DRYLAND AGRICULTURE, classification.pptx

It is a practice of growing profitable crops without irrigation in an area which recieves an annual rainfall of 500mm or even less. OR
Gowing of crop entirely under rainfed conditions is known as dryland agriculture.
India ranks first among rainfed agricultural countries of the world regarding both extent and value of produce.
The 128 distt. In india have been recognized as dryland farming areas where as, 74 distt. are recognized as drought– prone districts.
In India, severe drought is experienced once in 50 years, partial drought once in 5 years and floods are expected every year in one and another part of country

1. DRYLAND AGRICULTURE SUBMITTED TO : DR. RAMESHWAR SUBMITTED BY : SHIVALIKA ( Msc . Agron . 1 st Year)

2. DRYLAND AGRICUTURE It is a practice of growing profitable crops without irrigation in an area which recieves an annual rainfall of 500mm or even less. OR Gowing of crop entirely under rainfed conditions is known as dryland agriculture. India ranks first among rainfed agricultural countries of the world regarding both extent and value of produce. The 128 distt . In india have been recognized as dryland farming areas where as, 74 distt . are recognized as drought– prone districts. In India, severe drought is experienced once in 50 years , partial drought once in 5 years and floods are expected every year in one and another part of country.

3. Area under irrigated and rainfed conditions in india CLASS AREA (m ha) PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL ARABLE LAND Total arable land 143.8 100 Dryland 34.5 24.0 Rainfed 65.5 45.5 Irrigated 43.8 30.5

4. CLASSIFICATION It may be classified into 3 groups on the basis of annual rainfall. Constituent Dry farming Dryland farming Rainfed farming Rainfall (mm) < 750 750 - 1150 >1150 Growing season (days) <75 75 - 120 >120 Growing regions Arid Semi- arid Humid Crop failure More frequent (prolonged dry spells) Less frequent Rare Alternate land use system is suggested Drainage facility may be required in black soil Adequate rainfall and drainage become important problem

5. United Nation Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESC) classified the dryland agriculture in 2 categories : dryland and rainfed farming. Constituent Dryland farming Rainfed farming Rainfall (mm) <800 >800 Moisture availability to the crop Shortage Enough Growing season (days) <200 >200 Growing regions Arid and Semi-arid as well as uplands of sub-humid and humid regions Humid and sub-humid regions Cropping system Single crop or intercropping Intercropping or double cropping Constraints Wind and water erosion Water erosion

6. History of dryland agriculture First studies on soil erosion control was done by Wollny (1877 – 1895) First famine commission appointed by govt. of india in 1880 First systemic scientific approach to tackle dry farming problems at Manjri ( Pune ) V.A.Tamhane Dry farming station at Manjri , Pune (Maharashtra) 1923 Dry farming station at Solapur and Bijapur (Maharashtra) 1933 Dry farming station at Hagari and Raichur (Karnataka) 1934 Dry farming station at Rohtak (Haryana) 1935 Central soil conservational board 1953 Central soil and water conservation research and training institute Dehradun , 1954. Dryland agricultural research station in Rajasthan CAZRI, jodhpur and udaipur (1959).

7. All india cordinated research project for dryland agriculture (AICRPDA) 1970 23 Research Center’s established under AICRPDA 1970 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Hyderabad,1972 Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) established in 1972-73 by GOI Dryland operational programme (ORPs) 1976 International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA) Syria, 1977 Desert Development Programme (DPP) 1977-78 All india coordinated research project on agro-meteorology (AICRPAM) Hyderabad,1983 Starting 47 model watershed under ICAR 1983 Central research institute for dryland agriculture (CRIDA) Hyderabad,1985 NWDPRA programmes in 15 states by GOI 1986 National agricultural research project by ICAR, 1987

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF DRYLAND AGRICULTURE Uncertain, ill distributed and limited annual rainfall. Occurence of extensive climatic hazards like drouht , flood etc. Undulating soil surface Practice of extensive agriculture i.e prevalance of mono cropping etc. Relative large size of fields. Similarity in types of crops raised by almost all the farmers of a particular region. Very low crop yield Poor market facility for produce Poor economy of farmers. Poor health of cattle as well as farmers.

9. Importance of dryland agriculture About 70% of rural population lives in dry farming areas and their livelihood depend on success or failure of crops. It occupy 60% of cultivated area and support 40% of human population. At present, 3 ha of dryland crop produce cereal grains equivalent to that produced in 1 ha irrigated crop. Since regions under irrigated agriculture are already facing problem due to nutrient exhaustion, salinity build up and use of fertilizers. So it is imperative to produce more from dryland while conserving existing resources. Dry land offers good scope for development of agro-forestry, social forestry, Hoti - sylvi -pasture and such other similar systems which will not only supply food, fuel to the village people and fodder to the cattle but forms a suitable vegetative cover for ecological maintenance.

10. Challenges of Dryland Agriculture Moisture stress and uncertain rainfall. Inefficient storage of rain water Disposal of dry farming produce Use of limited crop varieties Problem in application of manure and fertilizers. Inferior quality of farm produce Socio –economic constraints of farmers

11. Principle dry farming zones of the country Depending upon topography and irrigation - The Indo- Gangetic plains of north India - The Trapean plateau area of Peninsular India - Plateau of granite formation

12. Problems of crop production in dryland Monsoon constraints : Variable rainfall : higher the rainfall, less is the coefficient of variation vice versa. In India, Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) has the highest coefficient of variance. The CV of annual rainfall is 20-30%. Late onset and early withdrawal of monsoon. Prolonged dry spell during crop production. Soil constraints : Alfisol (red soil) have the largest area under dryland agriculture. Alfisols are suffering from crusting, compacting of subsoil layer and deficiency of organic matter, N, P, S and Ca. Vertisols (black soils) are low in N,P and prone to land degradation from soil erosion and salt accumulation. Inceptisols and Entisols (alluvial soils) have low water and nutrient holding capacity and also the problem of soil erosion. Sierozems are extremely light soils which have low water holding capacity, low in N and sometimes P, subsoil salinity and frequent crusting.

13. Drought Drought is a precursor of – Famine Aridity is a permanent climatic feature whereas drought is a temporary condition occurs for a short period because of insufficient rainfall to vegetation. Drought is a situation when the actual seasonal rainfall is deficient by more than twice the mean deviation. Aridity index : numerical indicator of degree of dryness of climate at a given location. AI = No. of rainy days x mean precipitation per day mean temperature + 10 AI = AET PET

14. Drought classifiaction Based on duration and nature Permanent drought : occur in desert climate where agriculture is possible only by irrigation in a whole year. Seasonal drought : occur in arid and semi-arid regions where rainy season and dry seasons are well defined. Contingent drought : abnormal failure of rainfall. Occur in humid and sub-humid regions and affects small area. Invisible drought :occur when there is frequent rainfall in a region. When rainfall is insufficient to meet ET loss, the result is border line deficiency. Occur in humid regions.

15. Based on user Agricultural drought : resulted from imbalance between available soil moisture and evapo -transpiration of a crop (insufficient soil moisture in crop root zone). Atmospheric drought : due to low atmospheric humidity accompained by hot, dry winds even under adequate soil moisture. Hydrological drought : resulted when depletion of surface water and consequent drying of reserviors , tanks, ponds etc. Occur when meteorological drought prolongs. Meteorological drought : when rainfall deficiency is 25% or more. Economical drought : sufficient water is there but could not be stored or harvested due to lack of infrastructural facilities or poor economic investments. e.g , Cherapunjee in meghalaya recieves the highest rainfall in world but suffers from extreme drought during winter season. Physiological drought : condition where crops are unable to absorb water from soil even when water is available, due to osmotic pressure of soil solution owing to increased salt conc. as in saline and alkaline soils.

16. Drought criteria Drought year : According to IMD , when the area of country affected by moderate and severe drought is 20-40% of area of country and seasonal rainfall deficiency during SW monsoon is atleast 10% or more in the country as a whole known as drought year. If affected area is more than 40% it is known as a severe drought year . Chronic drought : 40% probability of rainfall departure from normal. In Tamil Nadu, the region is considered as drought affected when recieves rainfall less than 900mm. In Rajasthan, if productivity decreases by 50% compared to good crop year known as scarcity year . No drought : production above 75% of normal Moderate drought : production 50-75% of normal Severe drought : production 25-50% of normal Disastrous drought : production <25% of normal

17. DROUGHT ADAPTATION MECHANISM Drought adaptation Drought escaping Drought resistance Drought avoidance Drought tolerance Water saver (restricting transpiration) Water spenders (accelerating water uptake) Ephemerals Early maturing varities Stress mitigating High tolerance Resistance to dehydration Thick cuticle Maintenance of high osmotic pressure Metabolic strain Plastic strain Efficient root system High root/top ratio Increased osmatic potential Early stomata closer Increased photosynthetic efficiency Low cuticular respiration Reduced leaf area Water storage in plant

18. Ephemerals : short duration desert plant which mature in 5-6 weeks. Drought tolerance : tolerance of a plant to a level of stress at which 50%of cell die. Metabolic strain : adverse effect of drought on metabolism of plants. Plastic strain : indicates irreversible loss of plant tissue due to severe drought. The photosynthesis in C4 plants like sorghum, pearl millet, sugarcane, maize can occur even when CO2 conc. Of 100 ppm while in most of plants photosynthesis stop when CO2 is about 100 ppm . Legume plant have parahelionastic movement. Contribution of awns towards photosynthesis to grain – 12%

19. MOISTURE CONSERVATION IN DRYLAND Mulching : effective under condition of more frequent rain, drought and during early plant growth. In- situ moisture conservation measures Broad bed and furrows : effective in black soil, width of beds – 120-180. Compartmental bunds : area is converted into small square/rectangular blocks and slope is less than 1%. Dead furrow : formed between two rows of crop before the start of heavy rains. Opening ridge and furrow : during rainy season, crop like sorghum, maize re grown in furrow and legumes like soyabean , gram are grown on ridge. Tie ridging : suite for medium rainfall areas. Bedding system : crops which needs more water is grown in furrows and which need less water on raised beds like legumes and oilseeds.

20. Antitranspirants Stomata closing type : PMA ( phenyl mercuric acetate; fungicide) , atrazine (herbicide) at low conc. Film forming type : plastic and waxy materials materials which form a thin layer of plant leaves. E.g., mobile, hexadecanol and silicon. Reflection type : white materials which form coating on leaves and increases leaf reflectance. It reduce leaf temperature and vapour pressure gradient. E.g,.5% kaolin and diatomaceous earth product ( celite ). Growth retardants : reduce shoot growth and increase root growth and also induce stomata closure i.e cycocel . Windbreaks and shelterbelts Windbreaks are any structures that obstruct wind flow and reduce wind speed. Shelterbelts are rows of trees planted for protection of crops against wind .

21. Water harvesting Process of runoff collection in storage tanks, ponds etc. during period of peak rainfall. Farm pond : small structure for collecting and storing runoff water. Three types: excavated ponds (for flat topography and moderate slopes), embankment ponds ( for hilly and rocky terrains) and excavated- cum- embankment ponds. Percolation ponds or infiltration ponds or infiltration basins : large open water ponds that are either excavated or in an area of land surrounded by bank and will not exceed 15000 m3. Protected/supplement irrigation or life-saving irrigation:irrigation is given to dryland to save it from total failure due to long dry spells or severe soil moisture stress, irrigation source being harvested water. Traditional water harvesting structures : tanka , Nadi , Khadin . - Tanka : underground structure whose water is used only for drinking. - Khadin or dhora : indigenous construction designed to harvest surface runoff water for agriculture. - Nadis : vilage ponds used for storing water from adjoining natural catchment during rainy season.

22. Ideotype of cultivar for dryland Runoff inducing or infiltration decreasing materials Sodium salts , hydrophobic materials : sodium silanolate , bitumen and asphalt Linning material for pond farm Natural clay, bentonite , cement, polythene sheets, brick Evaporation reducing materials from farm ponds Oil emulsions, fatty alcohols, gum mixtures, wax Short duration early maturing , dwarf plant, bolder grains , large flag leaf. Extensive and deep root system. Horizontal leaf orientation Resistance to pest disease. Developmental plasticity Parahelionastic movement Effective photosynthetic behaviour Higher yield potential Responsive to inputs

23. Cropping system based on rainfall and water availability Rainfall (mm) Soils Water availability period (weeks) Suited cropping system 350 - 600 Alfisols , shallow Vertisols 20 Single kharif crop 350 600 Aridisols , Entisols 20 Single crop either in kharif or rabi 350 - 600 Deep Vertisols 20 single rabi crop 600 - 750 Alfisols , Vertisols , Entisols 20 - 30 intercropping 750 - 900 Entisols , Deep Vertisols , Alfisols , Inceptisols >30 Double cropping with monitoring >900 Entisols , Deep Vertisols , Alfisols , Inceptisols >30 Assured double cropping

24. Mitigating adverse effect of aberrant weather Late onset of monsoon (early season drought) - Resowing with crop and variety suited for late sowing. - Transplanting ( eg ., in finger millet, pearl millet and foxtail millet). Dry spells during crop period (mid season drought ) - Formation of dead furrows - Ratooning ( eg : pearl millet, sorghum ) - Thinning , mulching, weed control, life saving irrigation Early withdrawal of monsoon : rabi seeding in early september on residual soil misture . Alternate land use system .

25. Watershed management Watershed : area above a given pont on a stream that contributes water to flow at that point.It is synonymous with catchment basin and drainage basin. It is a hydrological unit. It may be said as biophysical and socio-economical unit for planning and management of natural resources. Watershed management : planned use of watershed lands in accordance with predetermined objectives such as control of erosion, stream flow, sedimentation Watershed development : conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all natural resources and human within a particular watershed. Watershed management area Sub – watershed : 10000 – 50000 ha Milli watershed : 1000 – 10000 ha Mico watershed : 100 – 1000 ha Mini watershed : 10 – 100 ha

26. Contigency Cropping Contigency cropping is growing of a suitable crop in place of normally sown highly profitable crop of the region due to aberrant weather conditions. In dryland agriculture, contigency of growing anther crop in place of normally grown crop arises due to delay in the onset of monsoon. Contigency cropping is highly location specific due to variation in amount and distribution of rainfall. Especially in arid regions,the spatial distribution of rainfall is highly variable.

27. Contigency Plans Condition Type of soil Proposed Action plan Onset of monsoon after 2 weeks ( upto 30 th June ) Light soils Sowing of Urd,Moong,Jowar,Maize,Tur , and Sesamum , Use of Green manuring crops,Use of appropriate Organic Manure, Sowing of maize with Ridge/ Furrow method. Medium Soils Sowing of Soybean , Arhar , Moong , Urd , Jowar , Hybrid Jowar , Maize, Intercropping & Green Manuring Heavy Soils Sowing of paddy, soybean ( in drained soil), Spices & Vegetables , Destroy the previous weeds.

28. Dryland implements CRIDA – Drill-plough : Seed cum fertilizer device attached to country plough. Ridge seeder : Two row bullock drawn seeder (developed in AICRPDA, hisar ) CRIDA seed cum fertilizer drill : Three row seed cum fertilizer drill, no covering of seed and fertilizer. Fepso plough : Bullock drawn implement for seeding and band placement of fertilizer (developed in CRIDA, Hyderabad) Rayala Goru : seed cum fertilizer device cover the same simultaneously ( developed in AICRPDA, Anantpur )

29. Schemes National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture ( NMSA) Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna ( PMKSY) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna National Food Security Mission ( NFSM) Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna ( RKVY) Sub Mission on Agriculture Mechanization (SMAM) The Tamil Nadu govt . will implement the Chief Minister’s Dryland Development Mission and 3 lac . rainfed farmers will benefit from it. The project will implemented on a outlay of of Rs.146.64 cr. With Union and State govt. Funds. Many small and marginal farmers in Tamil Nadu are engaged in dry farming. The scheme will be implemented 3 lac . ha . during the current year on a cluster basis.

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