Dr veera Jogur curna --kalpana presentation

curna kalpana ppt

1. A Critical review on Churna kalpana Presented by; Dr . Veeramma Jogur 1 ST Year PG Scholar Dept. of Rasashastra & Bhaishajya kalpana

2. Contents Introduction Definition of churna Churna Types Prakshepaka dravya & their quantity Uses of churna Standardization of churna kalpana Modern aspect of churna kalpana Size reduction Size separation Sieving Filteration Mixing of powders Advantages and disadvantages Articles Discussion Conclusion

3. Introduction In Bhaishajya kalpana , the preparations are explained under two headings .They are Primary preparations are Pancha vidha kashaya kalpanas & secondary preparations ( upakalpanas ) are churna , vati,avaleha,taila etc. According to Sharangadhara Pancha vidha kashaya kalpanas are swarasa,kalka,kashaya,hima,phanta .

4. Even Arka prakasha has mentioned Panchavidha Kashaya Kalpana.They are Kalka,Taila,Rasa,Churna & Arka . According to Acharya Sharangadhara Churna comes under Upakalpana of Kalka kalpana , because churna is a dry state of kalka kalpana.Hence it has also a synonym called shushka kalka .

5. Definition अत्यन्तशुष्कं यद्द्रव्यं सुपिष्टं वस्त्रगालितम् । तत्स्याच्चूर्णं रजः क्षोदस्तन्मात्रा कर्षसम्मित । (Sa.Ma.Kha.6/1) Completely dried dravyas pounded & sieved through cloth is known as churna . Rajah & Ksoda are synonyms Matra;1 Karsha (12gms)

6. Churna types 1) Depending on particle size; Sthula churna -Course powder Eg - Used in kwatha preparation Sukshma churna -Fine powder Eg -Used in avaleha , vati preparation Atyanta sukshma churna -Very fine powder Eg - Used in anjana,bhasma etc 2) Simple & compound powders; Ekaushadha churna Eg-Haritaki churna,Trivrit churna,Vaca churna etc Misra churna Eg-Sitopaladi churna,Talisadi churna,Hingvastak churna etc

7. General method of preparation of Churna Requirements: Drug/Drugs of which curna is to be prepared. Khalva yantra (mortar & pestle) Sieve of appropriate size or cloth Procedure: Drugs should be collected in proper season & dried If single drugs is to be powdered,then it should be taken in completely dry state & subjected to pounding in khalvayantra After proper pounding ,it should be filtered through cloth or sieve Churna should be packed in airtight containers

8. Prakshepaka dravya and their quantity चूर्णे गुडः समो देयः शर्करा द्विगुणा भवेत् । चूर्णेषु भर्जितं हिङ्गु देयं नोत्क्लेदकृद्भवेत्|| लिहेच्चूर्णं द्रवैः सर्वैर्धृताद्यैर्द्विगुणोन्मितैः । पिबेच्चतुर्गुणैरेव चूर्णमालोडितं द्रवैः || (Sa.Ma.Kha.6/2-3) In relation with the quantity of churna to be taken, the quantity of other drugs will be Guda – equal Sarkara – double Bharjita hingu – quantity that does not cause nausea Ghrita,taila etc – double Any other liquid – four times

9. Quantity of anupana depending on disease conditions चूर्णावलेहगुटिकाकल्कानाम् अनुपानकम् । वातपित्तकफातङ्के त्रिद्वयेकपलमाहरत् ॥ (Sa.Ma.Kha.6/2-3) The quantity of adjuvant along with churna , avaleha , gutika and in kalka is Vata-3 pala Pitta-2 pala Kapha-1 pala

10. Uses of churna Used as a single medicine. Eg ; sitophaladi churna,talisadi churna,hingvastaka churna etc. Used as an anupana.Eg;swarna bhasma with trikatu churna , Abhraka bhasma with talisadi churna . Used for processing secondary preparations Eg ; avaleha,vati,snehapaka,asavarista etc. Used for udwartana in many skin diseases. Eg-Triphala churna udwartana in cases of vicarcika .

11. Kalpana Sthula churna Sukshma churna Atyanta sukshma Kwatha + _ _ Phanta + _ _ Hima + _ _ Kalka _ + + Gutika _ _ + Avaleha + + + Sneha + + + Sandhana + + + Masi _ + +

12. Saviryata avadhi ( shelf life) of churna kalpana is of 2 months as per classical references.If airtight containers are used, then it can be stored for 6 months.

13. Sitopaladi churna (sa.ma.kha.6/136-139) सितोपला षोडश स्यादष्टौ स्याद्वंशरोचना ।। पिप्पली स्याच्चतुष्कर्षा स्यादेला च द्विकार्षिकी। एकः कर्षस्त्वचः कार्यचूर्णयेत्सर्वमेकतः ।। सितोपलादिकं चूर्ण मधुसर्पियुतं लिहेत् । श्वासकासक्षहरं हस्तपादाङ्गदाहजित् ।। मन्दाग्निं सुप्तजिह्नत्वं पार्श्वशूलमरोचकम् । ज्वरमूर्ध्वगतं रक्तं पित्तमाशु व्यपोहति ।। Method of preparation- General method of preparation. Dose - 1 karsha Anupana – Ushna jala , madhu Action - Pacaka,dipaka,dahashamaka Indications – Kasa , swasa , jwara,urdwanga roga,raktapitta,agnimandya etc.

14. Hingvastaka churna ( B.R.Agnimandya rogadhikara 10/59) त्रिकटुकमजमोदा सैन्धवं जीरके द्वे समधरणघृतानाम् अष्टमो हिङ्गभागः ॥ प्रथमकवलभुक्तं सर्पिषः चूर्णमेतज्जनयति जाठराग्निं वातरोगांश्च हन्ति ॥ Method of preparation – General method of preparation Dose - 1 karsha Anupana - Ushna jala and ghrita . Action - Dipana,pachana,vatanulomana,shoolaghna Indication - Agnimandya,shoola,gulma,vataroga etc.

15. Talisadi churna (sa.ma.kha.6/132-135) Dose – 1 Karsha Anupana – Madhu & ghrita Action - Pacaka,rucikaraka Indication – Kasa,swasa,chardi,atisara,sosa,adhmana,pliharoga,grahani & pandu.It is good appetizer & pachaka . तालीसं मरिचं शुण्ठी पिप्पली वंशरोचनम् ।। एकद्वित्रिचतुःपञ्चकर्षैर्भागान्प्रकल्पयेत् । एलात्वचोस्तु कर्षार्थं प्रत्येकं भागमाचरेत् ।। द्वात्रिंशत्कर्षतुलिता प्रदेया शर्करा बुधैः । तालीसाद्यमिदं चूर्णे रोचनं पाचनं स्मृतम् ।। कासश्वासज्वरहरं छर्चतीसारनाशनम् । शोषाध्मानहरं प्लीहाग्रहणीपाण्डुरोगजित् ।। पक्त्वा वा शर्करां चूर्णं क्षिपेत्याद्वुटिका ततः ।

16. S.NO NAME OF FORMULATION REFERENCE ROGADHIKARA MATRA/ANUPANA 1 Ajamodadi churna SA.SA Sula,ghridrasi,amavata,sandhipida etc 3-6gm Ushnodaka 2 Ashwagandhadi churna YO. RA Tridoshaksaya 3-6gm Dugdha 3 Avipattikara churna B.R Agnimandya,malabadha,amlapitta etc 3-6gm Jala 4 Amalakyadi churna SA.SA Aruchi,agnimandya,jwara,ajeerna 3-6gm Ushnodaka 5 Eladi churna B.R Kasa,swasa 2-4gm Madhu 6 Drakshadi churna YO.RA Agnimandya,chardi,Kshayaja kasa,pradara 3-6gm Jala 7 Narayana churna A.H Udararoga,gulma,anaha,vataroga,hridroga etc 1-3 gm Takra

17. 8 Pushyanuga churna B.R Asrugdara,Sweta pradara,rajadosha,yonidosha 1-3gm Tandulodaka 9 Navayasava lauha B.R Pandu,kamala,hridroga,kushta and arshas 2-4 ratti Madhu,ghrita 10 Lavana bhaskara churna SA.SA Agnimandya,grahani,sula,gulma,ajeerna etc 3gm Ushnodaka 11 Sudarshana churna B.R Yakrut-plihabhivruddhi , vishama & jeerna jwara . 2-4 gms Ushnodaka 12 Panchanimba churna B.R Kushta 1-5gm Madhu 13 Vidangadi churna Chakradatta Krimi roga 3-5 gm Takra 14 Panchakola churna SA.SA Aruchi,anaha,gulma,sula,plihavriddhi 5-10gm Jala 15 Nimbadi churna B.R Amavata,vatarakta,kotha,kushta,shwitra etc 1-3gm Ushnodaka

18. Standardization of churna kalpana Standardization of drug means confirmation of its identity and determination of its quality & purity. Ayurvedic parameters The churna should be vastragalit,amorphous & shushka (moisture free),while preparing kwatha , coarse powder is beneficial than very fine powder. Modern parameters A] Organoleptic evaluation: colour Odour Taste Consistency B]Description Macroscopic Microscopic C] Physical evaluation Loss on drying at 105 C Total ash Acid insoluble ash Water soluble extractive pH

19. D] Phytochemical Analysis E] Particle size (80-100 mesh for churna ; 40-60 mesh for kvatha churna ) Bulk density Tap density F] Test for heavy/ toxic metals Lead, cadmium, mercury, arsenic G]Microbial contamination 1. Total viable aerobic count

20. 2. Enterobacteriaceae 3. Total fungal count (H) Test for specific pathogen E.coli 2. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( i ) Test for Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2) (J) Chromatography (a) Thin layer chromatography (b) High performance thin layer chromatography- with marker ( whereverpossible ) (K) Pesticide residue 1. Organochlorine pesticides 2. Organophosphorus pesticides 3. Pyrethroids

21. Powders: Powders are intimate mixture of dry, finely divided drugs and chemicals that may be inteded for internal or external use . Size reduction; It is the process of reducing the particle size of a drug material into a finer state of subdivision. Comminution and grinding are synonyms. If done by mechanical means it will be called as milling. Depending on the type of equipment employed for the purpose this process gets different names such as cutting,chopping,crushing,grinding,milling,trituration etc.

22. Pharmaceutical applications Lesser the particle size more the surface area Lesser the particle size and lesser will be the drying time. Lesser the particle size and more the rate of absorption. Increased surface area of drugs helps in quick extraction of active principles by facilitating easy penetration of solvent into drug tissue. The rate of drug absorption depends mainly on the dosage form,route of administration & particle size.

23. Mechanism of size reduction Impact Impact occurs when the material is kept stationary and is hit by an object moving at a high speed or when the material is kept moving at high speed against a stationary object.Eg .: Hammermill . Attrition It involves collision between the two particles having high kinetic energy or a high velocity particle with a stationary Roller mill & fluid energy mill. Shear Produced when the particle is compressed between the edges of two hard surface moving tangentially.Eg .: Scissors. Compression In this mechanism the size reduction is achieved by crushing the material by application of pressure.Eg .: Sharp knife

24. Particle size The particle sizes of the powders depend on the different numbered standard sieves used. Sieving is the process of size separation. The numbered sieves indicate the number of meshes(openings) in a length of 1inch (2.54cm). So a sieve numbered 10 will have 10 meshes in the specified length. Particle range Sieve range - Above 50 micron diameter Sub-Sieve range - 1-50 micron diameter Sub-micron range - below 1 micron diameter (Note; 1 micron=1/1000 part of millimeter)

25. Sieve of size preparation Coarse powders : 10/44 Moderately coarse powders : 22/60 Moderately fine powder : 44/85 Fine powder : 85 Very fine powder : 120 For coarse powders all particle should pass throgh sieve no 10 & not more than 40% should pass through no 44 sieves. Similar for moderately coarse & moderately fine powders also.But for fine & very fine powders all particles should pass through sieve no 85 & 120 respectively.

26. Sieves Sieves for pharmacopoeial testing are constructed from wire cloth with square meshes, woven from wires of brass, bronze, stainless steel or any other suitable material. The wires should be of uniform circular cross-section and should not be coated or plated. There should not be any reaction between the material of the sieve and the substance which is being shifted from it.

27. Standards for sieves used for pharmacopoeial testing must specify the following: 1. Number of sieve : Sieve number indicates the number of meshes in a length of 2.54 cm in each transverse direction parallel to the wires. 2. Nominal size of aperture : Nominal size of aperture indicates the distance between the wires. It represents the length of the side of the square aperture. It has given the nominal mesh aperture size for majority of sieves in mm or in um. 3. Nominal diameter of the wire : Wire mesh sieves are made from the wire having the specified diameter in order to give a suitable aperture size and sufficient strength to avoid distortion of the sieve. 4. Approximate percentage sieving area : This standard expresses the area of the meshes as a percentage of the total area of the sieve.

28. Advantages Powder form is more stable than liquids, because chemical reactions take place more rapidly in atmospheric conditions, when the drugs are in liquid form. Less chances of incompatibilities in case of powder than liquids. The finer particle size dissolve more rapidly in the body fluids than other solid dosage forms like tablet, capsules, pills. Powders are more economical when compared to other preparations. Transportation is easy and less risky.

29. Disadvantages Drugs which deteriorate when exposed to atmospheric conditions are not suitable for dispensing in the powder form. Bitter, corrosive and unpalatable drugs cannot be dispensed in powder form. Hygroscopic drugs cannot be dispensed in powder form. Volatile drugs are also not suitable for powder form.

30. Factors affecting size reduction Physical properties of the drugs such as hardness, toughness, moisture content etc; melting or softening point of the drugs (due to the heat generated during mechanical grinding); and size of the starting material, are the key factors influencing size reduction; Reduction has to be carried out in aseptic conditions to prevent bacterial contamination (especially in wet conditions).

31. Methods of size reduction Slicing and cutting ; Cutter mill Bruising and contusion ; Roller mill Grinding ; Manual ( trituration ) and Mechanical ( levigation & pulverization).

32. Mechanical grinding is carried out by following mills Ball mill. Hammer mill. Edge runner mill. End runner mill. The disintegrator. Hand mill. Colloid mill. Fluid energy mill. Etc Many of the above said mills are put to best use for size reduction by pharmaceutical companies.

33. Name of the mill Action Product size Uses Not used for Cutter mill Cutting 20-80 mesh Fibrous, crude drug Friable material Roller mill Compression 20-200 mesh Soft material Abrasive material Hammer mill Impact 4-325 mesh Almost all drugs Abrasive material Disintegrator Impact 20-80 mesh Almost all drugs including hard drugs Soft & sticky material Ball mill Attrition & impact 20-200 mesh Brittle drugs Soft material Fluid energy mill Attrition & impact 1-30micromtr Moderately hard & friable material Soft & sticky material Edge runner mill Crushing & shearing 20-80 mesh Almost all drugs Sticky material End runner mill Crushing & shearing 20-80mesh For fine grinding Sticky material

34. Ball mill Disintegrator Hammer mill

35. Size separation Size separation is the process in which the grading of powders is done. The common technique adopted for size separation is sieving/shifting. This helps to grade the powders as coarse, moderately coarse, moderately fine, fine and very fine. The various methods of size separation are as follows Sieving Cyclone separator Air separator Elutriation

36. Sieving In this method,the fine powder is separated from the coarse powder by using sieves of desired number. The degree of fineness of a powder is known with the help of sieve through which the powdered material is passed. Sieves are numbered in order to distinguish them from each other. Sieves are arranged in descending order i.e sieve of larger size is at the top & smallest one at the bottom.

37. Different Size Separation Technique AGITATION BRUSHING CENTRIFUGAL FORCE Oscillation Vibration Gyration

38. The working of mechanical sieving devices are based on any of the following methods 1) Agitation methods; Sieves may be agitated in a no of different ways such as Oscillation - The sieve is mounted in a frame that oscillates back and forth.It is a simple method but material may roll on the surface of the sieve. Vibration -The sieve is vibrated at high speed by means of an electric device,the rapid vibration is imparted to the particles on the sieve which helps to pass the powdered material through it. Gyration -In this method, a system is made so that sieve is on rubber mounting & connected to an eccentric fly wheel.This gives rotary movement which in turn gives spinning motion to the particles that helps to pass them through a sieve.

39. 2) Brushing methods- In this case,a brush is used to move the particles on a surface of the sieve & to keep the meshes clear. 3) Centrifugal methods -in this case,high speed rotor is fixed inside the vertical cylindrical sieve, so that on rotation of rotor the particles are thrown outwards by centrifugal force.The current of air which is produced due to high speed of rotor helps in sieving the powder.

40. Cyclone separator Principle - In cyclone separator, the centrifugal force is used to separate solids from fluids. The separation depends not only on the particle size but also on density of particles. Hence depending on the fluid velocity, the cyclone separator can be used to separate all the type of particles or to remove only coarse particle and allow fine particles carried through with the fluid. Uses- They are used to separate the suspension of a solid in a gas. It can be used with liquid suspensions of solids.

41. Air separator Principle- It works on the same principle as that of cyclone separator. But in this case the air movement is obtained by means of rotating disc and blades. To improve the separation, the stationary blades are used. By controlling these blades and the speed of rotation, it is possible to vary the size at which separation occurs. Uses- Air separator is often attached to the ball mill or hammer mill to separate and return over- sized particles for further size reduction.

42. Elutriation methods The size separation of powder is based on the low density of fine particles and high density of the coarse particles. Elutriating tank is used to separate the coarse and fine particles of powder after levigation . Advantages; 1) The process is continuous. (2) Depending on the number of fractions required, the same number of tubes of different area of cross section can be connected. (3) The separation is quick as compare to other methods of separation. The main disadvantage of this method is that the suspension of solid particles has to be diluted which may not be desired in certain cases.

43. The factors affecting the rate of size separation Area of filter surface. Particle size of the solids to be removed. Pore size of the filter media. Viscosity of the liquid to be filtered. Temperature. Pressure difference across the filter

44. Filtration Filtration is defined as the process in which solid particles are filtered through a filter media (sieves) with the intention of size separation. Filtration may also be defined as the process in which solids are separated from liquids by means of porous medium which retains the solids but allows the liquid to pass through it. Here the optically transparent liquid, free from insoluble solids, colloidal hazes or insoluble liquid drops is obtained as filtrate.

45. Mixing Mixing is the most widely used operation in which two or more than two substances are combined together. Perfect mixing is that in which each particle of one material lies as nearly adjacent as possible to a particle of the other material . The main objectives of mixing may be: 1. Simple physical mixing of materials to form a uniform mixture. 2. To promote the chemical reaction to get uniform products. 3. Dispersion of solid in liquid to form suspension or paste. 4. Dispersion of two immiscible liquids to form an emulsion.

46. Mixing mechanisms; The solid mixing takes place by a combination of one or more mechanisms given below: 1. Convective mixing : There is bulk movement of groups of particles from one part of powder bed to another. It occurs by an inversion of the powder bed by means of blades or paddles. 2. Shear mixing: When shear forces occur it reduces the scale of segregation by thinning of dissimilar layers of a solid material. 3. Diffusion mixing: It occurs when random motion of particles within a powder bed causes them to change position relative to one another. It is produced by any form of agitation of powder

47. Equipment used for mixing of powders Tumbler mixer- Powder is mixed in rotating chamber.Mixing is thorough but time consuming.Mostly used in industry. Double cone mixer- It is developed in an attempt to overcosome of the shortcomings of rotating mixers. The mixing of powder double cone blender is due to tumbling and shearing action with blade.

48. Agitated powder mixer - It consists of a stationary vessel or a trough in which an arm rotates and transmits shearing action to the particles. The mixer is commonly used for mixing free flowing powdered materials having uniform particle size and density.

49. Articles Suitable methods of storage can check decomposition of churna by oxidation. These include storage in light- protected closed container, oxygen-free packaging, or under inert gas and storage under low temperatures. Such methods are not always practicable, and therefore, it is necessary to use additives like antioxidants and preservatives to control or diminish oxidation process. By that, we can prolong the shelf life of churna and thus we can maintain its stability. Conclusion

50. Churna is a important dosage form in pharmaceutical field with more shelf life and administered profusely internally and externally. Stability in powders is more when compared with other liquid preparations, churnas are easily absorbed and metabolized as a result of which the onset of action will be early. Conclusion Articles

51. Articles The physical parameters evaluated confirm the standard of the formulated churna . The invitro study of enzymatic activity carried out by above methods brings out the fact that the formulated chuma possess the property of digesting starch, lipids and proteins similar to that of marketed formulation GASTRAP. Conclusion

52. Articles Conclusion; In the present scenario it is necessary to adopt the modern techniques and quality control measures to manufacture and analyze different dosage forms to get good quality medicines to meet the global demand. These techniques will help in improving the SOP and SMP of Churna Kalpana . These techniques should be adopted without affecting the basic principles of Bhaishajya Kalpana .

53. Articles Conclusion: The chemical, pharmaceutical, food, and mining industries all rely on size reduction. Size reduction technology has considerable importance in the pharmaceutical field. It offers several advantages such as content uniformity uniform flow facilities mixing, and drying, etc. Moreover, due to advance technologies the concept of size reduction become wider and has application in different field like pharmaceutical manufacturing of novel and conventional dosage forms, drug delivery, supercritical fluid technology, nanotechnology, etc.

54. Articles Conclusion: Different types of size reduction equipment are discussed here. The process of size reduction is crucial to various industries like chemical, pharmaceutical, food, etc. A plethora of size reduction equipment of varying sizes and capacity are available currently. They have the ability to handle a wide variety of feeds. The nature of feed to be processed is also as critical as the choice of size reduction equipment. Overall, size reduction helps in achieving uniform mixing, homogenity and ideal flow of the materials.

55. Discussion In Ayurveda practise , churna is the most widely prescribed dosage form. Churna is an important dosage form in the pharmaceutical field with more shelf life. It can be administered profusely internally & externally. Acording to Arka Prakasha churna is considered as pancha vidha kashaya Kalpana . Churnas are easily absorbed and metabolised as a result of which the onset of action will be early. Stability in powders is more when compared with other liquid preparations.

56. If preparation of churna of visha and upavisha drugs , then it should be taken in shodita form and the matra may also differs or reduces . Churnas are easily absorbed and metabolised as a result of which the onset of action will be early. The shelf life churna is 1 year according to AFI and 2 years according to official gazette of India. Size reduction is a process of reducing large solid unit mass into small unit mass or course or fine particles. Size reduction includes various physical properties like moisture content,stickiness,toughness,abrasiveness etc.

57. Conclusion In Ayurvedic field of practice several type of kalpanas are being used. Churna kalpana plays an important role in pharmaceutics of Ayurveda,owing to many advantages like easy manufacturing & economic than other dosage form. It is also emphasized that newer scientific & technological innovations should be undertaken for emergence of promising & versatile dosage form with novel performance & characteristics. The main purpose of size reduction is to increase the surface area of the particle,other advantages of size reduction include enhanced & uniform mixing of powders due to narrow size of particle,rapid rate of absorption etc. The most commonly used equipment in the pharmaceutical industry is crushers because they produce various sized particles from medium sized particles to finely powdered particles.

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