ecology presentation and its types .pptx

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1. History of insect ecology ( Term Paper) History

2. The term ecology was coined by a German biologist Ernst Haeckel (1869) in his publication of “ Generalle morphologie des organixmen ”. Literally ecology signifies study of earth’s household comprising of the plants, animals , micro-organisms and people that live together as interdependent components . Insect ecology  is the scientific study of how  insects , individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem . Insects play significant roles in the ecology of the world due to their vast diversity of form, function and life-style

3. History: Ecology is a new science, emerged as a distinct discipline only at the turn of the 20th Century & became prominent in the second half of 20th Century. Ernst Heinrich Philipp August Haeckel , was an eminent German biologist, naturalist, philosopher, physician, professor and artist who described thousands of new species and coined many terms in biology, including phylum, phylogeny , etc

4.  Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 1632–1723 First to develop concept of food chains and population regulation.  Carl Linnaeus - Influential naturalist 1707–1778 Showed some modern concepts of ecology such as food chains: smaller and weaker animals are usually attacked by the larger and stronger ones Developed the idea of equilibrium in nature in “ politica Naturae”  Alexander von Humboldt - A German naturalist 1769–1859 father of ecology first to take on the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment.

5.  Charles Darwin 1809–1882 Founder of the hypothesis of evolution by means of natural selection, founder of ecological studies of soils  Nicholson-1933 Introduced modern conceptual models of insect populations

6. Later Foundations for modern ecology were laid in the early work of plant and animal physiologists. In the early and mid 1900s, the works started with the general effects of meteorological conditions to insect life such as, climate , weather, temperature, RH, rainfall, water balance ,etc. Charles H.T. Townsend(1924) studied about insect environment, media factors, controls, measurement of factors and the response.

7. Some important ecological advances in the 1900s 1913 : V.E. Shelford’s _ Law of Tolerance 1917 : Joseph Grinnel’s _ Concept of niche 1922 : R.H.Yapp’s _ Concept of habitat 1 926 : Volterra’s _ Simple predator-prey model 1927 : C.E. Elton’s _ ecological niches in insects and pyramids of numbers 1934 : Gause’s _ Competitive exclusion principle. Modern ecology came of age in 1942 with the development by R.L.Lindeman of the United states of the Tropic- dynamic concept of ecology.

8. Environment and components of environment (Review paper)

9. Environment is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the  environment . An environment comprises of two basic_components 1.Abiotic_Components 2.Biotic_Components

10. 1. Physical factors (abiotic factors) such as temperature, wind, humidity, light and pesticides. 2. Biological factors (biotic factors) It comprises the living part of the environment, which includes the association of a number of interrelated populations belonging to different species in a common environment . such as other members of the same insect species; food sources; natural enemies (including predators, parasitoids and diseases) and competitors (other organisms that use the same space or food sources).

11. Abiotic components B iotic components

12. Environment of an insect population consists of: Abiotic factors: • temperature : The bulk of insects die on 40-60°C (killing effect depends on the duration of high temperature) • humidity: adult insects emerge earlier in case of dry soil/litter; wireworms can move slower in wet soil • light : nocturnal insects (active during the night ) and diurnal insects (active during the day) • medium (soil) : Agriotes spp . (click beetles) wireworms prefer soils with 4.0-5.5 pH Biotic factors: •members of the same species ( homotypal effects ) •members of other species ( heterotypal effects ) •nourishment, food source Anthropogenic factors: •impacts of human activities