Ecology power point presentation quiz bit

Ecology ppt

1. CE 101: Environmental Science

2. QUERIES NEED OF CE 101? Relation with CE 101? Symbiotic or Parasitic ? Can undevelopment solve the issues? How close are you with CE 101?

3. Text books: 1. A, K. De. (3rd Ed). 2008. Environmental Chemistry. New Age Publications India Ltd. 2. R. Rajagopalan. 2016. Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Future by, 3rd edition, Oxford University Press. 3. Eugene P. Odum . 1971. Fundamentals of Ecology (3rd ed.) -. WB Sunders Company, Philadelphia. 4. C. N. Sawyer, P. L. McCarty and G. F. Parkin. 2002. Chemistry for Environmental Engineering and Science. John Henry Press. 5. S.C. Santra . 2011. Environmental Science. New Central Book Agency . Reference books: 1. D.W. Conell . Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry, CRC Press. 2. Peavy, H.S, Rowe, D.R, Tchobanoglous , G. Environmental Engineering, Mc-Graw - Hill International 3. G.M. Masters & Wendell Ela. 1991. Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science, PHI Publishers.

4. Ecology Ecology - The study of the relationships between different species in a given area. Biosphere - Sphere of the Earth in which all living things exist. Is found from the atmosphere all the way into the lithosphere.

5. Level of Organization Species - a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Population - Groups of individuals of a certain species living in a certain area Community - Different populations that live in the same area. Ecosystem - Collection of both the community and the abiotic factors in a certain area Biome - Group of ecosystems that have the same climatic conditions

6. Individual Population Community Ecosystem

7. Scientific Methods We can’t do experiments on whole, natural ecosystems Instead we use several tools to explore ecosystems: Observations- We watch and take detailed notes about an ecosystem Experimenting-Taking an artificial environment and using the scientific method on it. Modeling- Using computers to show what has happened and what will happen in an ecosystem.

8. Ecosystem Structure

9. Structure and Function of an Ecosystem: Each ecosystem has two main components: (1) Abiotic (2) Biotic (1) Abiotic Components: The non living factors or the physical environment prevailing in an ecosystem form the abiotic components. They have a strong influence on the structure, distribution, behaviour and inter-relationship of organisms. Abiotic components are mainly of two types: (a) Climatic Factors: Which include rain, temperature, light, wind, humidity etc. ADVERTISEMENTS: (b) Edaphic Factors: Which include soil, pH, topography minerals etc.?

10. The Functions of Abiotic Components Soils are much more complex than simple sediments. They contain a mixture of weathered rock fragments, highly altered soil mineral particles, organic mat ­ ter, and living organisms. Soils provide nutrients, water, a home, and a struc ­ tural growing medium for organisms. The vegetation found growing on top of a soil is closely linked to this component of an ecosystem through nutrient cycling. The atmosphere provides organisms found within ecosystems with carbon di ­ oxide for photosynthesis and oxygen for respiration. The processes of evapora ­ tion, transpiration and precipitation cycle water between the atmosphere and the Earth ’ s surface.

11. The Functions of Abiotic Components Solar radiation is used in ecosystems to heat the atmosphere and to evapo ­ rate and transpire water into the atmosphere. Sunlight is also necessary for photosynthesis. Photosynthesis provides the energy for plant growth and me ­ tabolism, and the organic food for other forms of life. Most living tissue is composed of a very high percentage of water, up to and even exceeding 90%. The protoplasm of a very few cells can survive if their water content drops below 10%, and most are killed if it is less than 30-50%. Water is the medium by which mineral nutrients enter and are trans-located in plants. It is also necessary for the maintenance of leaf turgidity and is required for photosynthetic chemical reactions. Plants and animals receive their water from the Earth ’ s surface and soil. The original source of this water is precipita ­ tion from the atmosphere.

12. Biotic Components (A) Producers (B) Consumers (C) Decomposers or Reducers. (A) Producers: The green plants have chlorophyll with the help of which they trap solar energy and change it into chemical energy of carbohydrates using simple inorganic compounds namely water and carbon dioxide. This process is known as photo ­ synthesis. As the green plants manufacture their own food they are known as Autotrophs (i.e. auto = self, trophos = feeder) The chemical energy stored by the producers is utilised partly by the producers for their own growth and survival and the remaining is stored in the plant parts for their future use. (B) Consumers: The animals lack chlorophyll and are unable to synthesise their own food. There ­ fore, they depend on the producers for their food. They are known as heterotrophs (i.e. heteros = other, trophos = feeder)

13. The consumers are of four types, namely: ( i )   Primary Consumers or First Order Consumers or Herbivores: These are the animals which feed on plants or the producers. They are called her ­ bivores. Examples are rabbit, deer, goat, cattle etc. (ii)   Secondary Consumers or Second Order Consumers or Primary Carnivores: The animals which feed on the herbivores are called the pri ­ mary carnivores. Examples are cats, foxes, snakes etc. (iii)   Tertiary Consumers or Third Order Consumers: These are the large carnivores which feed on the secondary consumers. Example are Wolves. iv). Omnivores: These are the largest carnivores which feed on the tertiary consumers and are not eaten up by any other animal. Examples are lions and tigers . (C) Decomposers or Reducers: Bacteria and fungi belong to this category. They breakdown the dead organic materials of producers (plants) and consumers (animals) for their food and re­lease to the environment the simple inorganic and organic substances produced as by-products of their metabolisms .

14. Energy and Matter Flow Both Energy and Matter flow through an ecosystem Energy flows into and out of the ecosystem Matter is usually recycled

15. Energy All energy from an ecosystem comes from the sun, originally Plants convert sunlight into chemical energy Other organisms eat plants and each other for that stored sunlight energy

16. Thus the principal steps in the operation of ecosystem are as follows: (1) Reception of radiant energy of sun, (2) Manufacture of organic materials from inorganic ones by producers, (3) Consumption of producers by consumers and further elaboration of consumed materials; and. (4) After the death of producers and consumers, complex organic compounds are degraded and finally converted by decomposers and converters into such forms as are suitable for reutilization by producers.

17. Energy Levels Producers-Autotrophs (plants) who make their food from the sunlight Consumers-Organisms that eat other organisms for their energy Primary consumers eat only plants Secondary consumers eat primary consumers (some also eat plants) Tertiary consumers eat secondary consumers

18. Energy Pyramid Less energy is transferred to the next trophic level. This is due to some energy lost due to metabolic activities Only about 10% of energy is available (in the form of body structure) to the next trophic level

19. Food Chain/Web Food chains and webs show the food (and therefore energy) relationship between species in an ecosystem.

20. Cycles of Matter Water cycle- Water, through evaporation and condensation, cycles through ecosystems Carbon Cycle- Carbon travels through ecosystems by photosynthesis and respiration Nitrogen Cycle- Nitrogen travels through ecosystems by chemical processes Nitrogen fixation- Bacteria and fungi take nitrogen from the atmosphere and change it to a form useful to plants Denitrification - Other bacterial convert the soil nitrogen back into a gas

21. Limiting Nutrients Some nutrients are in short supply in an ecosystem These nutrients are called limiting nutrients E.g. water in a desert ecosystem

22. Ecological Relationships Predation - One organism eats another, usually smaller, organism Symbiosis - Two organisms live very closely together Mutualism -Type of symbiosis where both organisms benefit Commensalism - Type of symbiosis where one member benefits, the other is unaffected Parasitism - Type of symbiosis where one member benefits at the expense of the other

23. Ecological Succession Ecological succession is the process by which an ecosystem recovers from some abiotic disaster There are stages, and at each stage there are distinct species Two types of succession: Primary succession- the ecosystem suffered a total loss, and species from the outside are recolonizing Secondary succession- the ecosystem was disturbed, but not totally wiped out, so its own members can recover the disturbed space.

24. Primary Succession

25. Secondary Succession

26. ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDS

27. Ecological Pyramids:

28. Most ecological pyramids are large at the base and narrow at the top. This is because every time that an organism is eaten by the next trophic level, some of the energy is lost as heat. More Energy Less Energy

29. 3 TYPES OF PYRAMIDS: Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Energy Pyramid of Numbers

30. Pyramid of Biomass: Illustrates the amount of biomass in each trophic level Biomass weight is determined after dehydration Shows the amount of matter lost between trophic levels. Measured in Kg, grams or pounds

31. Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Biomass

32. Pyramid of Biomass One problem: They can make a trophic level look like it has more energy than it really does. For example: A bird has a beak, feathers and a skeleton that would count as biomass even though it does not contribute to the overall flow of energy into the next trophic level.

33. Pyramid of Energy: Shows the energy available at each trophic level. The size of the blocks represents the proportion of productivity Measured in Joules or Calories

34. Pyramid of Energy: Most of the energy available to the community is in the 1st trophic level. Only 10-20% of the energy is available to the next trophic level (≈ 90% lost)

35. Pyramid of Numbers: Illustration of the number of organisms at each level

36. What kind of Pyramid is this? Energy, the trophic levels are measured in Kilocalories

37. How can more people be supported on Earth when there is a limited supply of resources? Human Population Growth It depends on what they are eating…

38. Human Population Growth It requires 10 times as many crops to feed animals being bred for meat consumption as it would to feed the same amount of people on a vegetarian diet!! The US could feed 800 million people with the grain that livestock eat. US population: 303 million

39. So Remember! Ecological (Trophic) Pyramids show: Energy transfer and more importantly energy loss in an ecosystem. Why there are more herbivores than carnivores in an ecosystem. Why there are more plants than everything else combined (they support all other populations).

40. 42 Symbiosis A close and permanent association between organisms of different species Commensalism – a relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected Example: Barnacles on a whale

41. 43 Symbiosis Types Mutualism – a relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other Example: Birds eating pest off a rhino’s back Parasitism – A relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is harmed Example: Ticks on a dog

42. 44 Symbiosis Types Competition - a relationship where both organisms compete for the same energy source Example: a rabbit and a deer competing for grass, plants competing for light Predation - a relationship where one organism preys upon another Example: a wolf hunting a rabbit

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44. The vast majority of Earth's water is saltwater found in oceans. Only a tiny fraction is readily accessible freshwater, which is what humans need. Water found at the Earth's surface can cycle rapidly, but much of Earth's water lies in ice, oceans, and underground reservoirs; this water cycles slowly. The water cycle is complex and involves state changes in water as well as the physical movement of water through and between ecosystems. Groundwater  is found underground between soil particles and in cracks of rocks.  Aquifers  are groundwater reservoirs often tapped by wells. 46

45. Carbon is an essential element in the bodies of living organisms. It is also economically important to modern humans, in the form of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide—from the atmosphere is taken up by photosynthetic organisms and used to make organic molecules, which travel through food chains. In the end, the carbon atoms are released C, O, in respiration. Slow geological processes, including the formation of sedimentary rock and fossil fuels, contribute to the carbon cycle over long timescales. Some human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels and deforestation, increase atmospheric CO2​ and affects Earth's climate and oceans. 47

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47. Nitrogen is a key component of the bodies of living organisms. Nitrogen atoms are found in all proteins. Nitrogen exists in the atmosphere as N2 gas. In  nitrogen fixation , N2, end into ammonia, a form of nitrogen usable by plants. When animals eat the plants, they acquire usable nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen is a common  limiting nutrient  in nature, and agriculture. A limiting nutrient is the nutrient that's in shortest supply and limits growth. When fertilizers containing nitrogen and phosphorus are carried in runoff to lakes and rivers, they can result in blooms of algae—this is called  eutrophication . 49

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49. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient found in the macromolecules of humans and other organisms, The phosphorus cycle is slow. Most phosphorus in nature exists in the form of phosphate ion-PO4,PO3 Phosphorus is often the  limiting nutrient , or nutrient that is most scarce and thus limits growth, in aquatic ecosystems. When nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer are carried in runoff to lakes and oceans, they can cause  eutrophication , the overgrowth of algae. The algae may deplete oxygen from the water and create a  dead zone . Nitrifying bacteria: Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter Denitrifying Bacteria: Clostridium, Psuedomonas 51

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51. The End or is it just the beginning…