Earth-Materials-and-Resources-Endogenic-Exogenic-Autosaved.pptx

endogenic and exogenic

1. Earth Materials Prepared by Alexander A. Alquizalas Jr. LPT

2. ENDOGENIC PROCESSES

3. OBJECTIVE: At the end of this Lesson, the learners will be able to: K: Understand the definition and nature of endogenic processes as geologic activities originating from within the Earth. S: Interpret diagrams or models showing the Earth’s internal layers and their functions. A: Show appreciation for the role of endogenic processes in shaping Earth’s landscapes.

4. WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESS? Endogenic processes are geological processes that occur beneath the Earth’s surface. These processes are driven by energy originating from the Earth’s interior. The ground we live on is constantly moving due to these internal forces. The forces within the Earth that cause the ground to move are called endogenic forces.

5. Effects of Endogenic Forces When the ground moves , rock layers at the Earth’s surface are broken, twisted, and shaken . Landforms are destroyed in some places and created in others . When the land is shaped by endogenic forces , this is called an Endogenic Process

6. THE MAIN ENDOGENIC PROCESS The Main Endogenic Processes are FOLDING &FAULTING or Tectonic Movements. They take place mainly along the plate boundaries, which are the zones that are not stable. Endogenic processes cause many major landform features.

7. FOLDING When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds.> The process by which folds are formed are due to compressional forces known as folding. There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large-scale folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries.

8. Illustration: FOLDING

9. FAULTING Faulting is the breaking and movement of brittle rocks along a fault due to tension or compression . The visible crack on the surface is called a fault line , which can serve as a pathway for molten rock during volcanic activity.

10. TYPES OF FAULTING There are three types of fault which are caused by different endogenic forces: Normal fault (Convergence) Reverse fault (Divergence) Strike Flip Fault (Transform) Left and Right Lateral Strike flip Fault Oblique Fault Faulting forms two major landforms – Block mountains and Rift valleys.

11. TYPES OF FAULTING – Normal fault (Convergence)

12. TYPES OF FAULTING – Reverse fault (Divergence)

13. TYPES OF FAULTING – Tear fault (Transform) – Strike Slip Fault

14. Faulting forms two Major Landforms The Great Rock Walls of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA

15. Faulting forms two Major Landforms Rift Valley in Thingvellir National Park The Thingvellir fracture zone at Thingvellir National Park in southwestern Iceland is an example of a rift valley. The Thingvellir fracture lies in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which extends through the center of Iceland.

16. OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS (Subsequent) These are Endogenic Process That are subsequent to the main ones. Volcanism (Volcanic Activity) Metamorphism Earthquake (Seismic Activity)

17. OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS (Subsequent) Volcanism (Volcanic Activity) Volcanism (or magmatism) happens when magma beneath the Earth’s crust is under great pressure. When cracks or faults form, they create weak spots where magma can rise. Some magma stays below the surface, while some reaches the Earth’s surface and erupts as lava.

18. Illustration of the basic process of magma formation, movement to the surface, and eruption through a volcanic vent. There are two types of Volcanism Intrusive Volcanism Extrusive Volcanism

19. Result of Volcanism

20. Metamorphism Metamorphism is the process by which existing rocks change their mineral composition, texture, or structure due to heat, pressure, and chemically active fluids—without the rock melting. Examples: Limestone → Marble Shale → Slate Grading Metamorphic Rocks

21. Earthquake (Seismic Activity) Earthquake (Seismic Activity) happens when rocks beneath the Earth’s surface suddenly break or move along faults. This movement releases energy in the form of seismic waves, causing the ground to shake. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries where stress builds up in the Earth’s crust. Illustration of Earthquake

22. IMPORTANT DETAILS Endogenic Processes are processes that occur beneath the Earth’s surface. The main endogenic processes are folding and faulting (tectonic movements). The subsequent processes include volcanism , metamorphism , and earthquakes . These processes shape major landforms and geologic structures and are responsible for forming many of the Earth’s important mineral resources .

23. Thank you… listening

24. Exogenic Process

25. OBJECTIVE: At the end of this Lesson, the learners will be able to: K: Understand the definition and nature of endogenic processes as geologic activities originating from within the Earth. S: Interpret diagrams or models showing the Earth’s internal layers and their functions. A: Show appreciation for the role of endogenic processes in shaping Earth’s landscapes.

26. EXOGENIC PROCESS OR DENUDATION Refers to activities or phenomena that occur on the Earth’s surface It is considered as destructive and are responsible for degradation and sculpting the earth’s surface.

27. TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES WEATHERING EROSION MASS WASTING SEDIMENTATION

28. WEATHERING The Process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces The physical weather happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces

29. WEATHERING The Process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces The physical weather happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces

30. Factors that affect Physical Weathering Ice wedging – water seeps in rock, expand, crack rocks into smaller pieces Release of Pressure – Surface rick erodes flakes like onion layers Growth of Plants – Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart. Animals – Burrow and push apart rocks Abrasion – Sand and rock carried by the wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when rocks collide. Most common in windy areas

31. Factors that affect Physical Weathering Ice wedging – water seeps in rock, expand, crack rocks into smaller pieces Release of Pressure – Surface rick erodes flakes like onion layers Growth of Plants – Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart. Animals – Burrow and push apart rocks Abrasion – Sand and rock carried by the wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when rocks collide. Most common in windy areas

32. The chemical Weathering is the process of breaking down rock through chemical changes.

33. Factors that affect Chemical Weathering Water – water dissolves rock chemically Oxygen – rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rust Carbon Dioxide – dissolves in rainwater and weather marble and limestone Living organism – acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock Acid Rain – air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rocks as acid rain.

34. Factors that affect Chemical Weathering Water – water dissolves rock chemically Oxygen – rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rust Carbon Dioxide – dissolves in rainwater and weather marble and limestone Living organism – acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock Acid Rain – air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rocks as acid rain.

35. EROSION Action of exogenic processes which remove soil and rock from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it to another location where it is deposited

36. EROSION Action of exogenic processes which remove soil and rock from one location on the Earth's crust, then transport it to another location where it is deposited

37. WEATHERING VS EROSION Weathering is the chemical and physical process where big rocks are broken into smaller rocks while the erosion is the removal and transport of weathered materials form one location to another.

38. WEARTHERING VS EROSION Weathering is the chemical and physical process where big rocks are broken into smaller rocks while the erosion is the removal and transport of weathered materials form one location to another.

39. Additional information about WEARTHERING and EROSION Sediment – when weathered materials is removed form the site of weathering. Moving water People

40. Sedimentation It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid

41. Sedimentation It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid

42. Mass Wasting is the movement of rock and soil down slope under the influence of gravity . Rock falls, slumps, and debris flows are all examples of mass wasting.

43. Factors that Triggered the Mass Wasting

44. Classification of Mass Wasting Slump – is a type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along curved surface

45. Classification of Mass Wasting The solifuction is a gradual movement of wet soil or other material down a slope, especially where frozen subsoil acts as a barrier to the percolation of water.

46. Classification of Mass Wasting An earthflow is a slow and viscous downslope flow of fine-grained materials saturated with water.

47. Classification of Mass Wasting A mudflow is a fast-moving flow of debris and dirt that has become liquified by water.

48. Classification of Mass Wasting A debris flow is a moving mass of loose mud, sand, soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope under the influence of gravity

49. Classification of Mass Wasting A Rock flow occurs when pieces of rock break loose from a steep rock face on cliff

50. Classification of Mass Wasting A soil Creep is a slow, gradual movement of soil or regolith down hill over time.