Drugs and Dyes - Effect and Cause Powerpoint Presentation

This presentation explores the scientific, medical, and environmental aspects of drugs and dyes, focusing on their effects and causes. It highlights the chemical nature, applications, and impact of both, while drawing attention to their positive contributions in healthcare and industry as well as their adverse effects on human health and the environment. The slides cover:

Introduction to drugs and dyes

Chemical structures and classification

Uses in medicine, textiles, and industries

Beneficial effects and applications

Health hazards and environmental concerns

Case studies and real-world examples

Preventive measures and sustainable alternatives

Designed with a clear, engaging layout, this presentation is suitable for academic seminars, classroom teaching, and project discussions, providing both theoretical understanding and practical insights into the topic.

1. Uses of Aspirin/Acetylsalicylic acid-(C 9 H 8 O 4 ) Used as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase, in the treatment of different types of headaches and to prevent venous and arterial thrombosis. Useful as an anti-inflammatory agent for long-term as well as acute inflammation; gained a reputation for treating cardiovascular and cancer. It is a first-line treatment for the fever and joint-pain symptoms of acute rheumatic fever and Kawasaki disease. Similarly, used as an intermediate and raw material in producing other medicines or chemical compounds like 4-hydroxycoumarin. Synthetic Route of Aspirin Mechanism of Aspirin Synthesis In the year of 1897, Bayer laboratory gave acetyl salicylic acid the name of Aspirin . Aspirin is one of the safest and most effective medicines and is extensively used medications globally, which is displayed on the WHO’s List of Essential Medicines. Synthesis of aspirin is an esterification reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride with an acid catalyst (sulfuric or phosphoric acid).

2. Synthetic Route of Paracetamol 2 Antipyretic drugs are used to reduce fever. Paracetamol is a safest antipyretic drug for children and pregnant women. An analgesic is a pain-reducing or relieving remedy. Paracetamol is an analgesic drug without any significant anti-inflammatory effects. It is available combined with other painkillers and anti-sickness medicines. It is also an ingredient in a wide range of cold and flu remedies. Paracetamol 's effects are thought to be related to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.  Paracetamol  is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.   Reaction Mechanism Uses of Paracetamol

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8. Azo Dyes Preparation of Methyl Orange

9. 9 Triphenylmethane Dyes Phthalein dyes

10. INDIGOTIN DYE Indigo dye is widely used to color blue jeans. The chemical in indigo which is responsible for the blue colour is indigotin, which is a dark blue powder at room temperature and is insoluble in water and ethanol. It is most soluble in chloroform, nitrobenzene and sulphuric acid. It has a fused nitrogen heterocyclic structure. To overcome the solubility problem, the dye is reduced to soluble leucoindigo (known as 'white indigo'), and applied to clothes in this form. When exposed to atmospheric oxygen it re-oxidises to the insoluble form and regains its colour.. Once the dye is applied to the fabrics, the dye will not be leached out even after several washings due to its insolubility in water. 10

11. INDIGOTIN DYE Indigo is an ancient compound, and has been known and used as a distinctive blue dye since prehistoric times. The earliest users were from India, and the country gained its English name from the ancient Greek word for indigo . Historically, indigo played an important role in the economies of many countries because natural blue dyes are rare. Today it will be most familiar to you as the dye used to color blue jeans. The chemical in indigo which is responsible for the blue colour is indigotin, which is a dark blue powder at room temperature and is insoluble in water and ethanol. It is most soluble in chloroform, nitrobenzene and sulphuric acid. It has a fused nitrogen heterocyclic structure. Indigo in its synthesised or purified form is insoluble in water and other polar solvents. To overcome this problem, the dye is reduced to soluble leucoindigo (known as 'white indigo'), and applied to clothes in this form. When exposed to atmospheric oxygen it re-oxidises to the insoluble form and regains its colour. Originally this reduction was done with urine, although synthetic urea replaced it in the 19th century and later sodium hydrosulfite was employed as a much more effective reducing agent. Once the problem of applying the dye to the clothing had been overcome the insolubility of the dye is of course beneficial - it will not wash out of the fabric in water. 11

12. Extraction: Indigo has been known since ancient times and originally came from a plant extract. Plants of the Indigofera genus contain a glycoside called indican in their leaves and stems, which is extracted, and acid-hydrolyzed into indoxyl. Mild oxidation in atmospheric oxygen will then produce indigo. Synthesis: Dissolve 1 g. of o-nitrobenzaldehyde in 3 ml of pure acetone, add about an equal volume of water, which leaves a clear solution, and then, drop by drop, sodium hydroxide solution. Heat is developed and the solution becomes dark brown. After a short time the dye separates in crystalline flakes. Collect the precipitate at the pump after five minutes and wash, first with alcohol then with ether. Indigo so prepared is specially pure and has a beautiful violet lustre. 12

13. Structure of Indigo : On the basis of structure of Isatin, Indigo may possess either of the following structure (II, III and IV). All of them when oxidized yield two molecules of Isatin. Synthesis : The structure of indigo has been further confirmed by the various synthesis of indigo. 13