as microbes or bacteria, for mass-production 2. insertion of select genes into organisms to improve their genotype 4

5. Genetic Engineering manipulating the DNA Quick version of selective breeding Splice the gene into the DNA DNA 1 DNA 2 Recombinant DNA

6. Recombinant DNA Combine DNA from different sources Identify a particular gene Cut out the gene with restriction enzymes Insert the gene into the DNA of another organism Example: creating E.coli bacteria that produces human insulin Transgenic organisms– inserting DNA from one species from one species into another (of another species)

7. GENE CLONING Plasmid Foreign DNA (gene for insulin) Recombined plasmid Bacterial chromosome E. coli Insulin

8. GENE CLONING Isolate a gene Make copies – using PCR (polymerase chain reaction) Insert the gene into a plasmid from a prokaryote (eukaryotes are too hard to work with) Study the gene & look for t ranslation: If the new gene is expressed in the cells of the targeted organism; success

9. PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction makes lots of copies of the DNA

10. GENE GUN Alternative Method of Gene Insertion – Gene Gun 11

11. MEDICINE: 1970’s we learned to put genes into bacteria that would make human insulin; Insulin separated from bacteria & given to diabetics Desired human gene (like insulin production) 12

12. CRISPR: New technology (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) efficient and reliable way to make precise, targeted changes to the genome of living cells  VIDE: CRISPR DNA editing sequence in 90seconds VIDEO: What is CRISPR 5 min

13. Glowing plants VIDEO: Kickstarter Replaces lights with Growing plants! (5:50) 14

14. Are GMOs Good or Bad? GMOs & Our Food VIDEO: (9 min) VID EO

15. 16 GMO’s & FOOD Two major categories of GMO crops: Crops to resist pests= turning plant into its own pesticide Crops resistant to herbicide, Roundup= farmers spray crops with Roundup & all plants/weeds are killed except the crop VIDEO: What is a GMO? (3 min)

16. G M C R O P S Biofortified Rice “Golden Rice” Vitamin A deficiency causes 500,000 cases of blindness and up to 2 million deaths each year in countries where rice is the staple diet Golden Rice was engineered so that the rice plant produced Vitamin A 17

17. Scientists engineered a tomato that won’t freeze by placing “anti-freeze” gene from a fish into tomato genome 18

18. AGRICULTURE 19

19. European Corn Borer Corn Borer- insect that kills corn crops U.S. + Canada: > $1 billion per year, damage + control costs Bt Corn 20

20. Bt – Bacillus thuringiensis – common soil borne bacterium- produces crystals that kill insects when eaten. Scientists insert Bt genes into corn genome Corn plant produces Bt in every cell KnockOut (Novartis) YieldGard (Monsanto ) BT- Xtra (DeKalb) StarLink (Aventis) 21

21. U.S. – Leading the Way in GM Crops VIDEO: How are GMO’s created? (5:30) 22

22. How are GMO’s tested & approved? EPA- (Environmental Protection Agency) evaluates environmental safety USDA- (US Department of Agriculture) evaluates whether plant is safe to grow FDA - (Food & Drug Administration) evaluates whether the plant is safe to eat 23

23. How are GMO’s tested & approved? Scientists have to perform studies on the new product & determine it safe Scientists present the data to the EPA, USDA, FDA EPA, USDA, FDA approves product VIDEO: Eyes of Nye GM foods (8 min) 24 QUESTIONS: Who are the scientists? Is their data transparent to the public? TRUTH:

24. 25

25. What’s the Debate ? VIDEO: “What’s the Deal with Genetically Modified Food? (3min) AgBioTech Aventis (Hoechst + Rhone Poulenc) Monsanto (Monsanto + Pharmacia+ Upjohn) Dupont ( Dupont + Pioneer Hybrid) Syngenta (Novartis + AstraZeneca ) Bayer Dow Chemical (Dow + Elanco ) 5 Firms – each Multinational: 68% of agrochemical market worldwide 20% of commercial seed worldwide 26 ANSWERS: The scientists supplying the safety data are hired by these companies. The data is NOT transparent to the public. TRUTH:

26. LAWS: Current laws allow industries to patent/own the intellectual property that they genetically modify/create Ownership of the new genome/organism Allows companies to charge whatever fee they wish for use of their patent, including further research in the area ETHICAL ISSUES: sitting on technology or creating monopolies I s it OK to patent/own life forms?

27. GM Pesticide resistant crops: genetically alter plant to contain a pesticide toxin that will prevent pests (+) More crops & less damage (+) More money for NC business & economy (+) No current health concern (passed by the FDA) (+) No current environmental concern (passed by the EPA) (-) possible creation of pesticide resistant insects & pathogens (-) uncertain long-term effects of natural ecosystems (-) uncertain long-term effects on human body (-) kills other beneficial insects including Monarch butterfly (-) labelling? (-) who’s doing the research? + - VIDEO: GM Food- The Truth: GMO myths & Truths (5:45) VIDEO: What is a Genetically Mod Food ? (3:15) 28

28. GM Crops- Other Issues Threat to small farmers Some say that GM technology benefits big business not the poor Cross-pollination of GM crops with organic farms Patenting life forms Bio-piracy Terminator technology Politics: Frankenfoods http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304_LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt . 29

29. A N I M A L S : Scientists engineer featherless chicken by removing feather gene Scientists engineer ‘glowing’ mice from bioluminescent gene in a jellyfish 30

30. Cloning: produces an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another EXAMPLE: Dolly the sheep July 1996 Scientists took nucleus from adult sheep & implanted that into sheep egg cell Then placed modified cell into female sheep and when offspring was born, it had identical DNA of adult sheep 31

31. SOMATIC CELL TRANSFER making an identical organism use a somatic cell and enucleated egg cell Egg is removed from Egg Cell Donor Nucleus is taken out and discarded 2. Somatic cell is taken out of a Somatic Cell Donor Nucleus is taken out and put in the egg cell 3. Egg and nucleus is zapped to start dividing 4. Placed into a Surrogate mother and results in a healthy baby (hopefully)

32. ORGAN ENGINEERING 34

33. Stem Cells : cells that are part of the embryo during early development- before they become specific body cells (embryonic & adult stem cells) These cells are useful in science because they can be used to perform desired medical functions- we can direct them VIDEO: What are stem cells? TED Ed (4 min) 35

34. Genetic engineering & you: (+) medical knowledge in your DNA could help prevent diseases (+) personal medicine for your DNA (+) organ transplants from your own cells (+) birth defects can be avoided (-) when is it going too far? (-) who has access to your DNA information? (-) whose cells will you use? (-) how is research conducted? Who are the test subjects? + - 36

35. Genetic Engineering Other Issues W hat is going too far? STEM cells- when is a human ‘alive?’ What if insurance companies could know about your DNA? Should DNA information be kept in databases or is it your personal information? Who will regulate this? http://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304_LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt . 37

36. FOR THE DNA TEST: Study all DNA notes DNA structure & function DNA replication Protein synthesis (from DNA to RNA to protein) Mutations DNA technology

37. LAB Glow-in-the-Dark Cat ARTICLE 39

38. LAB Biotechnology Match-up 40

39. 41 1. Evaluates whether the gm plant is safe to eat 2. Type of genetic manipulation that produces an exact genetic copy of an organism 3. cells that are part of the embryo during early development- before they become body cells 4. Evaluates whether the gm plant is safe to grow 5. Evaluates whether the gm plant is environmentally safe 6. growing of an organ using genetic engineering in a lab 7-8 Give 2 benefits of using genetic engineering. 9-10 Give 2 reasons not to use genetic engineering. Genetics UNIT CHECK 4 a. EPA b. USDA c. FDA d. cloning e. s tem cells f. organ regeneration C D E B A F Personal medicine, organ transplants, birth defects fixed, more crops/less damage, more $ from crops/animals, no current health/environmental concern Ethical issues, who has access to your DNA info? How is research conducted? Who’s in charge of regulation? Who is paying for safety research? Unknown environmental & health dangers, pest resistant insects/pathogens. containment

40. Before 1600- Animals are domesticated Crops are cultivated Yeast & bacteria used to ferment cheese, wine, bread 1800-1850- Schleiden & Schawnn state the cell theory, “All living things are made of cells” 1850-1900- Pasteur creates pasteurization; discovers Rabies vaccine Mendel studies genetics Darwin writes “Origin of Species” 1900-1950- First use of term ‘biotechnology’ DNA is discovered to be hereditary material Flemming Discovers penicillin 1950-1970- Watson & Crick describe DNA as double helix Biotechnology Timeline 1970-1980- Nanotechnology is coined (10 ) Cohen & Boyer cut & splice DNA Restriction enzymes discovered 1980-1990- Diabetes is treated with genetically engineered insulin First genetically modified vaccine: Hepatitis B 1990-2000- Human Genome Project is funded by Congress Flavr Savr tomato, resistant to rotting, is approved by FDA Dolly the sheep is cloned 2000-present- CC (Carbon Copy) the cat is cloned Mapping of the Human Genome is completed Vaccine to prevent Cervical Cancer -9 42

41. Before 1600- Animals are domesticated Crops are cultivated Yeast & bacteria used to ferment cheese, wine, bread 1800-1850- Schleiden & Schawnn state the cell theory, “All living things are made of cells” 1850-1900- Pasteur creates pasteurization; discovers Rabies vaccine Mendel studies genetics Darwin writes “Origin of Species” 1900-1950- First use of term ‘biotechnology’ DNA is discovered to be hereditary material Flemming Discovers penicillin 1950-1970- Watson & Crick describe DNA as double helix Biotechnology Timeline LAB 1970-1980- Nanotechnology is coined (10 ) Cohen & Boyer cut & splice DNA Restriction enzymes discovered 1980-1990- Diabetes is treated with genetically engineered insulin First genetically modified vaccine: Hepatitis B 1990-2000- Human Genome Project is funded by Congress Flavr Savr tomato, resistant to rotting, is approved by FDA Dolly the sheep is cloned 2000-present- CC (Carbon Copy) the cat is cloned Mapping of the Human Genome is completed Vaccine to prevent Cervical Cancer -9 ANSWERS 43

42. LAB Medical Ethics 44

43. RESOURCES: ‘Biotechnology’ presentation by Christina M. Spears, Georgia Ag Education Curriculum Office 2003 Edward Schilling presentation: http ://web.bio.utk.edu/schilling/EEB304/EEB304_LECT25_transgenics_spring11.ppt . LABS: Beyond Benign http:// www.beyondbenign.org/K12education/biotech_ms.html 45

44. VIDEO: GMO A Go Go (8 min) JUST FOR FUN… 46