Dravyaguna Itihasa – Nighantu Parichaya

Nighantus of Ayurveda help in the right identification of the plant species used in treatment. It is essential to understand the basics of the evolution of Dravyaguna right from the Vedic period to the current era for a Materia Medica scholar in the field of Ayurveda.

1. DRAVYAGUNA ITIHASA –NIGHANTU PARICHAYA PRESENTED BY Dr. madhubala p gopinath 1 st year p.g. scholar Dept. of dravyagunavijnana Gavc , Trivandrum GUIDED BY DR. INDULEKHA.V.C ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPT. OF DRAVYAGUNAVIJNANA GAVC, TRIVANDRUM 1

2. CONTENTS EVOLUTION OF DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS TO NIGHANTUS History of Dravyaguna Vijnana Dravyaguna – Definitions according to different authors Evolution of historical study of dravyaguna – Ancient, Medieval and Modern references Ancient period – References from Prevedic , Vedic, Samhita scriptures Medieval and Modern period – References through nighantus Nighantu Parichaya – Etymology, Definition, Relavance , Utility, List of nighantus Conclusion 2

3. HISTORY OF DRAVYAGUNAVIJNAN (DGV) The history of dravyaguna goes back to eternity. Preservation of health has been instinctive necessity of mankind since then . Plants are used as food and medicine from time immemorial. But the 1 st mentioning of Dravyaguna is traceable from Charaka Samhita. Dravya guna shastra has been identified as a separate speciality by Narahari , the author of Raj Nighantu. (17 A.D.) 3

4. TRACES OF DRAVYAGUNAVIJNAN (DGV) Acc. to Charaka , य़तश्चायुष्याणि अनायुष्याणि च द्रव्यगुणकर्माणि वेदयत्यतो अप्यायुर्वेदः। तत्रायुश्याणि अनायुष्याणि च द्रव्यगुणकर्माणि केवलेनोपदेक्ष्यन्ते तन्त्रेण॥ Ayurveda is the science which deals with Dravya , guna and karma of helpful and harmful material. 4

5. DEFINITION OF DGV द्रव्याणां गुणकर्माणि प्रयोग विविधास्तथा । सर्वशो यत्र वर्ण्यन्ते शास्त्रं द्रव्यगुणं हि तत् ।।  ( P. V. Sharma Dravyaguna Vignyana Vol.1 Pg.3) Acharya Priyavrat Sharma defined Dravyaguna shastra as the branch which deals with the properties, actions and therapeutic effects of various dravyas . 5

6. EVOLUTION OF DGV For the sake of convenience, historical study can be divided into the following periods: Ancient - Pre- vedic Period, Vedic Period, Samhita period – 4,000 BC -7 AD Medieval – Post Samhita period/ Proto Nighantu period – 8 AD – 15 AD Modern – Nighantu period – 16 AD - PRESENT 6

7. INCLUSIONS OF DRAVYAGUNA VIJNANA DRAVYAGUNAVIJNAN can be broadly classified into PADARTHA VIJNANA – Basic principles of Dravyaguna – Saptapadarthas Study of Dravya , Rasa, Guna, Veerya , Vipaka , Prabhava , Karma DRAVYA VIJNANA – Systemic understanding of drugs Can be redivided into Namaroopa vijnana Yoga Vijnana Guna karma vijnana and Prayoga Vijnana Samyoga Vijnana 7

8. Pre-Vedic Period Covers the history from antiquity to the times before the emergence of Vedas Includes prehistory and protohistory including Indus valley civilization PALAEOLITHIC AGE: Plants were used as food. Barks and leaves were used to cover bodies. NEOLITHIC AGE: Man learnt cultivation and began to grow crops. There are evidences of tree worship, which indicates great importance of plants. 8

9. Vedic Period (2000 B.C. – 1000 B.C.) The status of medicine and use of plants are evidenced from the vedic literature – Samhitaas , Upanishads, Kalpasutras . Basic concepts during Vedic period are : Rigveda – Oushadhi sukta – is the oldest authoritative document of the knowledge of plants. The plant ‘soma’ has been praised as the elixir of life, was considered as the king of plants ( oshadhiraja ). In the 12 th sooktha of Shukla Yajurveda - medicinal properties of different herbs, their uses, collection of drugs are described. 9

10. 10

11. Classification of plants in Vedic period Based on the FORM or SIZE Based on the USAGE 11

12. Vedic Period – Comparison of plant parts to human body Parts of human body Loma - Twak - Rakta - Mamsa - Snayu - Asthi - Majja - Parts of plants Parna , Moola (leaves and roots) Bahirupaatika ( epiderm ) Niryasa (resin) Shakara (mesoderm) Kinatta (endoderm) Aabhyantara kaashta (heartwood) Majja (pith) 12

13. Samhita Period Post Vedic Period / Samhita period – 1,500 BC – 7 TH CENTURY AD Charaka Samhita Susrutha Samhita Ashtanga Sangraha and Hrudaya Marks the development of Ayurveda. It is in the initial phase of this period, great epics- Mahabharatam , Ramayanam were compiled. Shad darshanas also took form in this period 13

14. Charaka Samhita Charaka Samhita is considered to be one of the most important reference books for Dravyaguna . SOOTRASTANA-CHAPTERS REFERENCES RELATED TO DRAVYA GUNA 1 (DJ) DRAVYASANGRAHA, DRAVYA-GUNA-KARMA LAKSHANA, SHADRASA, DRAVYA BHEDA 2 (AT) HERBS MEANT FOR PANCHAKARMA – SHIROVIRECHANA, VAMANA, VIRECHANA, ASTHAPANA, ANUVASANA 3 (AG) HERBS USED FOR EXTERNAL APPLICATION 4 (SS) 600 YOGAS FOR VAMANA & VIRECHANA, 50 MAHAKASHAYAS- EACH KASHAYA WITH 10 DRUGS 9 (KC) PADACHATHUSHTAYA, DRAVYA GUNA (QUALITIES OF IDEAL DRUGS) 14

15. Charaka Samhita 22 (LB) DRAVYA RELATED TO SHADUPAKRAMA 25 (YP) AGRYAANAM SANGRAHA 26 (AB) CONCEPT OF RASA, VIPAKA, VIRYA, PRABHAVA ; VIRUDDHA DRAVYA 27 (AP) DRAVYA VARGA - VIMANASTANA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG 1 (RV) RASA- MITHYOPAYOGA AND DOSA PRAKOPA; PIPPALI, KSHARA, LAVANA GUNA 2 (RB) RASA SKANDA KALPASTANA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG 1-6 VAMANA GANA 7-12 VIRECHANA GANA 15

16. Sushruta Samhita SUTRASTANA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG 1 (VD) STHAVARA AND JANGAMA AUSHADHI - 4 TYPES EACH 20 (HA) HITA & AHITA DRAVYA 34 (YS) BHESHAJA GUNA (QUALITIES OF AN IDEAL DRUG) 36 (BPV) AUSHADHA AHARANA YOGYA BHUMI (IDEAL PLACE OF COLLECTION) 37 (MI) DRUGS USED FOR PATICULAR KARMA – SHODHANA, ROPANA ETC. 38 (DS) 37 GANAS 39 (SS) SHODHANA - PANCHAKARMA UPAYOGI DRAVYA, SHAMANA- VAATADI DOSHA SHAMANA 40 (DRGVVV) ALL BASIC CONCEPTS OF DG 41 (DVV) PANCHABHAUTIKATWA, PANCHAVIDHA DRAVYA 42(RVV) RASA AND TYPES 16

17. Sushruta Samhita 43 ( Va DV) VAMANA DRUGS 44 (Vi DV) VIRECHANA DRUGS 45 (DDV) PANEEYA VARGA 46 (APV) DHANYA VARGA, PHALA VARGA UTTARATANTRA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG 63 (RBV) PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS OF RASA 17

18. Ashtanga Hrudaya SUTRASTANA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG 1 RASA PANCHAKA, AUSHADA CHATHURGUNA, DESA 5 VARGAS( TOYA,KSIRA etc) 6 SUKA SIMBI DHANYA etc 7 VIRUDHA 9 DRAVYA LAKSHANAS,BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DRAVYAGUNA 10 RASA 14 LANGHANA AND BRIMHANA 15 32 GANAS 18

19. Ashtanga Hrudaya CIKITSASTHANA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG VARIOUS PREPARATIONS FROM DIFFERENT DRAVYAS KALPASTHANA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG VAMANA AND VIRECHANA KALPAS UTHARATANTRA REFERENCES RELATED TO DG 39 RASAYANA DRAVYAS AND THEIR PREPARATIONS 40 VAJIKARANA DRAVYAS AND THEIR PREPARATIONS 19

20. LAGHUTRAYI Sharangadhara also contributed towards dravyaguna vijnana in a considerable manner incorporating the basic principles of DGV: Use of fresh drugs or dry drugs Properties of drugs according to place of origin – drugs from Vindhya desha are hot in potency Time of collection of the drug Parts to be used Aushadha karma Introduction of new drugs like bhanga , rudanti , babbula , mahanimba , patala garudi etc. Mana Paribhasha was better explained Acharya Bhava Mishra has also contributed significantly to dravyaguna by preparing a systematically arranged appendix “BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU” to Bhavaprakasha Samhita. 20

21. NIGHANTU PARICHAYA MEDIEVAL AND MODERN PERIOD 21

22. Etymology - NIGHANTU From words ( xÉqÉç+AÉ+WûlÉç ) - to collect ( ÌlÉ+aÉqÉç ) - to communicate 22

23. NIGHANTU The literature on dravyaguna is generally known as Nighantu. The origin of Nighantus goes back to Vedic Nighantu. The Nighantu contained synonyms which throws light on different aspects of entity and expose their hidden meanings. Yaska (Sanskrit grammarian, author of nirukta ) called Nighantu as Nigama and Nirukta and used it synonymously Nighantus and nirukthas are sciences which acquaint us with the secret meanings Nirukthas throw light in to the secret meanings of Vedas, whereas nighantus explain the terms used for the variety of drugs in samhitas , with respect to its synonyms, homonyms and gunakarmas . 23

24. NIGHANTU ÌlÉaÉÔRûÉjÉï EcrÉiÉå AlÉålÉ mÉëMüÉUåhÉ iÉiÉç ÌlÉ£üqÉç ( rÉÉxMü ) Niruktha points/brings out the concealed or secret meaning of Vedas. ÌlÉaÉÔRûÉjÉï aÉqÉrÉÎliÉ elÉÉmÉrÉÎliÉ LÌiÉ ÌlÉaÉqÉ :” ( rÉÉxMü ) Is that which brings out extremely concealed or secret of words. At a l ater point of time the nighantus were analyzed in two aspects; That which gives the synonyms of words That which gives the meaning of words along with its actions and therapeautical aspects 24

25. Definitions - NIGHANTU According to Vachaspatya , Nighantu is that kind of work where synonyms are collected. एकार्थ वाचिनां पर्याय शब्दानां सङ्गो यत्र प्रायेणोपदिश्यते तत्र निघन्टु शब्दः प्रसिद्धः| ( वाचस्पत्यं ) According to Hemachandra , Nighantu is a collection of nouns नामसङ्ग्रह: इति| (हेमचन्द्र) According to Shabdakalpadruma : That which looks beautiful or shines. निघण्टति शोभते इति| ( श.क.द्रु ) 25

26. Relevance - NIGHANTU Nighantu is a collection of dravya which explains its synonymous terms in use along with or without the explanation of its properties and actions. 1) Dravya Vargeekarana It most times follows some principles of classification of drugs . It classifies medicinal plants into categories of similar actions or similar properties. The approach towards the available dravyas ( ahara & oushadha ) were different in each Nighantu but was considered to be systematic. Eg : Bhavaprakasha nighantu classified in 23 vargas . 26

27. Relevance - NIGHANTU 2) Dravya namakarana Drug nomenclature was addressed with different techniques in nighantus . Eg : Raja nighantu followed a specific criteria for dravya namakarana based on Rudhi Prabhava Desoktha Lanchana Upama Virya Itharahwaya . 27

28. Relevance - NIGHANTU 3) Description about abhava dravyas Nighantus also showed much interest in identifying the timely problems in those periods (drug unavailability) and delivered their own solutions. Eg : Bhavaprakasha nighantu elaborately described the abhava dravyas in general and specially for ashtavarga dravyas . 28

29. Relevance - NIGHANTU 4 ) Inclusion of newer drugs to dravyaguna sastra Many nighantus showed keen interest in properly identifying the locally available/imported drugs and commonly using drugs and mentioned them as a part of dravya vivarana . Eg : Madana pala nighantu introduced the drugs like Ahiphena , bhanga etc..to therapeutic category after its proper validation. Today’s world looks towards reverse pharmacology and hence traditional medicine is in limelight. To bring it into use, TM requires standardization . Contribution of these nighantus in the field of ethnobotany and pharmacotherapeutics is pathbreaking. 29

30. Utility - NIGHANTU According to Raja Nighantu, निघण्टुना विना वैद्यो विद्वान व्याकरण विना| आयुधं च विना योद्धा त्रयो हासस्य भाजनम्|| (R.N/ GRANTHAPRASTAVANA/9) Again, it is said that even the most learned physician may get confused in the selection of a choice drug without consulting this nighantu because there are numerous types of drugs with different rasa guna veerya vipaka etc.(R.N) 30

31. NIGHANTUS IN AYURVEDA ANCIENT PERIOD : UPTO 7 TH CENTURY A.D NIGHANTU AUTHOR TIMELINE VEDIC NIGHANTU SAUSRUTA NIGHANTU SUSRUTA 5 TH CENTURY RASA VAISHESHIKA NAGARJUNA 5 TH CENTURY 31

32. NIGHANTUS IN AYURVEDA MEDIEVAL PERIOD : 8-15 TH CENTURY A.D NIGHANTU AUTHOR TIMELINE 1 ASHTANGA NIGHANTU VAGBHATA 8 TH CENTURY 2 PARYAYA RATNAMALA MADHAVA 9 TH CENTURY 3 SIDHASARA NIGHANTU RAVIGUPTA 9 TH CENTURY 4 NIGHANTU - 9-10 TH CENTURY 5 HARAMEKHALA NIGHANTU MAHUKA 10 TH CENTURY 6 CHAMATKAARA NIGHANTU RANGACHARYA 10 TH CENTURY 7 MADANAADI NIGHANTU CHANDRANANDANA 10 TH CENTURY 8 DRAVYAGUNASANGRAHA CHAKRAPANIDATTA 11 TH CENTURY 9 DHANWANTARI NIGHANTU MAHENDRA BHAUGIKA 11 TH CENTURY 10 INDU NIGHANTU INDU 11 TH CENTURY 32

33. NIGHANTUS IN AYURVEDA MEDIEVAL PERIOD : 8-15 TH CENTURY A.D NIGHANTU AUTHOR TIMELINE 11 NIMI NIGHANTU NIMI 11 TH CENTURY 12 SHABDACHANDRIKA CHAKRADUTTA 11 TH CENTURY 13 ANEKARTHA KOSHA MANAKA 12 TH CENTURY 14 NIGHANTU SHESHA / ABHIDHANA CHINTAMANI HEMACHANDRA 12 TH CENTURY 15 SODHALA NIGHANTU SODHALA 12 TH CENTURY 16 MADHAVA DRAVYAGUNA/ BHAVASWABHAAVA VAADA MADHAVA 13 TH CENTURY 17 SHADRASA NIGHANTU/ ABHIDHANA RATNAMALA CHATURA RASITA 13 TH CENTURY 18 SIDHAMANTRA KESHAVA 13 TH CENTURY 33

34. NIGHANTUS IN AYURVEDA MEDIEVAL PERIOD : 8-15 TH CENTURY A.D NIGHANTU AUTHOR TIMELINE 19 HRUDAYA DEEPIKA BHOPADEVA (SON OF KESHAVA) 13 TH CENTURY 20 SHATASLOKI BOPADEVA 13 TH CENTURY 21 AYURVEDA MAHODADHI/ SUSHENA VAIDYAKA SUSHENA 14 TH CENTURY 22 MADANAVINODA/ MADANAPALA NIGHANTU MADANAPALA MAHARAJA 14 TH CENTURY (1374) 23 KAIYYADEVA NIGHANTU KAIYYADEVA 15 TH CENTURY 34

35. NIGHANTUS IN AYURVEDA MODERN PERIOD : FROM 16 TH CENTURY A.D NIGHANTU AUTHOR TIMELINE 1 BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU BHAVAMISHRA 16 TH CENTURY 2 RAJA NIGHANTU/ ABHIDHANA CHOODAMANI NARAHARI PANDIT 17 TH CENTURY 3 VAIDHYAVATAMSA LOLIMBARAJA 17 TH CENTURY 4 DRAVYAGUNA SHATHASLOKI TRIMALLABHATTA 17 TH CENTURY 5 SHIVAKOSHA SHIVADUTTA MISHRA 17 TH CENTURY 6 HIKAMAT PRAKASHA MAHADEVA 18 TH CENTURY (1773) 7 RAJAVALLABHA NIGHANTU RAJAVALLABHA 18 TH CENTURY 8 NIGHANTU RATNAKARA VISHNU VASUDEVA GODBOLE 19 TH CENTURY 9 NIGHANTU SANGRAHA RAGHUNATHJI INDRAJI 19 TH CENTURY 10 SHALIGRAMA NIGHANTU SHALIGRAMA 19 TH CENTURY 11 VANAUSHADHI GUNAADARSHA SHANKARARADAJI SHASTRI PADE 19 TH CENTURY 35

36. NIGHANTUS IN AYURVEDA ( 20 TH CENTURY) BOOK AUTHOR TIMELINE 12 VANAUSHADHI DARPANA KAVIRAJ BIRAJA CHARANA GUPTA 20 TH CENTURY (1909) 13 VANASPATI SHASTRA JAIKRISHNA INDRAJI THAKAR 20 TH CENTURY (1910) 14 NIGHANTU AADARSHA VAIDYA BAAPALALJI 20 TH CENTURY (1928) 15 ROOPA NIGHANTU ROOPALAAL VAISHYA 20 TH CENTURY (1934) 16 SANDIGDHA NIRNAYA/ VANAUSHADHA SHASTRA Pt. BHAGIRATH SWAMI 20 TH CENTURY (1936) 17 VANAUSHADHI CHANDRODAYA CHANDRARAJA BHANDAARI 20 TH CENTURY (1938) 18 DRAVYAGUNA VIJNAANA Y.T. ACHARYA 20 TH CENTURY (1953) 19 DRAVYAGUNA VIJNAANA PRIYAVRAT SHARMA 20 TH CENTURY (1968) 20 PRIYA NIGHANTU PRIYAVRAT SHARMA 20 TH CENTURY (1983) 36

37. NIGHANTUS AUTHORSHIP, PERIOD, CONTENTS OF INDIVIDUAL NIGHANTUS 37

38. CONTENTS S. NO NIGHANTU 1 PARYAYA RATNAMALA 2 DHANWANTARI NIGHANTU 3 HRIDAYADEEPIKA NIGHANTU 4 ASHTANGA NIGHANTU 5 RAJA NIGHANTU 6 SIDHAMANTRA NIGHANTU 7 BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU 8 MADANAPALA NIGHANTU S. NO NIGHANTU 9 RAJAVALLABHA NIGHANTU 10 MADHAVA DRAVYAGUNA 11 KAIYYADEVA 12 SHODHALA NIGHANTU 13 SHALIGRAMA NIGHANTU 14 NIGHANTU RATNAKARA 15 NIGHANTU AADARSHA 16 PRIYA NIGHANTU 38

39. PARYAYA RATNAMALA 9 TH CENTURY MADHAVA Author - Madhava – Rugvinishchaya / Nidana – Indukarasunu – “ Shilahrada ” Contents Synonymous medical lexicon, incorporates numerous words of common parlance. It has appended itself a section on homonyms and another on mana – measures including paribhasha . The present text is based on a collection of nine manuscripts found in Bengali. The complete text contains over 800 slokas. 39

40. DHANVANTARI NIGHANTU 11 TH CENTURY MAHENDRA BHOGIKA Author Authorship unclear - M.B- Son of Krishna Bhogika – from Sthanviswara / Thaneswara Details Original text – Dravyavali with only synonyms Descriptions of rasadi added later and converting it into new text – Dh.N Contents - Systematic classification of drugs under different vargas 40

41. DHANVANTARI NIGHANTU 11 TH CENTURY MAHENDRA BHOGIKA Guduchyaadi – 128 drugs – guduchi , ativisha , kapikachu etc. Shatapushpaadi – 54 drugs – mostly spices – shatapushpa , vacha , pippali etc. Chandanaadi - 79 drugs- mostly aromatic drugs- chandana , raktachandana , kramuka etc. Karaveeraadi – 75 drugs – teekshna dravyas – karaveera , arka etc. Amraadi – 74 drugs – fruit bearing plants – amra etc. Suvarnaadi – 181 drugs – minerals, precious stones, grains, ghee, honey etc. Mishraka – 70 dravya vargas – triphala , trikatu , panchavalkala , visha etc. 41 7 Vargas of Dhanwantari nighantu

42. HRIDAYADEEPIKA NIGHANTU 13 TH CENTURY BOPADEVA Author Son of Keshava ( author of Sidhamantra ) who was a royal physician, Keshavavaidyasunu – from Vedapura . He also wrote Shatashloki with his own commentary – Chandrakala. He also authored commentaries – Goodarthadeepika (on Sharangadhara samhita ) , Prakasha Chandra Vyakhya ( on Sidhamantra ) Also authored Harileela on the advise of Hemadri . Totally he has written 26 books 42

43. HRIDAYADEEPIKA NIGHANTU 13 TH CENTURY BOPADEVA Contents Hridayadeepika Nighantu is similar to Amarakosha Written on the basis of synonyms and not on gunakarma . Introductory verse offers salutations to aja ( unborn) and akshara (indestructible) divided to 8 vargas Mostly on Devanagari scripts but some in Bengali 43

44. HRIDAYADEEPIKA NIGHANTU 13 TH CENTURY BOPADEVA Chatuspada Tripada Dwipada Ekapada Dwinaama Ekanaama Nanaartha Mishraka 44 8 vargas of HDN

45. ASHTANGA NIGHANTU 8 TH CENTURY VAGBHATA Author Acharya Vahak or Acharya Vagbhata This work might be appended to Ashtanga Hrudaya Edited by Prof Priyavrat Sharma Contents This work belongs to the class of nighantus with synonyms only. The author made attempts to describe drugs clearly and as such he has coined new synonyms which are significant for giving clear picture of dravya . 26 ganas of vaghbhata are mentioned 45

46. ASHTANGA NIGHANTU 8 TH CENTURY VAGBHATA 46 S. N. VARGA 1 Shaka varga 2 Phalavarga and puspavarga 3 Parthiva dravyas (Mineral drugs) 4 Jantava dravyas (Animal drugs) 5 Visa dravyas 6 Jaliya dravyas (Water resources) 7 Iksu and Madhu varga 8 Taila varga S.N. VARGA 7 Madhya Varga 8 Dhanya varga 9 Mishraka varga 10 Kritanna varga 11 Mamsa varga 12 Sharira dhatus and doshas 13 Graha varga

47. RAJA NIGHANTU 15 TH CENTURY NARAHARI PANDIT Author – Son of Iswara pandit – royal physician of the Kashmir king then. Details – also called Abhidhaana chudamani / Dravya abhidhana gana sangraha Period – not clear- but mentions references from Madanapaala and Dhanwantari – thus period might be around 15 th -16 th century 47

48. RAJA NIGHANTU 15 TH CENTURY NARAHARI PANDIT Contents of Raja Nighantu Recognised dravyaguna as a speciality branch among ashtangas and stressed importance of knowledge of dravyaguna to become a good physician. Includes 23 vargas Mentions special vargas – Aanupaadi , Dharanyaadi , Manushyaadi , Rogaadi and Satwaadi Vargas Describes 698 drugs in Aushadhi varga Includes more number of synonyms Developed a method of plant nomenclature 48

49. RAJA NIGHANTU 15 TH CENTURY NARAHARI PANDIT ANUPADI VARGA DHARANYAADI VARGA SUVARNAADI VARGA GUDUCHYADI VARGA PAANEEYADI VARGA SHATAHWAADI VARGA KSHIRAADI VARGA PARPATAADI VARGA SHALYAADI PIPPALYAADI VARGA MAMSAADI VARGA MOOLAKAADI VARGA MANUSHYAADI VARGA SHALMALYAADI VARGA SIMHAADI VARGA PRABHADRAADI VARGA ROGAADI VARGA KARAVEERADI VARGA SATWAADI VARGA AMRAADI VARGA MISHRAKAADI VARGA CHANDANAADI VARGA ANEKAARTHADI VARGA 49

50. SIDDHAMANTRA NIGHANTU 13 TH CENTURY ACHARYA KESHAVA Author Son of Mahadeva , disciple of Bhaskar, patronized by Simharaja (king of Yadava dynasty at Dandaka desha )– from Vedapada , at the bank of river Varada , capital of Dandaka desha (now in Maharashtra) His son Bopadeva authored the commentary called Prakasha Chandra Vyakhya Contents Adopted a different method in describing the dravya in his Nighantu. The drugs have been arranged according to their effect on dosha and the rasa, guna , virya , vipaka have to be inferred on this basis. Described 57 drugs according to variation of effect on dosha , classified into 8 groups 50

51. SIDDHAMANTRA NIGHANTU 13 TH CENTURY ACHARYA KESHAVA 8 Vargas in SMN 1 VATAGHNA VARGA 2 PITTAGHNA 3 KAPHAGHNA 4 VATAPITTAGHNA 5 KAPHAVAATAGHNA 6 KAPHAPITTAGHNA 7 DOSHAGHNA 8 DOSHALA The first nine verses of the Prakasha commentary - Navashloki gives an idea about basic principles of Ayurveda – Moulika Sidhanta . The author followed a peculiar method to arrive at a conclusion, esp in the contexts of scholarly difference with regard to the effect of the drug on dosha . 51

52. BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU 16 TH CENTURY BHAVAMISHRA Author – Bhavamisra Vimarshakaara – Krishna Chandra Chunekar Detail – first name of the book – Haritakyaadi Nighantu This was written as an appendix to the Bhavaprakasha , one among the laghutrayi , written by the same author Commentary – Sivaprakashika – by Pt. Shivasharma Contents – 23 vargas 52

53. BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU 16 TH CENTURY BHAVAMISHRA Name of the varga Number of Drugs Examples 1 Harithakyaadi 84 Haritaki , Vibhitaki 2 Karpooradi 52 Karpoora , Kasturi 3 Guduchyaadi 140 Guduchi , Nagavalli 4 Pushpa 32 Kamala, Ketaki 5 Phala 55 Amra, Bijapura 6 Vataadi 41 Vata , Aswatha 7 Suvarnaadi 64 Gandhaka , Suvarna 8 Dhanya 29 Shali , Vrihi 9 Shaaka 66 Vastuka , Shigru 10 Mamsa 57 Pratuda , Vishkira 11 Krtaanna 35 Mantha, Kaanji 53 Vargas of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

54. BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU 16 TH CENTURY BHAVAMISHRA 12 Vari 13 Taushara , Kaupa 13 Dugdha 8 Go dugdha , Mahisha dugdha 14 Dadhi 8 Manda dadhi , Go dadhi 15 Takra 4 Ghola , Mathitha 16 Navaneeta 2 Go dugdhotta , Mahisha dugdhotta 17 Gruta 8 Go ghruta , Mahisha ghruta 18 Mutra 8 Go mutra, Khara mutra 19 Taila 9 Tila taila , Sarshapa taila 20 Sandhana 10 Sauveera , Arishta 21 Madhu 8 Makshika Kshoudra 22 Ikshu 13 Paudraka , Nilapora 54 Vargas of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

55. BHAVAPRAKASHA NIGHANTU 16 TH CENTURY BHAVAMISHRA 23 Anekartha Raktabeeja , Chandrahaasa , Vasuka , Sreyasi , Ambashta , Aksha Dwayartha 114 Trayartha 84 Chaturartha 3 Bahvartha 4 55 Vargas of Bhavaprakasha Nighantu

56. MADANAPALA NIGHANTU 13 TH CENTURY MADANAPALA Author – Raja Madanapala , King belongs to Tika dynasty Also the author of some other books – Yantraprakasha , Sidhanta garbha . The king patronized a team of scholars in the pursuit of writing these books. Details - Other name of the book – Madana vinoda 56

57. RAJAVALLABHA NIGHANTU 18 TH CENTURY RAJAVALLABHA Author Vaidyashiromani Rajavallabha – redacted by Narayanadas - 1760 AD. Contents Followed and exemplified shlokas of Madanapala and Bhavaprakasha nighantus Divided into 6 chapters or PARICCHEDAS PARICCHEDA CONTENTS 1 MANGALACHARANA, DINACHARYA 57

58. RAJAVALLABHA NIGHANTU 18 TH CENTURY RAJAVALLABHA PARICCHEDA CONTENTS 2 ANULEPANA DRAVYAS – CHANDANA, AGARU, KUMKUMA, KASTOORI, TEJAPATRA, KANKOLA, SHATI, RAKTACHANDANA, USHIRA 3 DHANYAVARGA, SHAKAVARGA, KACHUKUNDAVARGA, PHALAVARGA, MATSYAVARGA, MAMSAVARGA MATSYAPUTA PAKAVIDHI IS DESCRIBED 4 BUDHIGUNA, DESHAGUNA, SHADRASA GUNA AND THEIR BASIC CONCEPTS 5 PUSHPAGUNA 6 NANAUSHADI VARGA 58

59. MADHAVA DRAVYAGUNA 13 TH CENTURY 1250 MADHAVA Author The scholars have identified him as the same person who composed Paryayaratnamala and Ruvinishchaya . Its in Devanagari script. Contents The peculiarities of these manuscripts with respect to their spelling are: Va has been used instead of Ba – Vala for Bala Sha has been used for Sa and vice versa – Kasha for Kasa & Saivala for Shaivala Ya for Ja such as Yushta and Jushta . 59

60. KAIYYADEVA NIGHANTU 15 TH CENTURY 1425 KAIYYADEVA Author – Belonged to Bharadwaja Gotra -Son of Sharnga - Kaiyadeva authored 2 books namely Pathyapathya vibhodhaka Namaratnakara Detail - The author has given importance to maintaining normal health and to prevent diseases. So has put forth principles of Ayurveda in his work. Hence was called Pathyapathya vibhodhaka . There are references to the name of Kaiyyadeva in Persian Medical Treatise - Madanu-i - Shifa Contents - Classified dravyas to 9 (8+1) vargas . Introduced new grouping – Vihara varga and Naanartha varga 60

61. SHODHALA NIGHANTU 12 TH CENTURY SODHALA Author Acharaya Shodhala , Son of Swaccha Paradas and different samskaras of parada mentioned indicating the period of the book post 10 th century AD. Contents 27 classifications were made 61

62. SHODHALA NIGHANTU 12 TH CENTURY SODHALA sl no Name of the varga No of drugs 1 Guduchyadi varga 115 2 Satapushpadi varga 59 Spices 3 Candanadi varga 79 Aroma 4 Karaviradi varga 88 Tikshna dravyas 5 Amradi varga 80 Fruit- bearing plants 6 Swarnadi varga 7 Lakshmanadi varga 68 8 Paniyadi varga Various liquids 9 Paniya varga 62 27 Vargas of Shodhala Nighantu

63. SHODHALA NIGHANTU 12 TH CENTURY SODHALA 10 ksira varga 11 Dadhi varga Curds 12 Takra varga Buttermilk 13 Navanita varga Butter 14 Grta varga Ghee 15 Taila varga Oils 16 Madhu varga Honey 17 Iksu varga Sugarcane and its products 18 Madya varga Fermented beverages 19 Mutra varga Urine 63 27 Vargas of Shodhala Nighantu

64. SHODHALA NIGHANTU 12 TH CENTURY SODHALA 20 sukadhanya varga 21 Jurna varga 22 Trnadhanya varga 23 Simbi dhnaya varga 24 Krtanna varga 25 Anupa varga 26 Mamsa varga 27 Misraka varga 64 27 Vargas of Shodhala Nighantu

65. SHALIGRAMA NIGHANTU 19 TH CENTURY LALA SHALIGRAMA Author Lala Shaligrama vaidya - belongs to Moradabad,Uttarpradesh – Son of Anandarupa Khushal Ram. Also authored Shaligrama Oushadha Shabdasaagara . The work was published by Sri Venkateshwara Steam Press, Bombay in 1896. Contents The book has two khandas Prathama khanda- consists 24 vargas - Karpooradi , Haritakyaadi , Tailavargas etc. Dwitiya khanda - consists of 2 vargas – Anoopadi varga and Mishraka varga . 65

66. NIGHANTU RATNAKARA 18 TH CENTURY VISHNU VASUDEV GODBOLE Details Consits of 2 khandas Prathama khanda includes subjects of Dravyaguna , Shareera , Ashtastana pareeksha , Manaparibhasha , Rasashastra , Arkaprakasha , Ajirnamanjari etc. Dviteeya khanda explains subjects of Nidana and chikitsa . 66

67. NIGHANTU RATNAKARA 18 TH CENTURY VISHNU VASUDEV GODBOLE The author included Akaarakarabha , Peetakaraveera , Agnijara , Kankushta , Pudeena , Karpura , Taila , Sitaphala , Navasadara etc. He also included modern drugs like amaruda , anjra , kajootaka , tambaku etc. The work was initially published by Nirnaya Sagar Press in Bombay. In 1936 the work was edited by Srikrishna Shastri Navare with Marathi translation. Later in 1892, the second edition by Sri Ravidutta was published by Nawal Kishore Press,Lucknow 67

68. NIGHANTU ADARSHA 20 TH CENTURY (1928) BAPALAL VAIDYA Author Born on September 1896, hails from Sanasli – Panchmahal district of Gujarat. He has published “ Brihatrayini vanaspathiyon ” in Gujarathi wherein he mentions complete list of plants in Charaka Samhita, Susruta Samhita and Ashtanga Hrudaya . Very popularly known for his works on controversial drugs, “ SOME CONTROVERSIAL DRUGS IN INDIAN MEDICINE” - 1982 Details Initially published the work in Gujarathi language in 2 volumes – 1928 Second edition 1966 Later translated to Hindi -1968 -published by Chaukhamba Sanskrit series, Varanasi 68

69. NIGHANTU ADARSHA 20 TH CENTURY (1928) BAPALAL VAIDYA The work deals with individual dravya , with their nirukti and properties. The book was presented in 2 volumes – basic principles of Dravyaguna in the 1 st volume. Modern botanical discriptions have been included because of his knowledge in botany. Deals with 571 drugs in toto. The morphology, properties, posology, formulations are explained. Some Unani drugs are mentioned. Gives discriptions of 126 vargas . 69

70. PRIYA NIGHANTU 20 TH CENTURY (1983) P.V.SHARMA Author Reputed scholar, Prof Priya Vrata Sharma -Born on Nov 1 st 1920, in Khagaul near Patna. Graduated in A.M.S degree from BHU. He also did M.A in Sanskrit and M.A in Hindi. He held highest positions in academic and administrative fields. Authored and edited about 50 books. Published and presented about 500 scientific papers. Details Second revised edition published in 1995 Anekartha paryayas had been deleted and only ekartha vachanam has been retained. 70

71. PRIYA NIGHANTU 20 TH CENTURY (1983) P.V.SHARMA VARGA NO. OF DRUGS 1 HARITHAKYAADI 115 2 PIPPALYAADI 38 3 SHATAPUSHPAADI 114 4 SARAAADI 78 5 KASTURYAADI 17 6 SUVARNAADI 36 7 SHAKA VARGA 54 8 PHALA VARGA 46 9 MAMSA VARGA 6 10 DHANYA VARGA 29 11 KRITANNA VARGA 47 PREPARATIONS 12 DRAVYAVARGA 23 VARIETIES 13 DRAVYAADI VARGA 40 71

72. OTHER DRAVYAGUNA BOOKS BOOK AUTHOR TIMELINE PHARMACOGRAPHIA OF INDIA WILLIAM DYMOCK, WARDEN & HOOPER 1890 INDIAN MATERIA MEDICA K.N. NADKARNI 1908 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS KIRTIKAR AND BASU 1913 POISONOUS PLANTS OF INDIA CHOPRA, BADHWAR & GHOSH 1949 INDIGENOUS DRUGS OF INDIA Col. R.N. CHOPRA 1954 VANASPATHIKA ANUSANDHANA DARSHIKA K.C. CHUNEKAR 1969 GLOSSARY OF VEGETABLE DRUGS IN BRUHATRAYI THAKUR BALWANT SINGH 1972 72

73. DRAVYAGUNA TEXT BOOKS BOOK AUTHOR TIMELINE DRAVYAGUNA VIJNAANA Dr.J.L.N . SHASTRY 2002 A HANDBOOK OF DRAVYAGUNA Prof. J.K. OJHA 2004 DRAVYAGUNA SOOTRAMAALA Dr. J.L.N. SHASTRY 2005 DRAVYAGUNA VIJNAANA Prof. D. SHANTHA KUMAR LUCAS 2006 INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS – FORGOTTEN HEALERS Dr. PRAKASH PARANJAPE 2001 IMP- ORIENT LONGMAN P.K.W, V.P.K.N, C.R.K DATABASE ON MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN AYURVEDA K.V. BELLORE, M.B. YELNE, T.J. DENNIS, B.G. CHAUDHARI 73

74. SOME DRAVYAGUNA BOOKS IN KERALA BOOK AUTHOR AYURVEDIYA OSHADHI NIGHANTU THAYYIL KUMARAN KRISHNAN OSHADHI NIGHANTU KOCHU SHANKARAN VAIDYAN AYURVEDA NIGHANTU K.N. PANICKER TRAYEEKOSHAM MAANIKYA BHISHAGVARAN ASHTANGA HRUDAYAKOSHAM K.A. VAIDYAN PHARMACOGNOSY OF AYURVEDIC DRUGS IN KERALA Prof. K. NARAYANA IYER, Prof. K. KOLAMMAL Hortus Malabaricus , which is a work on plants of western ghats is also an essential contribution. 74

75. CONCLUSION Study of nighantus is essential for knowledge regarding identification and administration of drugs which were used centuries ago. Though the synonyms were meant to aid in identification, repetition of names for different drugs based on its local utility leads to controversy in the identification of source plant. To solve these controversies, many new works have been undertaken, based on modern knowledge of botany and based on preclinical and clinical studies . Thus the evolution of dravyaguna is continuous process. Nighantus/ Glossaries of herbs are prepared and documented in systematic orders to meet the present challenges in the knowledge of dravyaguna vijnana . 75