ecology concepts and its types

about ecology how its deals to environment and there are many concepts which are givent on ppt

1. eCOLOGICAL CONCEPTS,INTRODUCTION AND ITS TYPES PRESENTED BY,ALISH DEBBARMA

2. Introduction Ecology is the scientific study of how living things interact with each other and their natural environment. The Word Ecology is the combination of two Greek words; “Oikos” which means, Home and the “Logos” which means Knowledge or study. Ecology is relationships of living organisms with their environment from various perspectives

3. Ecological types

4. Population ecology It deals with studies of structure and dynamics of populations. That is factors that affect population and how and why a population varies over time. A population ecologist studies the interrelations of organisms with their environments properties of populations rather than the behavior of the individual organisms. Among the properties of population studied is population size, population density, patterns of dispersion, demographics, dynamics, population growth and restraints on growth .

5. Organism /physiological/ behavioral ecology It focuses on how the living organisms (animal and plants) react to biotic and abiotic factors in their environment; physiology, morphology and behavior. Physiological ecology on animal focuses on the whole-animal function and alteration to ever-changing environmen t. The physiological processes studied are temperature regulation, nutrition, water and metabolism on energy and energetic and response to environmental stresses. These environmental factors may include nutrition, disease, climate variation and toxic exposure .

6. Community Ecology This deals with the interactions between organisms that is, the feeding relationships among spec ies Community ecologist investigates the factors influencing community structure, biodiversity, and the distribution and abundance of species. These factors include the interrelations with the non living world and different collections of interrelations that take between species. The primary focus of community ecology is on predation, herbivory, competition and parasitism and mutualism.

7. Ecosystem Ecology Ecosystem is a community of living organism that is, animals, plants and microbes together with abiotic components of their environment (such components include things like water, air and mineral soil) interrelating g as a system. The studies of ecosystem includes the study of certain processes that link the living (biotic components) to the non-living (abiotic components). These components are said to be joined together via nutrient sequences and energy flows.

8. Ecological concepts concept 1: Levels of biological organization (genes, populations, species, communities, ecosystems, landscapes, regions)=   The cross-scale nature of ecosystems includes ecological processes that operate from centimeters and days to hundreds of kilometers and millennia and collectively affect biodiversity. In a forest, for example, this ranges in increasing scale from physiological processes that affect the life history of leaves, competition between plant species in a clump or gap that affect populations, disturbance and predation processes that influence the composition and structure of a community, to climatic processes that influence landscapes and regions

9. concept 2 Native species= are those that naturally exist at a given location or in a particular ecosystem – i.e., they have not been moved there by humans. For example, cedar and salmon are native to B.C.; Scotch broom and brown bullhead are introduced species that are not native to B.C. and have invaded some local ecosystems. Native plants, animals, fungi and microbes co-evolved over time to form a complex network of relationships. They are the foundation of natural ecosystems that sustain biological diversity.

10. concept 3 A keystone species, ecosystem or process= has a disproportionate influence on an ecosystem or landscape such as the role beavers play in altering the hydrological characteristics of streams and wetlands. Keystone species have effects on biological communities that are disproportionate to their abundance and biomass. The loss of keystone species results in broader community or ecosystem-level effects.A keystone species interacts with other species through predation, symbiotic dependencies such as plant-pollinator relationships, or ecosystem modification

11. concept 4 Population viability/thresholds= “Viability” in this context refers to the probability of survival of a population/species in the face of ecological processes such as disturbance. When the amount of habitat available declines below the “extinction threshold”, a population/species will decline and eventually disappear;in addition to habitat for particular populations, a species’ survival depends on maintaining healthy genetic variability.

12. concept 5 Ecological resilience= is the capacity of an ecosystem to cope with disturbance or stress and return to a stable state. The concept of ecological resilience is consistent with the notion that ecosystems are complex, dynamic and adaptive systems that are rarely at equilibrium; most systems can potentially exist in various states. Moreover, they continually change in unpredictable ways in response to a changing environment.This concept measures the amount of stress or disruption required to transform a system that is maintained by one set of structures and processes to a different set of structures and functions

13. concept 6 Disturbances= are individually distinct events, either natural or human-induced, that cause a change in the existing condition of an ecological system. Disturbances can be described in terms of their type, intensity, spatial extent, frequency and other factors. • Natural disturbances include wildfire, flood, freshet, lake turnover, drought, windthrow , and insect and disease outbreaks. Some “natural disturbances” may be responding to human-caused climate change.

14. concept 7 Connectivity/fragmentation= is the degree to which ecosystem structure facilitates or impedes the movement of organisms between resource patches. What constitutes connectivity is scale-dependent and varies for each species depending on its habitat requirements, sensitivity to disturbance and vulnerability to human-caused mortality. Connectivity allows individual organisms to move in response to changing conditions, such as seasonal cycles, a forest fire or climate change.