Dynamic Gait Index

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1. Dynamic Gait Index
Dynamic Gait Index Multiple sclerosis is the disease of the central nervous system. Most of the
people suffering from it have the problem with walking, with characteristics like slower rate,
decrease length and dynamic balance. Surveys demonstrate that more than 50% of people diagnose
with MS have had falls at any point and is a recurrent dangerous problem. For that purpose,
walking, balance and risk for fall test are performed as a part of their rehabilitation, and it is an
inevitable tool for planning individualized treatments. However, there are some risks connected with
it and they should be measured. The article studies multiple sclerosis and Dynamic Gait Index as a
tool for evaluating walking and risks of falls during rehabilitation among people with this disease.
There were 81 participant and eight tasks with 0 to 3 points to each in a scale of 4, were "0" meant
severe impairment and "3" as a normal walking with out an assistive device, total score 4. "The DGI
consists of 8 items: walking on level surface, walking when changing speed, walking with
horizontal head turns, walking with vertical head turns, walking with pivot turn, walking with
stepping over obstacles, walking around obstacles, and stair climbing " (Forsberg,2013). Ages were
between 19 and 73 years old, and the majority were women. Also, only patients that were able to
walk 100 meters were illegible to participate. The more points mean, the easier to walk in these or
those circumstances. Each test took only 5 to 10 minutes. The ... Show more content on
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It showed reliable results and good validity. The results were very conclusive in relation between the
lower scores and previous individuals classified as fallers and those classified as a no fallers were
the cut off point found was equal or lesser than 19. This test would be very helpful during the
rehabilitation planning and providing information for
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3. Diabetes Neuropathy : A Neurological Disorder Associated...
Diabetes neuropathy (DN) is a neurological disorder associated with Diabetes Mellitus (DM), also
known as Type–2 diabetes (Menz, Lord, St George, & Fitzpatrick, 2004). Diabetes neuropathy has
many integral complications that circulate around the biomechanical impairments of the feet,
especially in the elderly population with diabetes (Richardson, Thies, DeMott, & Ashton–Miller,
2005). DN has worrying health risks as it has harmful effects on stability, gait efficiency and
function (Menz, Morris, & Lord, 2005). Richardson (2004) stated that gait and stability are of
interest because a large number of falls in elderly population with and without DN occur during
locomotion, which inturn affects their daily living. Speed, frontal plane control, and load
distributions of the feet are connected to these changes in balance and gait impairments, which
generate the increased risk of falls in elderly diabetic patients (Brach, Talkowski, Strotmeyer, &
Newman, 2008). This paper will concentrate on two themes within literature focusing on the
association between Diabetes neuropathy and the Elderly population: One, The alterations in gait,
and two, on balance. Critique analyses of this literature will be made, in terms of its strengths and
weakness based on its influences on findings. Also final suggestions on further possible enquiry will
be made on the aspect of this topic.
One main aspect when it comes to DN and old age is gait alteration. A characteristic that is outlined
to have a
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5. Dual Tasking And Cognitive Tasks
Dual–tasking is the simultaneous execution of two tasks, (McArdle, 2015) these tasks include two
elementary cognitive tasks (ECT), or secondary tasks. ECTs are basic tasks which require a small
number of mental processes (Caroll, 1993.) Dual–tasking is the combination of two ECTs. Main
cognitive functions, utilised in ECTs, are affected during the process of dual–tasking – specifically
in executive function and attention. Executive function includes complex mental processes such as:
problem solving, planning and dual tasking as shown in a study by Zelazo (2002.) Attention
includes mental processes such as the ability to concentrate on people; actions, objects and restraint
from impulsive actions. This cognitive function, along with executive ... Show more content on
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This refers to focusing on one task until it is completed, rather than sharing attention to another task
and simultaneously trying to complete both (Jayne, 2006.) Patients inflicted with PD, which are
subject to dual–task conditions, are seen with an increase in festinating steps and a worsened state of
bradykinesia. In other words; an increased amount of shuffling steps and a slower pace of gait
(Brauer, et al. 2011.) Furthermore, patients with the disorder whilst dual–tasking demonstrate:
increased variability in step length and width, leading to asymmetry in gait, and frequent motor
blocks compared to walking alone (Yogev, Plotnik, Peretz, Giladi, Hausdorff, 2007; Spildooren, et
al. 2010; Bloem, Valkenburg, Slabbekoorn, Dijk, 2001.) Therefore, it can be argued that gait present
in PD worsens once a patient is subject to dual–tasking
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7. Youtube Case Study Of Trendelenberg Gait
In the youtube video, the patient is suffering from Trendelenberg gait. Trendelenberg is caused by
weakness in the gluteus medius muscle. The patient is suffering from Trendelenberg gait on the right
hip. The patient is putting more weight on their right leg as the left leg is swinging forward during
the swing phase of gait,start from the pre–swing period to the terminal swing.This results in her
spending more time on the right leg. During the initial swing of her right leg there is a lot of flexion
in the right knee as she is moving her leg to the feet adjacent event of gait for mid swing. The
patient's right leg jerks forward as she reaches terminal swing. The deviation occurs during the
stance phase of gait, more specifically in
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9. Gait Rehabilitation
An important aspect of the rehabilitation process is gait training following amputation. Majority of
amputees can regain the ability to walk functional distances after surgery, but gait deviations are
extremely common. Gait impairments contribute to increasing energy requirements for walking as
well as the development of debilitating musculoskeletal diseases. Transfemoral amputees often
demonstrate deviations in frontal–plane kinematics of the pelvis and trunk; they have a contralateral
rise of the pelvis during midstance on the prosthetic limb instead of maintaining a neutral position.
Normalizing this frontal–plane deviation following an amputation is important in restoring a stable
gait pattern, but doing so with available treatment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He completed 20 months of extensive rehabilitation following his injury and was performing as a
highly functional independent in his community. Six months after completing his rehabilitation
program, the patient volunteered for the VR–based gait training program, continuing his normal
activity profile outside the training and did not start a new exercise program or make any changes to
his prosthetic limb. The VR–system involved projected a VR–environment and visual feedback on
the inside of a dome. A 24–camera motion capture system within the dome was used to track 3–
dimensional, full–body mechanics. The training environment consisted of a straight walking path
through a forested area designed to minimize distractions from the visual feedback displayed on the
screen in front of the patient. The feedback was a display of a real–time, full–body virtual
representation of the person and a trace of the frontal–plane trunk motion (marker at C7). To help
assist the treating therapist in noticing deviations in pelvis motion, graphs of the frontal, transverse,
and sagittal–plane pelvic motion were projected directly behind the
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11. Gaited Horses Essay
"On average, 24 horses die per week on racetracks in the U.S." (Cohen). This is due to the horrible
mistreatment and horrendous training methods used on too young horses. However, the racetrack is
not the only place where horses are abused. Horse shows, show rings, large business stables, smaller
private barns; wherever a horse can be found, there is potential for some sort of animal abuse. There
is not one certain breed or type of horse that is most commonly abused, every horse around the
world can be subject to mistreatment. Unfortunately, there are not many laws that protect these
horses, and some people merely turn their heads away. That is why there should be more laws
against the abusive techniques applied by many equestrians in the equine ... Show more content on
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Gaited horses, like the Tennessee walking horse, for example, are a special type of horse. Tennessee
walking horses naturally have a higher step. That high gait decreases bouncing and makes a smooth
ride for the rider. In walking horse shows, the horse with a highest gate wins the competition. This
gate is known as the "Big Lick." To produce an even higher gait, many trainers have used chains or
special horse shoes that cause more pressure on the hooves of a horse. This practice is known as
soring, when people cause pain to the lower legs and hooves of a horse to speed up the training for a
high (Gang). Thoroughbreds are used for one of the most famous equine sports ever; horse racing.
However, these fast horses have a secret that make them go even faster. Performance–enhancing
drugs are used by veterinarians, trainers, and owners. This increases the horses speed, but the drugs
are used way too often, and therefore damage the horses bones (Cohen). Whips are also a tool of
encouragement in the racing industry. That is also hard to separate into black and white. One horse
may shy away in fear from the whip, while
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13. Effects of Toning Shoes on Lower Extremity Gait...
In the article titled, "Effects of toning shoes on lower extremity gait biomechanics" by Brian Horsak
and Arnold Baca, it discusses whether the athlete needs specific tone shoes to promote muscle
activity in the lower limbs. Advertisements and new technology constantly push for the best athletic
shoe in the market, a shoe that promotes stability, activity, support and reduction of injuries. This
article conducts research to test whether athletic shoes help aid the athlete. One of the shoes that is
tested is the easy tone shoes by Reebok. The study's primary focus is whether the tone shoe can
increase activity in gait patterns. Another shoe that is advertised to tone the muscles and increase
activity, posture, stability, and health is the fitflop. The fitflop is dense so the instability and the
firmness of the shoe helps to tone the muscles in the leg by increasing activity due to the unstable
environment. Furthermore, I hypothesize that due to new technology and research being conducted,
the fitflop and the easy tone shoes provide the athlete better physical quality. Therefore, I predict
that athletic tone shoes are essential to the performer. In the article by Horsak and Baca the easy
tone shoes are tested to see whether muscular activity in the leg and gait patterns increase. The shoes
are made with two pods one is located in the front of the shoe and the other pod is in the heel. The
pods purpose is to increase instability and to keep the person
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15. Robotic Gait Training At The Lokomat
The Lokomat is a robotic gait training device that uses robotic legs to guide patients through
walking movements on a treadmill, an important gross motor skill that many learn in their
childhood. The device is able to support the patient's weight so they are able to move their legs and
practice walking. As therapy continues, the amount of guidance and support of the body weight is
decreased so that the patient begins to try and replicate regular walking. The Lokomat includes a
sensor that is connected and provides feedback on the amount of force the patient is using (Wang
2016). Researchers are currently trying to evaluate the effectiveness of using robotic gait training
programs to enhance walking abilities of patients with neurological disorders ... Show more content
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Walking is very important in today's society; it is the easiest and most convenient form of exercise
to stay fit, it is safe and low–impact, and is directly related to your mental and physical well–being.
This includes beneficial factors such as prevention of diseases, prevention of mental disorders,
increase in lifespan, and the ability to move freely. Also, an increase in confidence in each
individual is important; it is common for those with limited gait abilities to suffer from low self–
esteem, mental disorders, and a lack of confidence. With new methods of robotic therapy coming
out, such as the Lokomat, it is important to find out if physical therapists and neurologists are
wasting their time and energy on attempting to treat impaired gait ability with the use of robotic gait
training. It is not very well–known wether or not this method of therapy is more beneficial then
typical physical therapy treatment for those with neurological disorders like cerebral palsy,
paraplegia, and those who have impairment from suffering a
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17. Gait Analysis Greviation
Discussion The results of all measurements, including gait analysis, are dependent on test
conditions. Gait analysis data should always be interpreted with regard to a thoroughly defined test
situation. [4] recorded data from 81 young adults in respect to basic gait and symmetry measures.
Results recorded for the participant gait outcome measures were fairly similar to what that was
reported by [4]. The results (Table 1) demonstrates a similarity between velocity, cadence, step time
and stride time. It was found that there was a huge difference between the toe in/out measure which
was 12.7±1.7 for the participant while the average was 6.2±0.9. This could be supported by
multiple ankle injuries sustained by the participant in the last two
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19. Human Gait Essay
Abstract ABSTRACT One of the main goals of computer vision research is to develop methods for
recognition of objects and events. A subclass of these problems is the recognition of humans and
their activities. Recognition of humans from arbitrary viewpoints is an important requirement for
different applications such as intelligent environments, surveillance and access control. Human gait
is an attractive modality for recognizing people at a distance. Human gait is a spatio–temporal
phenomenon that characterizes the motion characteristics of an individual. There is an increased
interest in gait as a biometric, mainly due to its nonintrusive as well as non–concealable nature. It is
possible to detect and measure gait even in low ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The goal of gait recognition research is to determine how that information can be extracted from
images. The fact that each person seems to have a distinctive (idiosyncratic) way of walking is
hardly surprising from a biomechanics standpoint. Human ambulation consists of synchronized
integrated movements of hundreds of muscles and joints in the body. Although these movements
follow the same basic pattern for all humans, they seem to vary from one individual to another in
certain details such as their relative timing and magnitudes. Much research in biomechanics and
clinical gait analysis (among others) is devoted to the study of the inter–person and intra–person
variability of gait (albeit not for the purpose of recognition, but rather to determine normal vs.
pathological ranges of 3 Introduction variation). The major sources of inter–person variability are
attributed to physical makeup, such as body mass and lengths of limbs, while the sources for intra–
person variability are things like walking surface, footwear, mood and fatigue. Nonetheless, the gait
of any one individual is known to be fairly repeatable when walking under the same conditions. This
intra–person consistency and inter–person variability are what makes gait suitable (desirable) for use
as a biometric. In this proposal, we present a gait recognition technique which takes a motionbased
recognition approach, and use correspondence–free
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21. A Brief Note On Gait Deviation And Postural Asymmetry
It was alarming that in the year 2012, one out of two adults in the United States was suffered from
musculoskeletal dysfunctions (Lezin and Watkins–Castillo, 2016). Gait deviation and postural
asymmetry are constantly observed among people with unilateral lower limb amputation, especially
transfemoral amputation. Studies showed, amputees have 52–71% in getting low back pain and
transfemoral amputees (TFAs) has 50% more chance of getting knee osteoarthritis (OA) at the intact
leg (Ehde et al., 2001, Kulkarni et al., 1998). It is a major issue needs immediate attention as OA
and low back pain can severely affect a person's quality of life (Woolf and Pfleger, 2003), especially
this group of population who has already owned a primary disability. Due to such, an in–depth
review of how does biomechanical disadvantages expose unilateral transfemoral amputation to these
second disabilities and rehabilitation approaches to prevent or delay of the dysfunctions will be
discussed here from my perspective as a physiotherapist. To draw a good rehabilitation program,
assessment on TFAs frequently is done via visual analysis of static and dynamic alignment.
Asymmetry static standing posture and gait deviation is frequently seen among TFAs, inclusive of
those have completed rehabilitation programmes. There are 8 phases of in a gait cycle. Transfemoral
locomotion is complex and now, the deviations of the prosthetic leg in each gait stage will be
analysed with two assumptions, the prosthesis
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23. The Correlation Of Walking Capacity And Perception Of Fall...
Int J Physiother 2015; 2(1) Page | 311
1Ms. Neelam Nayak
2Pranali Mahajan
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
1Ms. Neelam Nayak
Lecturer,
MGM College of Physiotherapy,
Navi Mumbai, India.
Int J Physiother. Vol 2(1), 311–316, February (2015) ISSN: 2348 – 8336
ABSTRACT
Background: Mobility impairments seen after Stroke impact walking speed, endurance and balance.
Almost all the individuals with Stroke have fear of fall. The physical impairments in balance and
gait along with individual's perception about his/her own abilities to maintain balance might have an
impact on level of activity and participation in the community. The association of these variables
with recovery of Stroke has been well studied. However, it is currently unknown which of these
variables are most associated with activity and participation in the community. This study aimed to
identify the correlation of walking capacity and perception of fall with activity & participation.
Methods: 30 Subjects were assessed for – walking capacity (6 minute walk test) & Self–efficacy for
falls (Modified Falls Efficacy scale). Level of Activity Limitation (AL) & Participation Restriction
(PR) was graded on validated ICF Measure of Participation and Activities. (IMPACT–S)
Results: Data was analyzed using Pearson 's correlation coefficient & regression model. Walking
distance and Falls–efficacy is significantly correlated (r=–0.751 and –0.683, respectively) with
Participation restriction. Walking distance correlated with Activity Limitation
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25. The Effect Of The Abdominal Drawing On Forward Steps
Article Analysis
Madokoro, S., Miaki, H., & Yamazaki, T. (2014). The effect of the abdominal drawing–in
manoeuvre during forward steps. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 26(6), 889–893.
Performance of the ADIM with forward steps had a positive influence on abdominal thickness and
kinematics of hip and pelvis joints. The ADIM, a neuromuscular control exercise, increases function
of the TrA and internal oblique (IO) to create improved trunk stability. The objective "was to
examine the influence of the ADIM on forward steps as a gait exercise."
A convenience sample of 20 healthy male volunteers from a university was obtained. At the time of
testing, these participants did not have any known lower back pain or neuromuscular disease. ...
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During neutral standing, participants were asked to stand quietly and maintain gaze at a marker set
in front of them. For forward step without ADIM, each participant was first asked to walk around
comfortably to sense his or her normal step length. After assessing their normal step length, they
were asked to take a forward step that was comparable. Last, the proper performance of the ADIM
was practiced. "Subjects were instructed to take in a deep breath, draw their belly button up and in
towards the spine as they exhale and to hold this position." Confirmation of the proper performance
of the ADIM was measured using ultrasound. Skin markers were placed on the visualized fascial
planes for reproducibility. Participants performed each of the three postures and data was collected.
The results found "EO thickness increased in forward (right) step (p<0.05).
In conclusion, during forward steps of gait with ADIM, there was increased bilateral IO and TrA
thickness and increased hip extension. Increased hip extension during forward step with ADIM may
have been caused by the increased stability provided by IO and TrA, causing motion restriction at
the spine and pelvis, or there was increased gluteus maximus activation. Also, the ADIM potentially
caused bilateral activation of the IO and TrA and decreased contralateral pelvic rotation during
forward steps with ADIM. Some limitations of this study included the participant's characteristics,
the convenience of
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27. The Risk Factors Of An Patient Centered Care
Subjective Assessment : A variety of factors can cause falls in older individuals, therefore it is
important to determine what the risk factors are in order to provide patient–centered care. History of
presenting compliant; Fall (s7) 'Were you attempting to turn a corner?' –Yes 'Did you freeze and
how often?' –Yes,it happens when i try to turn a corner or get out of bed. 'How often did you fell in
the past six months?' –5 times 'How did you manage to get up?' – With one assist John reported that
he froze when attempting to turn a corner. He also clarified that it was his fifth fall after he froze in
the past six months. Only mild injuries such as skin lacerations and bruises were found, however,
John showed concerns of sustaining more ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He also added that the most beneficial intervention besides drugs was Taichi class. However, his
knee pain has become a barrier from continuation. Patient reported 4/10 pain in both knees on the
visual analogue scale (VAS). The past medical history of PD in John's case includes intrinsic factors
such as age–related decline in visual, vestibular, muscle and cognition function, neural disorder and
adverse drug effects.3 Given the progressive nature of the disease, it is important to understand what
type of Parkinson's and what stage John was at as fall risks may increase in later stages. Therefore
by asking questions as such help determine if the intrinsic factors led to the recent fall.
Environmental factors (e2) 'Was the ground slippery?' –No 'Did the accident happen in a daytime or
dark at night?' – Late afternoon 'Was the ground uneven?'– No It was believed that the accident
happened during late afternoon when John was walking on an even bitumen pavement.
Overwhelming environmental hazards including inadequate lighting and slippery uneven surfaces
can increase fall risk as it requires greater postural
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29. Using Gait Analysis: Using Sensors Attached To The Body
Gait is the manner in which somebody walks, we use gait analysis to study this. This can be done in
a number of different ways, such as using sensors attached to the body. Gait analysis is important as
it helps us to reduce somebody's risk of falling which can be done by installing safety equipment
such as grab bars in the home. In my experiment I used the digit span test to observe the affect dual
tasking has on gait. In my experiment I selected two people from the following age groups; 12–18,
19–30, 30–65, 65+. I observed changes to both speed and posture as participants first walked the set
distance (3 m) and then did the digit span task while walking that same distance. When carrying out
the experiment on a 13 year old I noticed a change
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31. PREPARING YOUR HORSE FOR SHOW DAY Essay
In the world, there are approximately 75,000,000 horses and 350 breeds of horses that can be found
around the world (circlerranch.com). Horses are amazing and beautiful creatures that may be used as
show horses or a family pet. Show horses require many hours of daily preparation in order to be
competitive in the show ring. I have grown up with horses my whole life. I watched my mother
show horses and followed in her footsteps. The most important aspects of show day are the
appearance and the way the horse presents itself to the horse judge. The judge will look at the
structure, muscle, and balance of the horse. To be competitive on show day, the horse must be
healthy and have a good attitude. A horse requires a balanced diet. ... Show more content on
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In order to be muscular the horse needs proper exercise. Backing and trotting are the main exercises
that the trainer should concentrate on. Backing builds up a horse's hind end, while trotting creates
even muscles on each side of the horse. Exercising helps the horse in many ways. It doesn't only
give it firm and sculpt muscles; it affects its overall health too.
Shampooing and conditioning the horse is extremely important. The horse should be beautiful and
spotless. Never put conditioner in the horse's mane if the horse is going to have its mane braided or
banded for a show because the bands will slip out. There are many different braiding styles for the
horse's mane, there is a hunter braid, a running braid, and a continental braid (Raspberryridge.com).
The horse's mane can even be banded. Horse's manes will differ from horse to horse, based on the
size of the horse, how bulky the neck is, and what it looks like with the overall structure and build of
the horse. Quarter horses and thoroughbreds look better with short manes. Arabians and gaited
horses prefer longer manes (Baker).
A stripping blade is a good tool to use to cut the mane. The stripping blade has sharp teeth and a
wooden handle. It is used similarly to how a hair stylist uses a razor. Just hold a small chunk of hair
tight in one hand, and slice downwards with the stripping blade in the other (Baker). A week before
the horse show, the horses
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33. The Human Walking Gait Cycle
Exoskeletons and orthoses are defined as mechanical devices "worn" by an operator and fitted
closely to the body to work in concert with the operator's movements. The term "exoskeleton" is
used to describe a device that augments the wearers performance, while the term "orthosis" is used
to describe a device used to assist a person with limb pathology. Lower extremity exoskeletons seek
to circumvent the limitations of autonomous legged robots by adding a human operator to the
system. The system is designed in parallel with human limbs to augment human strength and
endurance during locomotion. The basic system design consists of two powered anthropomorphic
legs, a power unit, associated actuators, sensors, and a control unit.
When designing exoskeletons it is necessary to understand the biomechanics of human walking. The
human walking gait cycle is represented on a scale of 0% to 100% and includes several notable
phases shown in Figure 1. The structure of a human leg contains total of 7 Degrees of Freedom
(DOF) with three rotational DOFs located at the hip, one at the knee and three at the ankle. Degrees
of Freedom are directional factors that affect the range of independent motion in a system.
Biomechanical measures of level ground walking at the hip, knee, and ankle are shown in Figure 2.
The power requirement curves display the general power fluctuation for the hip as positive or near
zero, the knee as negative, and the ankle is as equally balanced. This outcome signifies
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35. Gait Variability And Fall Risk
Gait Variability and Fall Risk in Older Adults
Abdulrahman M. Aldahmashi University of Pittsburgh Motor Learning and Control of Movement
Dr. Susan Whitney November 2, 2014
Introduction
Falling is described as resting on the ground or the floor accidently without being caused by intrinsic
incident or tremendous hazard (Ayoubi & Launay, 2014; Tuunainen, Rasku, Jäntti, & Pyykkö,
2014). It is also defined as unexpected, unintended, unprovoked alteration in body position causing
an individual to be in an inferior level and not resulted from internal disturbance (Menant, Schoene,
Sarofim, & Lord, 2014).
Background Information
Fall is the major cause of injury in the elderly, which places more load on the health care system
(Krasovsky, Lamontagne, Feldman, & Levin, 2014). Samuel D. Towne Jr. and his colleagues
conducted a study to calculate the cost of hospitalizing older people as a result of falling in Texas
Hospital. 77,086 fallers were hospitalized, costing around 3.1 billion dollars in 2011, which is an
increase of around 2 billion dollars since 2007 (Towne, Ory, & Smith, 2014). Moreover, fall directly
causes 21,649 deaths and indirectly causes 5,402 deaths in the United States in 2010 (Stevens &
Rudd, 2014). Also, 420,000 individuals around the world die yearly because of falling (Mignardot et
al., 2014). Most falls in older adults take place during walking (Lee, Verghese, Holtzer, Mahoney, &
Oh–Park, 2014). Therefore, falls are related to gait variability
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37. Assessment Toolss : Assessment Forms And Methods Of CIPN
Assessment tools It has been established that there are at present no adequate forms of preventing
CIPN (Cavaletti, 2014). Additionally, CIPN is often under–rated and under–reported particularly as
patients do not like to miss treatments (Stubblefield et al., 2009). Therefore, comprehensive
evaluations using standardized and sensitive assessment tools to prevent severe neurotoxicity are a
critical step for early intervention. According to Stubblefield et al. (2012), it is essential a baseline
assessment including any preexisting neuropathy and predisposing factors, such as diabetes, be
performed prior to initiation of treatment. This baseline assessment should include not only
subjective symptoms, but assessment of strength, reflexes and ... Show more content on
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This is a patient questionnaire that uses a score of 0–4 to assess subjective neuropathic symptoms
(Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy, 2007).
The Total Neuropathy Score (TNS), initially was used to assess diabetic neuropathy, utilizes
objective criterion, such as pin prick, with a subjective account of all neuropathic areas including
sensory, autonomic and motor (Curcio, 2016). However, it is too time consuming for nurses to use
routinely (Curcio, 2016). The Total Neuropathy Score – clinical version (TNSc) was recommended
for broader use (Curcio, 2016). This abbreviated version which was developed is more sensitive
than other tools including the NCI–CTCAE (Curcio, 2016). In a systematic review by Haryani et al.
(2017) similar conclusions were realized. They analyzed nineteen studies and twenty CIPN
assessment tools and determined that both the FACT/GOG–Ntx and TNSc were recommended
(Haryani et al., 2017). Further, since CIPN is more subjective than objective in nature, utilizing the
FACT/GOG–Ntx first, followed by a provider validation using the TNSc is suggested (Haryani et
al., 2017).
In the clinical setting, it would be advantageous to facilitate the use of a self–administered
neurotoxicity portion of the FACT/GOG questionnaire. The at risk chemotherapy patient could
complete it upon arrival to the infusion center. This could be followed by performing the
abbreviated TNSc, which would consist of a
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39. Gait Analysis Essay
Gait analysis describes the systematic and mechanical aspects of walking or running (Whittle 1991).
It is useful in the medical management field which relates to the disease that affect the locomotors
system. Any voluntary movement which includes walking will result in from the process of
involving the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, bones and joints (Whittle 1991).
Walking is an everyday life activity so it is hard to define the accurate way of walking right. Normal
human walking can be defined as 'a method of locomotion involving the use of two legs, alternately,
to provide support and propulsion' (Whittle 1991). The most common, observational gait analysis is
appropriate to characterize most of the gait pathologies. This approach is sufficient to know the
gross abnormalities of how people walk; however, as walking becomes more complex. The
measurement systems that follow can be used collectively or individually. Typically, motion and
force data are compiled simultaneously (Palm WM, Saczynski JS, van der Grond J, 2009).
The arcs of motion at ankles are relatively small; yet, they are essential for absorbing shock and
progression of the body's center of mass. The ankle plantar flexes throughout loading the response.
Dorsiflexion begins as tibia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The knee travels with a slight flexion at 5° to nearly 20° of flexion by the end of loading response.
The knee then extends through a single support, with a peak stance of phase extension at a 40% Gait
Cycle. In conclusion of the terminal stance and preswing, knee flexion is rapid, continuing through
initial swing until peak knee flexion at 60°. Preswing is defined as one of the five stages in the
stance phase of walking or gait. This trend then is reversed, with knee extension continuing through
terminal swing. Peak knee extension will occur before the end of the swinging phase, with a minor
flexion in preparation for the stance phase (Ross Bogey, DO,
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41. Importance Of Gait Analysis Essay
Because running is a very high impact sport, it can lead to long term damage to the feet, legs, hips,
and joints. However, it is also a sport that can help improve cardiovascular health, circulation, and
will lead to a longer, healthier life. Many people, including me, believe that the good outweighs the
bad. Because of this common belief, it is important to have running shoes that can improve gait,
offer support and impact reduction, and reduce the risk of injury. Many shoes are made to fix over
pronation or supination. There is massive amounts of research and funding that goes towards
running shoe development and design. There are countless numbers of gait studies. A gait analysis
can show where the majority of a runner's weight lands in the feet. ... Show more content on
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Gait analyses are also able to indicate muscle activity and determine if a runner is using their body
to its full potential or if they are overcompensating for an aching limb. In many ways this type of
human analysis is a wonderful tool to runners. Shoe designers also use the tool as a way of creating
new running shoes. A sports engineer could use trends from gait analysis data to determine a general
need for common people and integrate that into a pair of running shoes. As sports medicine experts
and trainers continue to learn new training techniques and create new technology to improve
physical activity, new shoes must be created in order to allow the athlete to perform at higher levels.
I am conducting research on how each layer of a running shoe– the insole, midsole, and outsole– is
designed in order to absorb ground reaction force and prevent
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43. The Effects Of Biofeedback System On Dynamic Balance...
Background: Majority of the previous research that evaluated the effects of biofeedback system on
dynamic balance during walking have been focused on examining the displacement of an
individual's center of mass (COM) position (similar to trunk sway amplitude) or velocity–adjusted
center of mass position [Ma et. al., 2016]. Those measurements would be valid for examining
stability during a relatively static task like standing when subjects have similar amount of base of
support throughout the task. But for walking, the amount of base of support is changing stride to
stride. Previous studies also incorporated common clinical assessments (e.g., Berg Balance Scale,
Timed up and Go test, Functional Gait Assessment) to evaluate the effects of biofeedback system on
user's balance and gait [Lipsitz et. al., 2015]. For example, Berg Balance Scale examines an
individual's ability of quiet standing, turning, single–leg standing, making transitions between sitting
and standing, and transferring between a bed and a chair. However, those assessments may not
reflect an individual's dynamic balance level during continuous walking or walking–related
activities. In addition, the activities as performed in those assessments may be insufficient to capture
complex walking dynamics and thus, unable to accurately assess an individual's walking stability.
Implementing several state–of–the–art dynamic stability analyses along with the standard gait
analysis enables a comprehensive assessment on
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45. Human Gait Patterns
Research Rough Draft Human gait is the movement of an individual's extremities with respect to
kinetic and kinematic elements. Kinetic factors are factors which focus on forces associated with
torque, friction, and gravity. Kinematic factors are factors which generally focus on motion which
develops upon displacement, velocity, and acceleration. These elements are essential in deciphering
the countless trends associated with human gait patterns to further prevent injuries and discover
biomechanical information to better the lives of humans. An individual's lack of balance and
susceptibility of falling are two areas derived from the lower extremity function of human gait.
These specific areas of lower extremity function significantly influence the daily life of nearly the
entire human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The research done in this field has helped discover information and its correlation to falling and
balance; however, there are still infinite discoveries in the field of biomechanics which have yet to
be discovered. In the United States, unintentional falls are the most common cause of nonfatal
injuries for people older than the age 65 years (Source from NCBI). Furthermore, there are
approximately 41 fall–related deaths per 100,000 people per year for individuals greater than the age
of 65 years (Source from NCBI). This statistic is quite alarming considering how every individual
will be susceptible to this statistic if they live up to the age of 65. Similarly, another research which
targeted the correlation of falling amongst young adults to older–aged adults, concluded that the
possibilities of falling increases by 200% as individuals age from twenty years of age to their sixty–
five years of age or
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47. Essay On Irish Dancing On Gait And Flexibility
Research Proposal.
Title:
An examination into the effects that Irish dancing has on gait and ankle flexibility.
Introduction
The topic that will be discussed in this proposal is the effects of dancing on gait and ankle flexibility
in dancers. The population being researched is dancers and will make comparisons between dancers
and non–dancers. The purpose of this research is for examining the effects dancing has on ankle
flexibility and gait patterns in dancers and determining whether or not there is a difference between
the gait patterns of dancers in comparison to non–dancers. Dancing requires extreme ankle postures
and unique balance. Intensive and long term practice of extreme ankle postures can cause changes in
gait patterns in dancers during normal walking (Lung, Chern, Hsieh, & Yang, 2008).
Literature Review:
The aim of the research carried out by Lung, Chern, Hsieh, and Yang (2008), was to investigate the
differences in gait patterns between dancers and non–dancers. This study hypothesized that gait
patterns in dancers will be significantly different to non–dancers. Thirty–three subjects were
recruited for the purposes of the study. Thirteen of the subjects were dancers and twenty of the ...
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These injuries that occur as a result of dancing have a clear knock on effect on the gait and foot and
ankle kinetics of a dancer as shown in the research articles outlined in the literature review. There
are numerous studies surrounding the injuries caused by dancing and the effect these injuries have
on gait, however the majority of these studies focus on Ballet or modern dance and do not focus on
Irish dancing. There appears to be a gap in research surrounding Irish dancing and its effects on
normal gait and ankle flexibility. The purpose of carrying out this research is to acknowledge this
gap in previous
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49. Essay On Neurological Gait Disorders
At this point in time neurological gait disorders, which according to Driscoll and Skinner (2008)
include: central nervous system disorders such as cerebral palsy and spinal cord injury (spina
bifida); motor neuron disorders such as spinal muscular atrophy; peripheral nerve disorders such as
Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease; neuromuscular junction disorders such as congenital myasthenia
gravis; and muscle fiber disorders such as Duchenne's muscular dystrophy currently have no known
definitive treatments or cures (p. 163). Additionally, several of these large heterogeneous diseases
are known as being genetic. Gormley (2001) stated that these disorders can have "many neurological
deficits that interfere with function, cares, comfort, or positioning" that associate with mobility ...
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A child with neuromuscular and musculoskeletal problems should be treated if these impairments
are interfering with some level of functioning. Gormley (2001) indicated that these impairments
should not be treated because of "their mere presence," but treated if treatment improves some
aspect of a child's quality of life or helps prevent future problems that may be caused by that
impairment. This research study examines the use of several treatments as they affect a particular
impairment caused by a both a neurological gait or musculoskeletal disorder, and how they aim to
improve a child's quality of life. Primary treatments being discussed are virtual reality (VR)
technology, pediatric Gait, Arms, Legs, Spine (pGALS) tool, aquatic training, novel robotic walker,
and power wheelchairs. The scope of the study, a description of the participants, and the
methodological approach is explained, followed by discussion of the results and an overall
conclusion related to the
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51. Annotated Bibliography : Biometric Gait Recognition
Among the most recent interesting topics in biometric research,Biometric gait recognition is one.
GAIT is a relatively biometric modality which has an important advantage comparing with other
modalities, such as iris and voice recognition, in that it can be very effortlessly captured from a
distance. While it has recently become an interesting topic in biometric researches, there was little
investigation into Spoofing attacks of GAIT where if a person tries to imitate the dressing style or
way of walking of someothers. There was an experiment which recently scrutinized for the first time
the effects of spoofing attacks upon silhouette based gait biometric systems and prooved that it was
very indeed possible to spoof gait biometric systems by dressing impersonation and the deliberate
by choosing a target that has a similar build to the attacker.
Introduction: Biometric GAIT recognition means recognizing the people by the way how they walk.
And the primary most important thing towards avoiding unauthorized access is user authentication.
User Authentication:
User authentication is the process of verifying claimed identity. Conventionally, user authentication
is classified into three different classes:
1. Knowledge – based: The knowledge–based authentication is nothing but something one knows
and is featured by secrecy. The examples of knowledge based authentications are the passwords for
Computers and PIN codes for Mobile Devices and etc, which we use in our daily life.
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53. Functional Gait Assessment
"To look ahead," the phrase can mean to be prepared or to anticipate what will happen next. This is
exactly what our research report is referring to. Anyone would want to be aware of the potential of
something happening to them, whether it is a positive or negative aspect. Prevention of injury is the
focus of interest regarding the report, Validity of the Functional Gait Assessment in Patients With
Parkinson's Disease, by Yaqin Yang, et. al. This report analyzes whether the Functional Gait
Assessment (FGA) is a valid test and measure to use in a clinical facility to determine or predict the
risk of falls for patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD). Therefore, based on the results of the
research study, "Should clinicians use FGA in their practice ... Show more content on
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The FGA compared closely with these other assessments from moderate to strong compatibility (.57
to .85). The comparative values of the FGA with the BBS, FAC, fast walking speed, ABC, Modified
Hoehn and Yahr scale, BI, and MDS–UPDRS–03 ranged from .85,.78, .73, .72, .70, .69, .and 66.
These correlations show a positive trend for the FGA being a reliable assessment for balance and
gait of PD patients. The TUG and FGA did not correlate as closely with a .57, but this difference is
assumed to be due to the fact that TUG measures one characteristic while the FGA measures
provides more in depth views of gait and balance. Overall, the FGA concurrent validity still resulted
as an efficient assessment to use. The FGA cutoff score was set at 18, meaning that if a patient
scored an 18 or lower in functional gait assessment, they were four times more likely to fall than
patients who scored over an 18. This cutoff score was chosen for its accuracy in sensitivity (80.0%)
and specificity (80.6%). There were 43 patients who scored an 18 or under with 25 of those 43
patients experiencing an unexplained fall during the six month interval. This gave a positive
predictive value of 58.1%. The other 78 patients scored over an 18 and 72 of them did not fall
leading to a negative predictive value of
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55. What Does Gait Analysis Means
Gait means locomotion and evaluating locomotion by professionals is called gait analysis. Pattern of
walking differ from one individual to another. A gait cycle consists of "the activities that occur from
the point of initial contact of one lower extremity to the point at which the same extremity contacts
the ground again"There are 2 phases of walking: stance phase ii. Swing phase. Stance phase covers
from heels strike to toe. In this phase foot is on ground which acts as a shock absorber. Swing phase
is non weight bearing phase in which weight is only on one foot during walking. Gait constitutes
movement of whole body which involves biomechanical abnormalities like running, skipping,
hopping etc. Gait analysis is performed by physiotherapist,
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57. Gait Patterns
A journal which discusses and characterises gait in terms of healthy and hemiparetic is
"Characterization of gait pattern by 3D angular accelerations in hemiparetic and healthy gait". In
this journal, the study was conducted on 10 healthy subjects ( 3 females and 7 males ) and 10
hemiparetic subjects which were ranked based on how much assistance was required during a
normal gait cycle. This is known as the FAC (Functional Ambulatory Category) and is built around a
5 point system. An FAC of greater than 0 was required for participation in this study. A score of one
indicated that the subject required contact with at least one person when moving on a level surface
to prevent falling, while a score of 5 indicated that the affected individual could move independently
on flat and inclined, even and uneven surfaces. In beginning the collection of data, the subjects were
fitted with 2 accelerometers on the shank and another accelerometer was placed at the joint rotation
axis on the knee. The primary aim of this study is to show differences in the gait patterns of
hemiparetic and healthy gait based on the angular accelerations of the thigh, shank and foot as well
as to obtain information about gait phases (mid stance, swing phase, etc) through signals.
Accelerations were also analysed in the frontal plane compared to ... Show more content on
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Following this, the hemiparetic subjects walked this path at their own pace until 60m was covered in
total. Barefoot walking was preferred for the study but was unavailable for all subjects due to
instability in the ankles. Support in maintaining balance in hemiparetic individuals was kept to a
minimum enough level so that there was no fear of falling. The healthy individuals chose a preferred
leg to have to sensors fitted on, while the hemiparetic subjects had the accelerometers fitted on the
most affected
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59. Muscular Contributions And Hip And Knee Extension During...
The article "Muscular contributions to hip and knee extension during the single limb stance phase of
normal gait: a Theoretical Framework for Crouch Gait" by Allison Arnold, Frank Anderson, Marcus
Pandy, and Scott Delp investigates the biomechanics of normal gait in hopes to uncover ideas to
help determine treatments for crouch gait. Crouch gait is a bothersome abnormality that affects the
gait pattern of people who suffer from the condition of cerebral palsy. It's characterized by excessive
flexion of the hips and knees during standing and excessive use of metabolic energy to complete a
single gait cycle. Currently, the treatments for this condition are limited and have unpredictable
outcomes due to the unknown biomechanical causes of the excessive flexion in crouch gait. These
treatments include surgical lengthening of hamstrings, ankle–foot orthoses, and intense stretching
regimens, with patients experiencing results ranging from no improvement in their symptoms to
dramatic improvements. The vast array of results from treatments are due to the little understanding
medical professionals have of not only abnormal gait patterns (such as crouch gait) but of normal
gait as well (Arnold, Anderson, Pandy, and Delp, 2005). Despite the article's title relating to crouch
gait, the purpose of the study conducted was to examine and quantify the accelerations of normal
hip and knee movements that were induced by specific muscles during the single limb stance phase
and to rank these
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61. Analysis Of Human Gait Identification
Gait identification has recently gained attention as a method of identifying individuals at a distance.
It utilizing gait as identification for the certain distinct phases and stances. Human gait analysis is
applicable for different areas like surveillance, medical diagnosis, car parking, banks, and video
communication etc. It can be detected in low resolution video and it recognizable from distance.
Gait identification is a term used in computer vision community to refer automatic extraction of
visuals cues that characterize the motion of a walking person in video for identification purposes.
For the gait image, gait feature extraction is extracted by horizontal alignments. The normal size of
image will be done by proportionally
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63. Different Gait Abnormalities
Initially survey of many patients with different gait abnormalities was done by which we found that
there were different types of gaits. The patients were affected in different parts of the body and were
a part of gait analysis known by different names. The present and the existing devices were also
studied and was found that these devices provided analog output. Analog signals had distortion
which creates a loss of signals and it is able to recover the attenuated signals. These were the
disadvantages which were taken as the objectives of the project. Hence, we decided to go for a
digital output to provide accurately and quantify the output. The existing way of treating the patients
was very costly and the results need to the processed by using video camera etc. The cost of the
device was high which was not affordable by all people. Hence, there was a need to develop the
portable device which helps in measuring gait parameters by digital sensors and provide assistance
in taking the value of these parameters and helps the doctors to treat the patients. A. Block Diagram
of Gait analysis
Fig.3: Block diagram of shoe integrated gait analysis using IOT.
Fig.3 shows the overall work that is done in this project. The sensors are used to measure gait
parameters. The ultrasonic sensor is used to measure the distance between 2 steps. Flex sensor is a
resistive sensor used to measure foot angle and micro switch measures step count.
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65. Pathological Gait Parameters
Introduction
The basic gait parameters most frequently used are velocity, step length, and step frequency. Many
reports are concerned with pathological gait, but such data must be compared with valid normal
reference data to be interpretable. The aim of this study was to compare the participant's present
reference data with basic gait parameters for normal subjects. The experiment involved one
voluntary male Exercise and Sport Science student aged 20 with a history of numerous ankle
injuries in the last 2 years. The participant weighs 72kg and is 1.76m tall with both legs measuring
at 97cm.
Method
The experiment was conducted in the Biomechanics lab at RMIT Bundoora campus using a
H/P/Cosmos Para Graphics treadmill, recorded by two Casio
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67. Thoroughbreds and Saddlebreds
Thoroughbreds and Saddlebreds are both commonly known horses. They Both have been selectively
bred to get their high quality. Although, these horses have been bred so carefully, they have been
bred together to get a faster horse, but also great for show. Thoroughbreds are bred for their speed.
They're known as the "English Horse," because they evolved in Britain in the 17th and 18th
centuries. Thoroughbreds were named because of the way they were bred. They were called
"thoroughbreds" because they were purebred. "The name , "Thoroughbred," is a direct translation of
the Arabic word Kehilan ("IHWT Irish Horse Welfare Trust")." The origin of the breeding of
thoroughbred back in the ancient times was found that the three main descendants weren't very fast
horses. The gene that made these horses so quick came from an anonymous mare that was raced
more than 300 years ago. They think that this mare may have been part or mostly Shetland.
Thoroughbreds are often described as the highest class of light horse imaginable. "The Irish
Thoroughbred has won many major races throughout the world ("IHWT Irish Horse Welfare
Trust")." Thoroughbreds are usually about 16 hands tall, (1 hand is equal to 3 feet). They are long
and sleek, with long legs which allows them to move quickly. Their most common colors would be
brown, bay, chestnut, and black. They have a straight profile and all though they have Arabian
ancestors, they do not show any of their distinct profiles. "Thoroughbreds are bred
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69. Biodex Gait Trainer Case Study
The Biodex Gait Trainer 2TM used to evaluate gait parameters including; average step length (m),
walking speed (m/sec), and time on each foot (recorded as a percent of gait cycle). For evaluation of
gait parameters, each child first allowed to be familiar with the gait trainer set up before starting
recording the gait parameters. This achieved through instructing the child to walk over the gait
trainer and to follow the tread belt movement for 3–5 minutes. This might be repeated two or three
times till the child became adapted with the apparatus. To start the evaluation process, the tread belt
was ramp up slowly to 0.3 meter/hour. The speed setting then increased gradually to a comfortable
pace for the child. Once the child was comfortable,
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71. Gait Analysis Essay
The technological aspects of an emerging healthcare platform designed to cope with the increasing
global prevalence of chronic neurological disorders related to human locomotion. Locomotion is the
process through which animals, humans can move from one place to another. It involves standing,
walking, jogging, running etc. The systematic study of locomotion is called Gait Analysis. In simple
terms Gait can be defined as manner or style of walking and its analysis is the combination of
kinematics and kinetics data. A gait abnormality is the deviation from normal walking. Cerebral
vascular disease is a main cause of gait disability, it may result in long–term disability and handicap.
Walking recovery is a priority aim for most patients, thus it widely determines patient's status with
respect to activities of daily living and quality of life. The gait ... Show more content on
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For instance, gait analysis, as a evaluation tool, has been used in shoe for the benefits after the
person undergoing orthopedic surgeries and relieve muscle spasms in persons with gait disability.
Gait analysis in earlier days was performed in motion analysis laboratory where several high
resolution cameras are used to get the patient's motion on the walkway setup. The patient walks with
certain sensors connected to his body where gait parameters are to be obtained. The clinical gait
analysis is wired system network were output is obtained on the computer monitor and complete
analysis of the body. Alternate to clinical gait analysis were mild gait disability is found; doctors
used the traditional way of diagnosing the patient by observation. In observational method of
treating the person the results are quite appropriate but not possible to recognize small deviation
from naked eye and there can be random errors in treating the
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73. Barrel Racing Research Paper
Horses have been around for more than 50 million years. Once horses and humans came together
they have been clicked since in many ways (Walter). Humans had made horses broken to do about
anything for about 6,000 years (Walter). Over the time of breeding and cross–breeding we have
made powerful horses from large Percheron to the little miniature ponies (Walter). Some examples
are the things that horses had changed human history from battlefield to farming to packing out in
the West (Walter). People nowadays had really relied on a horse to let them, let things go that is on
their minds and they are most spirited and kind–minded companions anyone can have (Walter).
Horses have changed me for the better; whenever I need to get rid of stress or ... Show more content
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Beginner standards should be 2'7" for kids or adults that are just getting into jumping (Event).
Novice standards should be around 2'11" and that is for kids who had begun but want to advance a
little bit without going on to training (Event). Training standards should be around 3'3" and for
training you should be advancing from novice beginner and getting ready to move on to preliminary
(Event). Preliminary standards should be set at 3'7" and the rider should have received at least four
trials at the training level (Event). Intermediate standards are usually set at or around 3'11" and these
people at least have had three trials at the preliminary level and no more than twenty penalties of
any sort during cross–country (Event). Advanced is the hardest and the standards should be set at
4'1" should have at least tried 3 trials at the NQA for the intermediate level and no more than twenty
jumping penalties for cross–country
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75. Gait Detection Essay
An automated vision–based system for people identification via the way they walk, is designed to
extract gait features without the need to use markers or special sensors to aid the extraction process.
In fact, all that is required is an ordinary video camera linked to a special vision–based software.
Marker–less motion capture systems are suited for applications where mounting sensors or markers
on the subject is not an option as the case of forensic analysis. Typically, gait biometric system
consists of two main components: i) a hardware platform dedicated for data acquisition. This can be
a single CCTV camera or distributed network of cameras. ii) a software platform for data processing
and recognition. The architecture of the software side ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within this program, the University of Southampton released publicly the largest dataset for over
100 people containing over 20,000 video sequences accounting for different conditions as footwear,
clothing and walking speed. Recently, the Chinese Academy of Sciences
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77. Process Analysis: How To Train A Horse
Paige Burton
April 4, 2018
Comp. Two 4th hour
Process Analysis
How to Train a Horse People often ask the question, "How is a horse trained?" There is many steps
to this process. When training a horse caution is a key element that is needed. One must also know
what they are doing before they begin this process. When using caution this can be a very safe and
effective way to train a horse (Bell). One of the most important things to know is that it is easier and
better to train a horse sooner rather than later. This means that the longer the horse sits around
waiting to be trained the harder it will be to train it. Trained horses are better off than untrained,
because they are more relaxed and confident and they want to be ridden and do work. ... Show more
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To get a saddle on them a trainer must first get a saddle blanket on the horses back. Once the horse
is used to this then it is time to move on to putting a saddle on their back. First the saddle should just
be set on their back and once they get used to this then it is time for the girth to be tightened. This
should be very loose at first and should be gradually tightened every day that this is practiced until
the girth is tight enough for someone to be able to ride in it. The horse must also get used to having
a bridle on and having a bit in their mouth. To do this just practice getting the horse to take the bit
and let them wear it for an hour at a time until they are fully used to this and okay with it (Lloyd).
Now that the horse is comfortable with the saddle and bridle, it is time to start riding. When getting
a horse used to the weight of a person the trainer should first try putting one foot in the stirrup to let
the horse feel the weight. If the horse is okay with this then it is time to get on and try to sit on their
back and see if they will begin walking. Once they are comfortable with this the trainer should start
teaching them commands with their feet and mouth to help navigate the horse around. Once the
horse can do this the trainer can begin to canter and trot and trach the horse to do other things
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