Earth and Life Science SHS 16.3 How Organisms Obtain and Utilize Energy.pptx

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1. Lesson 16.3 How Organisms Obtain and Utilize Energy

2. recognize that organisms need energy to carry out functions required for life; and 1 A t the end of this lesson, you should be able to: describe how organisms obtain and utilize energy. 2

3. Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that converts nutrients into ATP, the energy currency of the cell. There are two types of cellular respiration: aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration.

4. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic respiration is an oxygen-dependent process. All organisms that use oxygen break down nutrients to obtain energy through aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration is divided into three stages: glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.

5. Glycolysis Glycolysis is a process wherein glucose is broken down to produce pyruvate, ATP, and NADH. This process happens in the cytoplasm. Glycolysis

6. Glycolysis Glucose forms glucose-6-phosphate and ADP . Glucose-6-phosphate rearranges to form fructose-6-phosphate. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is formed after the addition of ATP to fructose-6-phosphate. Glycolysis

7. Glycolysis Glycolysis The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is broken down into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. Two 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate are produced. Phosphoglycerate and ATP are produced.

8. Glycolysis Phosphoglycerate rearranges and transforms into phosphoenolpyruvate. The final phosphate is transferred to ADP, forming pyruvate and ATP . Glycolysis

9. Krebs Cycle The Krebs cycle , also called citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, is a process where the pyruvates are oxidized to produce ATP and CO 2 . Krebs cycle

10. Krebs Cycle Each pyruvate is oxidized to form a two-carbon group or an acetyl group. Acetyl CoA is formed. Citrate is formed. Then citrate is converted into isocitrate. Krebs cycle

11. Krebs Cycle α-ketoglutarate is formed. Succinate is formed. Succinate is oxidized to form fumarate. Fumarate transforms into malate in the presence of water. Krebs cycle

12. Krebs Cycle Malate is oxidized to produce oxaloacetate, which is the starting material of the cycle. Krebs cycle

13. Oxidative Phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which cells use enzymes or catalysts to oxidize nutrients and release energy. Two steps are involved: electron transport chain (ETC) and chemiosmosis. Oxidative phosphorylation

14. Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH and FADH 2 become NAD+ and FAD. The electrons are passed down the chain. This establishes an electrochemical gradient. Oxidative phosphorylation

15. Oxidative Phosphorylation The electrons get transferred into molecular oxygen, which splits into two. The oxygen then takes up protons (H+) to form water. The flow of protons into the ATP synthase results in the production of ATP from ADP. Oxidative phosphorylation

16. Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic respiration usually occurs in organisms that do not breathe in oxygen. One type of anaerobic respiration is fermentation. Fermentation is a pathway that does not use the electron transport chain.

17. Anaerobic Respiration: Alcoholic Respiration In alcoholic fermentation, glucose is converted to alcohol. It usually occurs in bacteria and yeast. Alcoholic fermentation

18. Anaerobic Respiration: Lactic Acid Fermentation In lactic acid fermentation, NADH formed during glycolysis transfers its hydrogen atoms to pyruvate, producing lactate or lactic acid. It usually occurs in some bacteria and fungi. Lactic acid fermentation

19. Cellular respiration processes that convert nutrients into ATP, the energy currency of the cell. 1 The two types of cellular respiration are anaerobic and aerobic respiration. These have steps that will eventually produce energy and other products. 2 Aerobic respiration is usually found in oxygen-dependent organisms, whereas anaerobic respiration is usually in organisms that live in an oxygen-poor environment. 3

20. Arrange the following steps of glycolysis. Label the statements from A-E based on order, with A being the first. Phosphate is transferred to ADP, forming pyruvate and ATP. A phosphate group from a second ATP molecule is added to fructose-6-phosphate, forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Phosphoglycerate rearranges and transforms into phosphoenolpyruvate. Glucose-6-phosphate rearranges to form fructose-6-phosphate. The fructose-1,6-bisphosphate breaks down into 2 copies of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate.

21. Why is aerobic respiration favored over anaerobic respiration when oxygen is present?

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