DRIVE THEORIES.pptx

Drive theories in psychodynamics

1. DRIVE THEORIES SUBMITTED BY NAJALA P

2. 2 DRIVE THEORIES Drive reduction theory of Hull 2. Stimulus Response theory of Dollard and Miller

3. DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY Proposed by clark Hull- American psychologist Further developed by his collaborator Kenneth spence Neo behaviorist

4. According to the theory, the reduction of drives is the primary force behind motivation. Hull based his theory on the concept of homeostasis, the idea that the body actively works to maintain a certain state of balance or equilibrium. For example, your body regulates its temperature in order to ensure that you don't become too hot or too cold.

5. Based on this idea, Hull suggested that all motivation arises as a result of these biological needs. In his theory, Hull used the term drive to refer to the state of tension or arousal caused by biological or physiological needs.

6. Thirst, hunger, and the need for warmth are all examples of drives. A drive creates an unpleasant state, a tension that needs to be reduced . In order to reduce this state of tension, humans and animals seek out ways to fulfill these biological needs. We get a drink when we are thirsty. We eat when we are hungry. We turn up the thermostat when we are cold.

7. CONDITIONING AND REINFORCEMENT Hull is considered a neo- behaviorist thinker, but like the other major behaviorists , he believed that human behavior could be explained by conditioning and reinforcement. The reduction of the drive acts as a reinforcement for that behavior This reinforcement increases the likelihood that the same behavior will occur again in the future when the same need arises

8. In a stimulus-response (S-R) relationship, when the stimulus and response are followed by a reduction in the need, it increases the likelihood that the same stimulus will elicit the same response again in the future. "When survival is in jeopardy, the organism is in a state of need (when the biological requirements for survival are not being met) so the organism behaves in a fashion to reduce that need," Hull explained.

9. One of the biggest problems with Hull's drive reduction theory is that it does not account for how secondary reinforcers reduce drives. Unlike primary drives such as hunger and thirst, secondary reinforcers do nothing to directly reduce physiological and biological needs. Take money, for example. While money does allow you to purchase primary reinforcers , it does nothing in and of itself to reduce drives. Another major criticism of the drive reduction theory of learning is that it does not explain why people engage in behaviors that do not reduce drives.

10. DOLLARD AND MILLER STIMULUS RESPONSE THEORY This theory was proposed by John Dollard and Neal Miller Generally , Dollard and Miller proposed that the drive to avoid a negative goal is stronger than the drive to approach a positive one. Therefore , avoidance wins out for the most part

11. BASICS OF THEORY Drive  – An innate internal state, which leads to goal directed behavior aimed at reducing the drive. Cue  – Any stimulus in the environment that either triggers a drive, or determines the nature and direction of the goal-directed behavior. Response  – The behavior of the individual, who is guided by the cue, towards reducing the drive by attaining a goal, in the appropriate direction. Reward  – The reinforcement attained after reaching the goal – drive

12. According to these theorists , we are born with a set of innate needs  – for food, water, oxygen, and warmth, to name but a few. We would have died if these needs had not been satisfied during our early life, yet now we can perform the necessary responses to obtain them ourselves. Obviously, although the needs may be inherited, when the drive arises we become motivated to respond to them and thus the response is learned HABIT HEIRARCHY The hierarchy of these secondary drives within the individual gives rise to a unique set of habits within that individual at a given point of time.

13. Habits –  Likelihood of responding in certain ways Types of Habits –  John Dollard and Neal Miller proposed two types of drives or habits – Primary Drives/ Habits Secondary (Acquired) Drives/Habits Habit Hierarchy  – According to the theory, there is a learned hierarchy of likelihood behaviors that a person will produce particular responses in particular situations. Through the process of learning, the innate drives (primary habits) extend to similar situations (secondary habits)

14. At birth we have a series of organized (often-reflexive) responses we can make. These can be called our  initial response hierarchy . Once a drive is aroused,  cues  guide you. They encourage you to respond; determining when and where you will respond and even which response will be made. The  latest order , the one you are using now, is called the  resultant hierarchy.  Drives accompanied by cues guide the organism to respond in a particular way and place, and can be referred to as the personality of that organism.

15. The  latest order , the one you are using now, is called the  resultant hierarchy.  Drives accompanied by cues guide the organism to respond in a particular way and place, and can be referred to as the personality of that organism. CONFLICT IN HEIRARCHY NEEDS Approach – Avoidance Conflict Approach – Approach Conflict Avoidance – Avoidance Conflict

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17. Contemporary criticism his theory lacks generalizability. One of the biggest problems with Hull's drive reduction theory is that it does not account for how secondary reinforcers reduce drives. Another major criticism of the drive reduction theory of learning is that it does not explain why people engage in behaviors that do not reduce drives.