Early Filipino Students' Activities in Spain

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1. Early Filipino students’ activities in Spain Agustin, Janian Rose Alejandro, Khristian Rezile Angeles, John Surety D. BSE Social Studies 2A

2. After the event of 1872, nationalist movements in the Philippines and in Spain h ave settled a moment of silence The GOMBURZA were executed Other Filipino priest returned from exile Towards 1880 the tiny trickle of s tudents from Philippines to the universities of the Peninsula gradually turned into a steady flow. Most of the early students came from well-to-do families (*mostly creoles and mestizos)

3. They were soon followed by young men of Chinese Mestizo or Spanish Mestizo and those who came from wealthy native families. Creoles- tended to identify themselves with the peninsular Spaniards Chinese Mestizo- identified himself with the native Filipino or Indio Under this time all those born in the Philippines shared a certain feeling, not yet clearly defined, of being Filipinos, especially on early periods because of radical divisions had come to the force .

4. Spain at that time for Filipino students’ of 1880 IT’S POLITICAL IT’S RELIGIOUS IT’S EDUCATIONAL It influenced their nationalistic aspirations

5. Two Filipino Nationalist with certainty who have been in Spain before 1880

6. PEDRO PATERNO ü he has come to Spain in 1871 ( studied Philosophy & Theology in Salamanca) and Later had gone to Mandrid where he obtained doctorate in law in 1880 Son of Maximo Paterno , a wealthy, Manila businessman who was among deported to Marianas in 1872

7. Paterno has made numerous highly-placed friends in 1880s and his home was often placed for reunions artisticas , at which gathered many of the most prominent literary and political figures of Spain. In 1880 he brought out a small volume of verse entitled Sampaguitas . This was presented as the first volume of a project collection entitled “ Biblioteca Filipina”, designed to make known to the public “ The mature fruits produced by the Filipino youth”. The verses make only occasional mention of the Philippines, and are mostly romantic lyrics.

8. Gregorio Sanciano of Chinese mestizo origin, Sanciano had already earned his doctorate in law by 1880. (* he began to contribute articles to news paper EL DEMOCRATA on reforms needed in Philippines especially economic matters ) in 1881 he published a book called El progreso de Filipinas . He pointed to the URGENT necessity of roads, bridges, railroads, and public works in general to promote agriculture The educational system was inadequate A radical change in the system of raising revenue was needed, the taxation and collection of tribute was unjust

9. To achieve it, he pointed out the means that must be taken to establish clear titles to landed property and to provide the acquisition of unoccupied or state-owned lands . His book was more on economic study, discussing the economic problems of the country and solutions

10. Some sections of his book was charged with deep nationalist feeling He somehow expresses a calm serene tone of his exposition and replaced it by muted sense of outrage at the injustice and inexpediency of law that only foments divisions between classes and races. His principle of assimilation that all Filipinos were Spanish citizens must have the same rights and duties as peninsular Spaniards has become the ostensible basis of nationalist campaign for fifteen (15) years. He was defender of free market and wants the tobacco monopoly to be abolished to liberate the farmers from semi-slavery

11. Sanciano ’s book anticipates most of the principal themes of the later Filipino nationalist campaign ; (El Progreso de Filipinas) Administrative reform Eradication of corruption in the government Recognition of Filipino rights as loyal Spaniards Extension of Spanish law to the Philippines Curtailment of the excessive power of the friars in the life of the country Assertion of the dignity of the Filipino . Representation of Filipinos in the Cortes (legislature)

12. Jose Rizal was impressed by the book. (*1882 letter to his brother, he mentioned the proximate return to the Philippines of Sanciano “ the author of EL Progreso deFilipinas ”) (* Rizal’s nationalist essay “ Sobre la indolencia de los Filipinos” in La Solidaridad in 1890 was based on Sanciano’s treatment of the subject)

13. The First Filipino Colony Growing Filipino colony appeared during the publication of Sanciano’s book . June 25 1881 Sanciano had published a long discussed degree abolishing the government tobacco monopoly in the Philippines. A banquet given in honor of Fernando de Leon y Castillo, overseas minister in the liberal government of Sagasta , by the Filipino colony in Madrid)

14. A banquet led to first organizations of Filipinos in Madrid Early 1882 they founded the Circulo -Hispano Filipino under the leadership of Juan Atayde , a retired Spanish army officer of the Philippines by birth .

15. Graciano Lopez Jaena plays an important role in the Filipino movement. born in Jaro , Ilo-ilo in 1856 First studied in the Jaro seminary and later gone to Manila to study medicine Works as apprentice at a hospital due to lack of secondary diploma , then returned to his native province. Had trouble with authorities then later gone to Spain in 1880 to study medicine at the University of Valencia 1881 gave up his study and left for Madrid then began to be active in political and journalistic circles Natural orator and became frequent speaker in meetings of radical groups. He would be radicalizing force among Filipinos

16. Ba nquet Graciano Lopez Jaena , eulogized the glorious mission of Spain personified by Magellan, Legazpi and others who brought civilization and progress to the Philippines . “Philippines (* “Proud to call herself daughter of the fatherland of Calderon and Cervantes”) When liberty and the encouragement of the arts shall reign in her, this Pearl of the Orient will be a source of inexhaustible wealth for Spain. “

17. In September 1882, Jose Rizal arrived in Madrid to study medicine and he endeavoured to give substance to Circulo in faith that it will unite the Philippines. the Circulo at that time founded a bi-weekly newspaper called Revista del Ciculo -Hispano-Filipino and first articles were published on October 29, 1882, a newspaper aimed at expressing grievances to the Spanish rule. (short-lived because of lack of funding)

18. Jose Rizal Jose Rizal did not only serve as the link with the first nationalist movement which ended tragically; he was to play a decisive role in shaping the course of the later movement Rizal was connected to Jose Burgos thru his brother Paciano , who was a student a d friend of Burgos All these connections with Burgos greatly influenced Jose Rizal which is clear from his letter to the Filipino colony in Barcelona: “Had not been for 1872, Jose Rizal would now be Jesuit, and instead of writing the Noli Me tangere , would have written the opposite.”

19. In his writing when he was just 18 (1879), he says, “My second year as border [1876-77] was like the first, except that in the time there had been a great development of my patriotic sentiments, as well as of an acute sensitivity ” In 1880 his composition “A la juventud Filipina” won the prize offered in Manila for the best poem by an indio mestizo. (* in it he calls on the Filipino youth, “Fair hope of my fatherland”.)

20. Rizal, himself experienced injustice and inequality by Sapanish authorithies , when a civil guard struck him with sword in 1880 and went to report it to the general-governor but got no answer For him, the incident demand the equality of Filipino and Peninsular, it obsess Jose Rizal ‘s thoughts in the years to come, and its denial in theory and practice would goad him into a clash with the offenders, NO MATTER WHAT THE COST.

21. The inequality leads Jose Rizal of breaking his studies at the University of Sto . Tomas and leaving Philippines for Europe. (*but this was not all the reason ) It is clear that Jose Rizal and Paciano regarded his studies in Europe as means of fulfilling patriotic mission, or of preparing himself to do something for his country. Jose Rizal wrote to Paciano later that year; urging him to encourage his friends who have resources to send their sons in Europe

22. DIARYONG TAGALOG short-lived bilingual nationalist news paper of Manila chiefly the work of Filipinos, Basilio Teodoro Moran and Marcelo H. Del Pilar , but the titular ownership of the paper was vested in Francisco Calvo y Munoz, a peninsular functionary who allied himself at this time, and later in Spain, with Filipino nationalists. Jose Rizal was asked by Teodoro to contribute articles to the news paper, the first of these, “El amor Patrio ”, appeared in the issue of 20 August 1882.

23. Jose Rizal said that it is fitting that we too should be grateful to our beloved country ; “In the fashion then the ancient Hebrews, who offered in the temple the first fruits of their love, we, in the foreign land, will dedicate our first accebts to our country, still wrapped in the clouds and mists of the morning, but always fair and poetic, ever more fervently worshipped, in proportion to our distance an the length of our absence from her.”

24. few months later news paper ceased to publication for lack of funds, struck by the twin disasters of devastating typhoon and the cholera epidemic of 1882 .

25. 1880 – 1882 Pedro Paterno , Gregorio Sanciano , Jose Rizal – Each on his own way had begun to articulate growing consciousness among Filipinos abroad that they were not merely vassals of Apian, but people equal and distict , with their own to seek and cherish.

26. Periodicals used by Filipino nationalists El Liberal- Spanish liberal newspaper published in Madrid La Epoca La Corespondencia de España El Progreso

27. Circulo Hispano- Filipino - circle of Spanish and Filipinos - first organization of Filipinos in Madrid that was formed for a cause - members included Lopez- Jaena , Paterno , and Spanish liberals Revista del Circulo Hispano- Filipino movement - revived by Rizal when he arrived in Spain and a movement where Rizal played a decisive role in shaping its course

28. What are the articles they wrote?

29. Exposicion de Filipinas -one topic that España en Filipinas tackled in their newspaper - highlighted advances in the colony by providing exhibits of civilizing institutions and products that might bring in investments - showed a contrast between the non-Christianized tribal people in a reconstructed natural setting and the Christianized villager

30. España en Filipinas - first Philippine newspaper in 1887 that planned to be moderate in outlook and not openly opposing “existing institutions” in the beginning had four means/goals: point out the shortcomings of Spanish regime in a nice way representation in the cortes greater Spanish and PH share in the economic life of the country individual institutional rights for all in the country

31. Spoliarium -painting that reached different platforms -seen in film ( Heneral Luna) and music (song by Eraserheads that talked about the Pepsi Paloma case) - name of the painting talks about lack of justice

32. El Filibusterismo en Filipinas - article in El Progreso written by Rizal - concluded by saying that “if Spain wished to remove all danger of filibusterismo from the Philippines, all that was necessary was to correct the abuses that existed there” - wanted to challenge the Spaniards

33. Los Dos Mundos - devoted to the overseas Hispanic world Filipinos were associated with the newspaper from the start because they became sympathetic to the cause of the Filipinos Graciano Lopez- Jaena and Pedro Govantes y Azcarraga - active writers who wrote about the ff. for their personal gain: tribute and compulsory/forced

34. El Progreso - work by Sanciano that fascinated Rizal on how he treated the subject matter and is the basis of Rizal’s adherently nationalist essay, “ Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos ” Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos - tackles indolence of the Filipinos that actually come from the wrong system (ex. Forced labor ) La Logica en Filipinas - article in El Progreso written by Lopez- Jaena presents a full scale indictment of the Spanish regime in the Philippines

35. What were they asking For? Spanish Law - aspect of assimilation where this type of law would be extended to the PH Curtailment of friar’s excessive power - aspect of assimilation where education, lands, etc. were under the friars Administrative form - aspect of assimilation that answers what is needed to modify the government Eradication of corruption - aspect of assimilation that involves personal enrichment Recognition of Filipino rights - aspect of assimilation where peninsular law comes into place

36. Propaganda Movement - In 1888 Filipino expatriate journalist Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona. Throughout its course, La Solidaridad urged reforms in both religion and government in the Philippines, and its served as the voice of what became known as the Propaganda Movement.

37. LA SOLIDARIDAD - The La Solidaridad is composed of filipino Liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending Europe’s universities. The organization aimed to increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to propagate a closed relationship between the colony and Spain